茵连痛风颗粒中黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂的虚拟筛选

目的 探究中药复方茵连痛风颗粒中对黄嘌呤氧化酶有抑制作用的活性成分。方法 依据文献报道,建立了茵连痛风颗粒中所含化合物的结构数据库;以黄嘌呤氧化酶为靶标,使用AutoDock Vina 软件对这些化合物进行虚拟筛选,并用AutoDock Tool对代表性活性成分与黄嘌呤氧化酶的作用模式进行了分析。结果 茵连痛风颗粒所含物质中有13个化合物与黄嘌呤氧化酶的结合能在-9.0 kcal·mol^-1以下,其中主要为黄酮类成分。结合模式分析表明这些活性分子可以与黄嘌呤氧化酶的活性位点形成-相互作用、疏水相互作用和氢键相互作用。结论 茵连痛风颗粒中含有黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂,可通过降低尿酸的生成发挥抗痛风作用。     

萆薢降酸方对高尿酸血症小鼠模型的药效作用及其对肾脏尿酸盐转运体表达的影响

目的 研究萆薢降酸方提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠的抗高尿酸血症药效作用及其对肾脏蛋白的转运机制。方法 采用氧嗪酸钾致高尿酸血症小鼠模型,观察萆薢降酸方提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠的影响。以220、440、880mg/kg的剂量,连续10 d,以别嘌醇(5mg/kg)为阳性对照。采用比色法测定血清、尿酸、肌酐水平。同时用Western blot法分析肾脏尿酸盐转运蛋白1(URAT1)和阴离子转运蛋白1(OAT1)的蛋白质水平。结果 与模型组比较,高剂量萆薢降酸方可抑制血清中黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)活性(18.12±1.33u/L)和肝脏活性蛋白(70.15±5.20u/g)(P<0.05),降低血清尿酸(2.04±0.64mg/L)(P<0.05)和血清肌酐(0.35±0.18mol/L)尿素氮(8.83±0.71mmol/L)(P<0.05);升高尿酸(38.34±8.23mg/L)和尿肌酐(34.38±1.98mmol/L)水平,URAT1表达水平下调,OAT1表达水平上调(P<0.05)。结论 萆薢降酸方可能通过上调OAT1蛋白表达促进尿酸排泄、下调URAT1蛋白表达抑制尿酸重吸收的双重调节功能来促进尿酸在肾脏中的排泄。     

短穗兔耳草提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠肾脏保护作用研究

目的 研究短穗兔耳草提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠肾脏有无保护作用。方法 以氧嗪酸钾盐诱导小鼠高尿酸血症模型为实验系统,通过检测血清尿酸和黄嘌呤氧化酶含量和肾脏病理病变等指标,评价短穗兔耳草提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠肾脏的保护作用。结果 短穗兔耳草可显著降低模型大鼠血清、尿酸和黄嘌呤氧化酶含量, 改善了小鼠肾脏结构的变化。结论 短穗兔耳草具有降尿酸活性及肾脏保护作用。     

豨莶草对黄嘌呤氧化酶和环氧合酶-2双重抑制作用的虚拟筛选

目的 探究豨莶草对黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）和环氧合酶-2（COX-2）具有双抑制活性成分及结合机制。方法 由TCMSP数据库筛选得出豨莶草所含化合物成分,以XOD、COX-2为目标,使用Autodock Tools软件对化合物进行虚拟筛选,并使用Pymol软件针对代表性活性成分与黄嘌呤氧化酶、环氧合酶作用模式进行分析。结果 豨莶草所含的活性成分与XOD的结合能,在-5.0 kcal·moL^-1以下的有5种化合物,与COX-2的结合能,在-5.0 kcal·moL^-1以下的有9种化合物。根据分子间作用力来看,豨莶草中的豆甾醇、豨莶精醇对这两种蛋白的活性位点有氢键相互作用和疏水相互作用。结论 豨莶草中的豆甾醇、豨莶精醇成分可能对XOD和COX-2有双重抑制的效果。     

金线莲提取物对黄嘌呤氧化酶活性及高尿酸血症小鼠的影响

目的 研究金线莲提取物体外抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的作用和体内降尿酸的作用.方法 用黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)试剂盒测定不同浓度金线莲乙醇提取物和水提取物对黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的抑制作用;采用小鼠高尿酸血症模型研究了金线莲水提物对尿酸和肌酐水平的影响.结果 金线莲水提物对黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)具有较强的抑制作用,金线莲水提物低、高剂量组均显著降低血清尿酸水平(P<0.01)和血清肌酐水平(WTBXP<0.01).结论 金线莲水提物对小鼠高尿酸血症模型具有一定的治疗作用.     

痛风颗粒各部位对高尿酸血症大鼠尿酸和黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的影响

目的 通过观察痛风颗粒各部位对高尿酸血症大鼠血尿酸、尿尿酸、血黄嘌呤氧化酶活性和肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的影响,探讨其治疗痛风的物质基础和机制.方法 以腺嘌呤合乙胺丁醇法诱导大鼠高尿酸血症模型,分别用磷钨酸法和酶比色法检测尿酸和黄嘌呤氧化酶的含量.结果 黄酮类成分在降尿酸和抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶活性上均起主要作用;生物碱类成分对尿中尿酸的排泄和血清黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的抑制起较重要作用,有机酸类成分均未表现出明显作用;全方和有效部位组合有明显的降尿酸和抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的作用.结论 黄酮类、生物碱和有机酸类有效部位组合后的药效与处方药一致,是该处方的有效部位群,对高尿酸血症模型大鼠表现出的降尿酸和抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的作用最为显著.     

黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂的研究进展

痛风症是一种因嘌呤代谢紊乱导致尿酸生成异常的常见病。以黄嘌呤氧化酶为靶点的药物是一类重要的抗痛风药物。有效抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶的活性可减少黄嘌呤向尿酸的转化,从而降低体内尿酸的水平,达到治疗痛风的目的。本文就近几年黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂的研究进展进行综述。     

中药活性成分降尿酸作用机制研究进展

高尿酸血症是由嘌呤类物质代谢紊乱和(或)尿酸排泄减少引起血尿酸增高的一组异质性疾病。中药治疗高尿酸血症的研究逐步受到关注,并取得明显进展。近年来大量实验研究表明,黄酮、皂苷、生物碱等多种中药活性成分通过抑制腺苷脱氨酶和(或)黄嘌呤氧化酶的活性减少尿酸生成,或通过调控尿酸转运蛋白的表达增加尿酸排泄,从而发挥降尿酸的药理作用。该文以高尿酸血症的发病机制为基础,对中药活性成分降尿酸的作用机制研究进行总结,综述近年的研究报道。     

虎杖不同溶剂提取物对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制作用与酶动力学研究

目的:研究虎杖不同溶剂提取物对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制作用与酶动力学。方法:质量浓度分别为200、100、50μg/ml的虎杖总提取物、石油醚提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物、正丁醇提取物、水提取物与120μl黄嘌呤氧化酶(0.02 U/ml)作用于240μl黄嘌呤溶液(300μmol/L),采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定黄嘌呤氧化酶-黄嘌呤反应体系尿酸生成量,计算抑制率。以40、20、10、5μg/ml虎杖乙酸乙酯提取物与100、80、60、40μg/ml虎杖正丁醇提取物作用于240μl黄嘌呤溶液,采用HPLC法测定尿酸生成量。酶动力学研究采用双倒数作图法确定有效溶剂提取物的抑制类型,采用二次作图法求药物对游离酶的抑制常数(K)i、药物对酶底物络合物的抑制常数(Kis)。结果:质量浓度为200、100、50μg/ml时,虎杖乙酸乙酯、正丁醇提取物对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制率均大于50%;虎杖乙酸乙酯提取物的Ki和Kis分别为14.46、61.82μg/ml,虎杖正丁醇提取物的Ki和Kis分别为82.97、148.93μg/ml。结论:虎杖乙酸乙酯、正丁醇提取物对黄嘌呤氧化酶具有抑制作用,二者均为混合型抑制,对游离酶的抑制作用均强于对酶-底物复合物的抑制作用。该结论为虎杖治疗痛风的新药开发和抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶作用有效成分研究提供了依据。     

东革阿里不同提取物抗高尿酸血症的实验研究

摘 要 目的：考察东革阿里不同提取物对高尿酸血症大鼠尿酸排泄以及肾脏功能的影响。方法: 将60只雄性Wistar大鼠均分为空白组、模型组、阳性对照组、氯仿组、乙酸乙酯组和正丁醇组,灌胃大鼠酵母膏、腺嘌呤和氧嗪酸钾制作大鼠高尿酸血症模型。造模成功后,除空白组以外的其他组继续给予造模剂,除模型组外的其他组在给予造模剂1h后分别给予相应的药液,给药14 d,检测大鼠血清和尿液中的尿酸（UA）、尿素氮（UN）及肌酐（Cr）水平、肝脏及血清中的黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）活性等指标。结果:与模型组相比,氯仿组和正丁醇组血清尿酸、肌酐水平显著降低（P<0.05）,尿液尿酸、肌酐水平显著升高（P<0.05）,XOD活性显著降低（P<0.01）。与阳性对照组相比,氯仿组、乙酸乙酯组、正丁醇组血清和尿UA、Cr、UN水平以及血清和肝脏XOD活性等指标均无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。氯仿组、乙酸乙酯组、正丁醇组血清和尿UA、Cr、UN水平以及血清和肝脏XOD活性等指标均无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。结论:东革阿里氯仿萃取物、正丁醇萃取物能降低腺嘌呤、酵母膏和氧嗪酸钾引起的高尿酸血症大鼠血尿酸水平,可能是通过抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶活性来发挥降尿酸作用。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.