高效液相色谱荧光法测定加替沙星注射液的含量

目的　建立高效液相色谱荧光法测定加替沙星注射液的含量方法。方法　CLC ODS柱 (15mm× 6.0mm ,5 μm ) ,流动相 :0 .0 5mol/L枸橼酸 乙腈 (80∶2 0 ) ,三乙胺调 pH3 .0 ,流速 1mL·min-1,Ex =3 60nm ,Em =465nm ,样品稀释 10 0 0倍 ,进样10 μL。 结果　加替沙星在 4～ 3 2ng范围内线性关系良好 ,回收率 (99.98± 0 .0 6) % ,日内、日间RSD <2 %。 结论　该法简便、快速、准确 ,可用于测定加替沙星注射液的含量。     

HPLC法同时测定加替沙星和奥硝唑的含量

目的建立同时测定加替沙星及奥硝唑含量的高效液相色谱方法。方法分析柱为Hy-persil-ODSC18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为0.02mol/L磷酸二氢钾缓冲液(含0.5%三乙胺,用磷酸调pH3.0):甲醇:乙腈(65:18:17);流速:1ml/min;加替沙星、奥硝唑检测波长分别为292nm、318nm;柱温为30℃,进样量20μl。结果加替沙星线性浓度范围为8.0～48.0μg/ml(r=0.9998),日内RSD≤0.52%,日间RSD≤0.92%,平均回收率100.53%;奥硝唑线性浓度范围为8.0～48.0μg/ml(r=0.9999),日内RSD≤0.35%,日间RSD≤0.71%,平均回收率100.56%。结论该方法简便、准确、灵敏,可用于同时测定加替沙星和奥硝唑两组分的含量。     

HPLC测定烧伤患者肾脏透析排出液中头孢噻肟钠的含量

目的　测定肾替代治疗的烧伤患者肾脏透析排出液中头孢噻肟钠的含量。方法　用HPLC ,μBondapak C18柱 ,流动相为甲醇 -醋酸钠 (0 0 2mol·L-1,pH 5 0 ) (30∶70 ) ,流速 1 2ml·min-1,检测波长 2 6 0nm。结果　在 1～ 10 0 μg·ml-1的范围内线性良好 ,r =0 9999;日内、日间RSD≤ 2 % ,平均回收率 10 0 2 %。结论　所用方法简便、快速、准确、可用于样品测定。     

RP-HPLC测定犬血浆中磷酸川芎嗪的浓度

目的　建立反相高效液相色谱法测定犬血浆中磷酸川芎嗪 (TMPP)的浓度。方法　采用RP -HPLC ,使用Shim -packCLC-ODSC18柱 (15 0mm× 6 .0mm ,5 μm) ,流动相为甲醇 -水 (6 2∶38) ,流速 1.0ml·min-1,检测波长 2 79nm ,用卡马西平乙腈内标液沉淀蛋白后进样。结果　血浆中磷酸川芎嗪的最低检测浓度为 0 .0 5 μg·ml-1,分析时仅需血浆 10 0 μl。标准曲线线性范围为 0 .2～ 5 0 μg·ml-1,r =0 .9999;TMPP 3种浓度血浆样品的回收率为 99.4 %～ 10 4 .4 % ,日内RSD≤ 4 .5 2 % ,日间RSD≤7.4 6 %。结论　所用方法灵敏、可靠 ,可用于磷酸川芎嗪及其制剂的药物动力学研究     

高效液相色谱法及紫外分光光度法测定替加色罗片的含量

目的 :建立替加色罗片剂含量测定的HPLC法和UV法。方法 :HPLC法———采用C18柱 ,流动相为乙腈∶1%十二烷基硫酸钠缓冲溶液 (含0 .95 %冰醋酸 ) =5 6∶4 4。流速 :2mL·min- 1。检测波长 :314nm。柱温 :4 0℃。UV法———在 314nm处测定替加色罗的吸收度。结果 :HPLC法在 0 .1～ 12 0mg·L- 1的范围内 ,将峰面积A与浓度C进行回归处理 ,A =2 8.93C - 14 .4 6 (r =0 .9999,n =6 ) ,日内RSD≤ 1.11% ,日间RSD≤ 3.0 9% ,回收率在 10 0 .4 2 %～ 10 3.82 %之间。UV法在 2～ 2 0mg·L- 1范围内线性良好 ,回归方程为A =5 4.2 8C +0 .0 14 8(r =0 .9998,n =7) ,日内RSD≤ 0 .70 % ,日间RSD≤ 0 .92 % ,回收率在 10 1.0 6 %～ 10 3.0 2 %之间。 2种方法测得 3批样品的标示量百分含量均在规定范围内 (90 %～ 110 % )。结论 :HPLC法和UV法均适用于替加色罗片剂的含量测定 ,由于UV法更简便易行 ,在对有关物质进行了较好控制的情况下 ,此法更为适用     

加替沙星与奥硝唑注射剂配伍稳定性研究

目的建立HPLC法同时测定加替沙星和奥硝唑含量,研究室内光线及25℃下,注射用加替沙星与奥硝唑注射液的配伍稳定性。方法采用Nova-pak C18柱(3.9mm×150mm,4.0μm);以磷酸盐缓冲液-甲醇(68:32,pH4.5)为流动相;检测波长:289nm;流速:0.9mL.min-1,以诺氟沙星为内标,测定配伍液24h内加替沙星和奥硝唑的含量变化;同时监测pH值、外观及气味的变化。结果本测定方法加替沙星线性范围为10.00～200.0μg.mL-1(r=0.9994),最小检测限为0.003μg.mL-1,平均回收率为99.8%,RSD<1.51%(n=5),日内RSD及日间RSD均<2.70%(n=5);奥硝唑线性范围为25.00～500.0μg.mL-1(r=0.9995),最小检测限为0.005μg.mL-1,平均回收率为99.8%,RSD<1.90%(n=5),日内RSD及日间RSD均<2.02%(n=5)。25℃24h内,配伍液外观澄明,无气体、沉淀产生,pH值、颜色及气味均无明显变化,加替沙星与奥硝唑含量变化均<5%。结论加替沙星与奥硝唑注射剂配伍后于25℃24h内稳定,可以配伍使用。     

HPLC法测定大鼠肌肉中醋酸地塞米松含量

目的 :建立一种用于测定大鼠肌肉中醋酸地塞米松含量的HPLC法。方法 :固定相为ZorbaxXDB -C8柱 (15 0mm× 4 6mm ,5 μm) ,流动相为甲醇∶水 =6 5∶35 (V/V)。肌肉组织样品匀浆后用二氯甲烷提取 ,流动相溶解残留物 ,氢化可的松为内标 ,在 2 4 2nm处紫外检测。结果 :在 1 0 2 2～ 30 6 6 μg·g-1浓度范围内 ,醋酸地塞米松线性方程为Y =0 0 2 4 4 +0 0 12 1X(r =0 9998) ,日内RSD≤ 3 91% ,日间RSD≤ 7 4 7% ,回收率 >95 % ,最低检测限为 4 5ng·g-1。结论 :本方法能简单、快速、准确地测定大鼠肌肉中醋酸地塞米松的含量     

加替沙星制剂中有关物质检查与含量测定的高效液相色谱法

目的　建立加替沙星制剂中加替沙星的含量及其有关物质测定的 RP- HPL C法。方法　采用Shimpack VP- ODS柱 (15 0 mm× 4 .6 mm,5 μm) ,流动相为 1%三乙胺 (磷酸调节 p H至 4 .5 ) -乙腈 (82∶ 18,体积比 ) ,检测波长 32 5 nm。结果　加替沙星在 2 .32～ 4 6 .4 8μg/ ml浓度范围内线性关系良好 ,日内及日间 RSD分别为 1.1%和 1.7%。平均回收率为 99.9% ,RSD为 0 .6 5 %。最低检测限为 0 .2 μg/ ml。结论　该方法简单 ,灵敏度高 ,结果准确 ,可用于加替沙星制剂的含量测定及有关物质检查。     

RP—HPLC法测定盐酸吡格列酮含量及有关物质的方法学研究

目的 :采用反相高效液相色谱法测定盐酸吡格列酮的含量及其有关物质。方法 :采用ODSC18色谱柱 (4 6mm× 2 5 0mm ,填料 :Kromasil,粒度 :5 μm) ,以乙腈 -水 -乙酸 (45∶5 5∶0 3,用氨水调节体系的pH为 5 5±0 0 5 )为流动相 ,流速 1 2mL·min-1,紫外检测器于 2 6 9nm测定。结果 :反相HPLC法测定的线性范围为 0 0 1～1 0mg·mL-1,相关系数r=0 9999;最低检测限 0 2ng ;样品溶液在 10d内稳定 ;日内精密度 (RSD <1 0 % )和日间精密度 (RSD <2 0 % )良好。结论 :采用反相HPLC法测定盐酸吡格列酮的含量及其有关物质方法简便 ,结果准确。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中格列吡嗪浓度

目的 建立反相高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中格列吡嗪浓度的方法。方法格列吡嗪血浆样品在酸性条件下以二氯甲烷 正己烷(50∶50)提取，以格列齐特为内标。色谱柱：Nova pak C18柱(46 mm×250 mm，4 μm)；流动相：甲醇 003 mol·L 1磷酸二氢钾(pH值＝30)(59∶41)；流速：08 mL·min 1；检测波长：228 nm。结果标准曲线线性范围20～1 000 μg·L 1；回归方程：Y＝0003 4X－0512，r＝ 0999 2，血浆中格列吡嗪最低检测限为15 μg·L 1。平均提取回收率为(868±57)%，平均回收率为(1043±43)%，日内RSD≤29%，日间RSD≤49%。结论该方法具有良好的准确性、精密性和较高的灵敏度，适用于格列吡嗪的药动学研究和治疗监测。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro

[6,7-³H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-³H]estradiol-17 (E₂) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E₂ were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (mol chemical bound per mol DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E₂, respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E₂, respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3,000 times higher than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate.Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10³–10⁴ have been found for potent, 10² for moderate, and 1–10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured limit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action. Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a level of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding.Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium of the European Society of Toxicology, Rome, March 29, 1983     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Isolation and characterization of glycosylated and non-glycosylated prolactins from alligator and crocodile

Two molecular forms of prolactin (PRL). glycosylated and non-glycosylated, were isolated from pituitary glands of two reptiles, alligator and crocodile. The reptilian PRLs were extracted under alkaline conditions from the precipitate obtained after pituitaries were first extracted with 0.25 m sucrose, 1 mM NH₄HCO₃, pH 6.3. Purification was performed by ion exchange chromatography on DE-52, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 superfine, and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Two forms of both alligator and crocodile PRL, designated PRLI and PRLII, with molecular weights of 26000 and 24000 were isolated. Alligator and crocodile PRLI and PRLII were stained specifically in immunoblots with anti-sea turtle PRL and anti-ostrich PRL. Sequence analysis revealed that both forms of alligator and crocodile PRLs consisted of 199 amino acid residues with a glycosylation consensus sequence (Asn-Ala-Ser) at position 60 in alligator and crocodile PRLs with a molecular weight of 26000 (PRLI). In contrast, Thr was substituted for Asn at position 60 in the PRLs with a molecular weight of 24000 (PRLII). The sequences of alligator PRLs differed from crocodile PRLs only in position 134: Val for alligator PRLs and He for crocodile PRLs. There is a high degree of structural conservation between the reptilian PRLs isolated in this study and avian PRL; each showed 92% sequence identity with chicken PRL and 89% with turkey PRL.     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ramipril and piretanide administered alone and in combination

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single oral doses of 5 mg ramipril and 6 mg piretanide administered separately and in combination were determined in a single blind, randomised, 3-period cross-over study in 24 healthy male volunteers.The peak plasma concentrations of ramipril and ramiprilat increased slightly (from 11.9 to 14.8 ng/ml, and from 6.39 to 8.96 ng/ml, respectively) as did the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of ramipril (0–4 h) and ramiprilat (0–24 h) (from 15.8 to 19.8 ng·ml^–1·h, and from 63.4 to 74.6 ng·ml^–1·h, respectively). The urinary excretion of ramiprilat also rose (from 6.82 to 7.73 % of dose) following simultaneous treatment with piretanide. These effects were probably due to reduced first-pass metabolism of ramipril/ramiprilat to inactive metabolites. The blood pressure lowering effect, the time course of inhibition of ACE activity in plasma and the concentration-response relationship for the inhibition of plasma ACE activity were not affected by piretanide.The peak plasma concentration of piretanide was somewhat reduced (from 285 to 244 ng/ml) following simultaneous treatment with ramipril. No other pharmacokinetic parameter was affected. Piretanide increased urine flow, and sodium, chloride and potassium excretion, especially during the first 2 hours following administration. These pharmacodynamic parameters were not affected by ramipril.Thus, simultaneous administration of single oral doses of ramipril and piretanide caused modest changes in the peak and average plasma concentrations of both drugs, which did not lead to detectable alterations in the pharmacodynamic parameters measured in healthy volunteers.