基于DNA条形码序列分析的5种菖蒲属药用植物鉴定

目的构建菖蒲属药用植物的鉴别方法。方法采用DNA条形码序列技术,对5种菖蒲属药用植物的4条候选DNA条形码序列(ITS2、rbc L、mat K、psb A-trn H)进行PCR扩增和测序,比较各序列的扩增和测序效率,对比分析种内、种间的遗传变异、分析barcoding Gap并构建聚类分析树。结果 4条候选DNA条形码序列PCR扩增和测序效率均为100%,ITS2序列对菖蒲属药用植物的鉴定成功率最高。结论基于ITS2序列的DNA条形码技术可以鉴定菖蒲属药用植物。     

蒙药材草乌叶DNA条形码研究北大核心CSCD

目的:建立草乌叶与其易混品的分子鉴定方法。方法:通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)对草乌叶及9种混伪品的候选序列(ITS、ITS2、matK、rbcL、psbA-trnH)进行扩增,比较各序列的扩增效率和测序成功率,并进行种内、种间遗传变异分析和barcoding gap分析。结果:ITS和ITS2序列GC含量较高,种间变异明显大于种内变异,根据barcoding gap图显示种内、种间遗传距离重叠较小,适合物种的区分,基于K2P距离进行聚类分析,ITS序列呈现较好的单系性。结论:ITS序列可应用于蒙药材草乌叶与其混伪品的鉴定,为民族药鉴定提供新方法。     

DNA条形码鉴定洋金花及其伪品

为建立有毒中药洋金花及其伪品DNA条形码鉴定方法,采用国际通用的条形码序列ITS2、psbA-trnH、matK和rbcL对洋金花原植物白花曼陀罗及其伪品毛曼陀罗、曼陀罗和木本曼陀罗4个种共计20份材料进行了比较研究。PCR及测序成功率分别为ITS2(100%)、matK(100%)、psbA-trnH(90%)、rbcL(85%)。采用CodonCode Aligner进行序列拼接,采用MEGA 4.1计算白花曼陀罗及其伪品的种内、种间的K2P距离,并基于K2P模型构建NJ树。结果显示ITS2序列共有30个单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)位点、psbA-trnH序列有33个单碱基的插入和缺失I。TS2和psbA-trnH序列种间遗传距离大于种内,matK和rbcL种内和种间没有明显Barcoding Gap。4个条形码序列及其组合获得的分子系统树(ITS2、psbA-trnH、matK、rbcL、matK+rbcL)均分成了两大支,木本曼陀罗单聚为一支,该分子证据支持将Brugmansia提升为属水平。实验结果表明ITS2及psbA-trnH序列可以作为洋金花及其伪品鉴定用的条形码序列。     

中药材DNA条形码技术研究进展

摘 要 药用植物滥用现象带来的众多有害反应已经引起了国内外广泛的关注。药物安全使用问题亟待解决。DNA条形码是一种强有力的分子鉴定技术,它能弥补传统形态学和化学方法鉴定中药材的不足之处。近年,DNA条形码技术给中药材的鉴定带来了新的视野也获得了众多突出性成绩。一些热门的DNA条形码候选序列如ITS, ITS2, psbA-trnH, rbcL, matK已经用于中药材的鉴定。     

益母草植物DNA条形码的鉴定研究

摘要：目的:筛选并确定能用于益母草植物品种鉴定的DNA条形码。方法:通过分子标记手段,选取ITS2、psbA-trnH、matK、rbcL 4个条形码鉴定。并结合GENBANK数据库对不同来源植物样品进行分析,通过多序列对比、遗传距离分析、构建系统发育树比较不同的条形码序列在益母草中的鉴别能力。结果:ITS2条形码扩增效率高且数据稳定可靠。结论:ITS2条形码最适用于益母草植物的鉴定从而为益母草药材的鉴定奠定了基础。     

国产与泰国薏苡仁DNA条形码的比较

目的：通过对国产薏苡仁和泰国薏苡仁五段DNA条形码序列的比较,探索两者的亲缘关系,为其基因型上的差别提供佐证。方法：采用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）扩增两种薏苡仁的ITS2、psbA-trnH、rbcL、matK和ITS五段保守基因,并对其PCR产物进行测序和比对。结果：五段基因的PCR扩增和测序成功率均为100%,且国产薏苡仁与泰国薏苡仁的五段基因序列无位点差异。结论：国产薏苡仁与泰国薏苡仁的亲缘关系极近,或可一定程度上替代国产薏苡仁。     

基于ITS2序列的柴胡属植物种子的鉴定及遗传多样性分析

目的:本研究旨在对国家中药种质资源库收集的41份柴胡属植物种子进行分子鉴定,验证ITS2序列对柴胡属植物种子的鉴定能力,并分析柴胡属植物的遗传多样性。方法:应用ITS2序列测定样品种子的DNA序列,从分子角度鉴定柴胡属种子的物种,并构建系统聚类树,分析其遗传多样性。结果:鉴定出8种柴胡属植物的种子,2种非柴胡属植物的种子,测得的所有种子DNA序列的GC量在53.9%-57.0%,平均为55.7%,变异位点数202个,K2P遗传距离为0-1.460,构建出UPGMA聚类树。结论:基于ITS2序列的分子鉴定方法可成功鉴别柴胡属药用植物及其混淆品的种子,是一种操作方便,准确性高、鉴定效果好的鉴定方法。柴胡属植物物种内及物种间具有丰富的遗传多样性,相同物种间的遗传变异相对稳定,种质及生态环境对柴胡属药用植物的遗传变异有较大的影响。     

三种分子标记技术对有毒植物鉴定效能的评价

目的 评价3种不同的分子标记技术对植物属级的鉴定能力以选出最适合在中毒现场快速鉴定有毒植物的分子技术. 方法 选取毛茛科、大戟科共18种19份有毒植物叶片样品,用改良十六烷基三甲基溴化铵法提取基因组DNA,分别使用随机扩增多态性DNA标记（RAPD）、简单重复序列间标记（ISSR）和DNA条形码技术进行物种鉴定（属级）,使用NYSTS、SPSS、PAUP、MEGA软件进行聚类分析,比较3种DNA分子标记技术的准确性、可靠性、时效性和可操作性. 结果 准确性：RAPD技术未能鉴定样品的属级,ISSR技术和DNA条形码技术的鉴定准确率分别为68％和100％.可靠性：RAPD技术与ISSR技术主观影响率分别为44％、26％,条带重复率分别为47％、45％;DNA条形码技术trnH-psbA片段扩增成功率与测序成功率均为100％.时效性：从总DNA提取开始至得到最终鉴定结果,RAPD、ISSR、DNA条形码技术耗时分别为8.5、9.0、42.2 h.可操作性：RAPD与ISSR技术的鉴定工作可在普通实验室完成,DNA条形码技术的鉴定工作则需要特殊的测序设备. 结论 初步认为DNA条形码技术是比较适用于突发有毒植物中毒事件中快速病因判定的分子鉴定技术.     

基于DNA条形码ITS2序列对阿魏属药用植物的鉴别研究

目的:建立一种快速、准确和标准化的中药材阿魏属植物DNA条形码鉴别方法。方法:提取新疆阿魏(Ferula sinkiangensis K.M.Shen)和阜康阿魏(Ferula fukanensis K.M.Shen)基因组DNA,扩增ITS2序列并测序;运用分析相似性搜索法,下载Gen Bank数据库中阿魏属植物13个物种26个样本基因ITS2序列并进行比对分析,计算种间种内遗传距离并构建系统进化树进行聚类分析。结果:通过计算,15个物种遗传距离分布范围为0.009~0.230,平均遗传距离为0.018;聚类分析结果显示DNA条形码ITS2序列能够将阿魏属32种植物聚为不同的类。结论:建立的阿魏药材DNA条形码ITS2序列鉴别方法可准确、快速地鉴别出阿魏属药材的正品和混淆品。     

蒙药悬钩子木的rbcL序列分析

目的 通过对蒙药悬钩子木DNA进行PCR扩增,测序分析不同产地悬钩子木的rbcL序列,并与悬钩子木混伪品的rbcL序列进行比较。方法 采用植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒,从悬钩子木20个样本中提取总DNA,对rbcL序列进行PCR扩增并测序;从GenBank上下载悬钩子木常见混伪品的rbcL序列,鉴定不同产地悬钩子木及其混伪品的rbcL序列。结果 悬钩子木的种内最大遗传距离小于混伪品的种间最小遗传距离,NJ系统发育树显示：悬钩子木20个样品聚为一支,能与同属的混伪品红泡刺藤、紫色悬钩子、拟复盆子、直立悬钩子、藏南悬钩子、多腺悬钩子、秀丽莓、无腺白叶莓、粉枝莓进行区分。结论 rbcL序列可用于鉴定悬钩子木及其混伪品的条形码序列。     

DNA barcodes for discriminating the medicinal plant Scutellaria baicalensis (Lamiaceae) and its adulterants

Scutellaria baicalensis GEORGI (Lamiaceae) is the botanical origin of the well-known traditional Chinese medicine "Huang Qin" (Radix Scutellariae). Due to overexploitation that had induced a decline in natural sources, the dried roots of its congeners, S. amoena, S. rehderiana, and S. viscidula, have been used to adulterate it in recent years. This practice may cause a series of inconsistent therapeutic effects and quality control problems in the herbal medicine industry. Hence, we sequenced and analyzed three candidate DNA barcodes, the ribosomal RNA maturase gene (matK), the ribulose-1,4-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit gene (rbcL), and the psbA-trnH intergenic spacer (psbA-trnH), to discriminate S. baicalensis and its adulterants. All candidate DNA barcodes had been successfully amplified from leaf samples. Comparatively, only psbA-trnH had been yielded from commercially prepared crude drug samples. Based on the sequence divergence, rbcL can assign S. baicalensis and its adulterants into the correct family and genus, whereas, either matK or psbA-trnH can accurately discriminate S. baicalensis and its adulterants. We proposed the multilocus barcodes rbcL+psbA-trnH for the species identification of S. baicalensis and its adulterants, and the unique barcode psbA-trnH for the authentication of commercial Radix Scutellariae. The DNA barcoding technique could be applied to the quality control of "Huang Qin"-based medicinal preparations and to the management of medicinal herb trade in the markets.     

Species identification of medicinal pteridophytes by a DNA barcode marker, the chloroplast psbA-trnH intergenic region

Medicinal pteridophytes are an important group used in traditional Chinese medicine; however, there is no simple and universal way to differentiate various species of this group by morphological traits. A novel technology termed "DNA barcoding" could discriminate species by a standard DNA sequence with universal primers and sufficient variation. To determine whether DNA barcoding would be effective for differentiating pteridophyte species, we first analyzed five DNA sequence markers (psbA-trnH intergenic region, rbcL, rpoB, rpoC1, and matK) using six chloroplast genomic sequences from GeneBank and found psbA-trnH intergenic region the best candidate for availability of universal primers. Next, we amplified the psbA-trnH region from 79 samples of medicinal pteridophyte plants. These samples represented 51 species from 24 families, including all the authentic pteridophyte species listed in the Chinese pharmacopoeia (2005 version) and some commonly used adulterants. We found that the sequence of the psbA-trnH intergenic region can be determined with both high polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification efficiency (94.1%) and high direct sequencing success rate (81.3%). Combined with GeneBank data (54 species cross 12 pteridophyte families), species discriminative power analysis showed that 90.2% of species could be separated/identified successfully by the TaxonGap method in conjunction with the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool 1 (BLAST1) method. The TaxonGap method results further showed that, for 37 out of 39 separable species with at least two samples each, between-species variation was higher than the relevant within-species variation. Thus, the psbA-trnH intergenic region is a suitable DNA marker for species identification in medicinal pteridophytes.     

ITS2+psbA-trnH复合序列鉴定徐长卿、白薇和白前

目的：建立以ITS2+psbA-trnH复合序列鉴定徐长卿、白薇和白前及其同属近缘混伪品的DNA条形码鉴定方法。方法：搜集徐长卿、白薇、白前及其近源混伪品,采用改良的CTAB法提取DNA,通过实验分别获得ITS2和psbA-trnH序列,将同一样本的ITS2序列与psbA-trnH序列整合得到43条ITS2+psbA-trnH复合序列,从GenBank数据库中下载来源于同一样本的ITS2序列与psbA-trnH序列整合得到14条ITS2+psbA-trnH 网上复合序列,用MEGA 6.05软件分析徐长卿、白薇、白前及其近源混伪品的复合序列变异位点,计算种内、种间的K2P距离,并构建NJ系统聚类树。结果：徐长卿、白薇和白前药材ITS2+psbA-trnH复合序列比对后产生17个变异位点;徐长卿、白薇和白前基源物种种内最大K2P距离均小于其与混伪品的种间最小K2P距离;系统NJ树能准确将徐长卿白薇和白前及其近缘混伪品。结论：该研究建立了应用ITS2+psbA-trnH复合序列鉴定徐长卿、白薇、白前及其近缘混伪品的DNA条形码鉴定方法。     

Differentiation of Dendrobium species used as "Huangcao Shihu" by rDNA ITS sequence analysis

The genus Dendrobium Sw. is composed of 74 species and two varieties in China, and 32 species carry the name "Huangcao Shihu" on the herbal medicine market, making the identification of the origin of "Huangcao Shihu" difficult for consumers. Here, the ITS regions were sequenced and evaluated to differentiate the 18 Dendrobium species used as "Huangcao Shihu". Diversity in DNA sequences among various species was found with the inter-specific sequence divergence ranging from 3.2% to 37.9% in ITS1 and 5.0% to 26.6% in ITS2. Moreover, the variations within species were very low, ranging in sequence divergence from 0 to 3.0% in ITS1 and 0 to 4.0% in ITS2. Therefore, these species could be easily distinguished at the DNA level. Furthermore, based on the divergent ITS regions, five pairs of species-specific primers were designed and used for the rapid PCR identification of five Dendrobium species listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.     

基于叶绿体psbA-trnH基因间区序列鉴定肉苁蓉属植物

肉苁蓉的干燥肉质茎是常用中药材, 药典收录基源植物有管花肉苁蓉和荒漠肉苁蓉两种, 但是市场上经常会与黄花列当、草苁蓉、盐生肉苁蓉及沙苁蓉等混用。本文对不同类群肉苁蓉及混淆品的叶绿体psbA-trnH基因间区进行PCR扩增并测序, 获得了该区间的完整序列, 用K-2P法建立了系统进化树, 聚类结果与形态分类相符。所得结果显示, psbA-trnH片段序列在肉苁蓉及混淆品种间存在丰富的变异, 肉苁蓉属各种的种间遗传距离从0.077% 到0.743%, 种内遗传距离从0% 到0.007%, 种内和种间存在明显的“barcoding gap”。肉苁蓉属各种与黄花列当的遗传距离为0.979% 至1.149%, 与草苁蓉的遗传距离为1.066% 至1.224%。研究结果表明psbA-trnH基因间区可以作为条形码来鉴定肉苁蓉及其混淆品。     

市售覆盆子药材DNA条形码鉴定研究

目的基于ITS2条形码序列检测市场销售覆盆子药材,为保证覆盆子药材使用的正确性和安全性提供一种新的鉴定手段。方法获取掌叶覆盆子及其5种常见同属易混种ITS2序列,以及GenBank上下载的共计48条序列。使用Gene Tool软件分析ITS2序列长度,GC含量和变异位点等情况,利用Clustal X和MEGA 7.0软件计算遗传距离和构建邻接系统发育聚类树。同时随机检测24份市售覆盆子药材,利用中药材DNA条形码鉴定系统和构建邻接系统发育聚类树确定物种,鉴别真伪。结果掌叶覆盆子基原植物可与其同属易混种进行明显区分;市售药材中正品22份,伪品1份,混合物1份。结论基于ITS2序列的DNA条形码技术能够成功鉴定市场销售的掌叶覆盆子及其混伪品。     

Species identification of licorice using nrDNA and cpDNA genetic markers

For the accurate identification of medicinal licorice species, nucleotide sequences of four types of DNA regions were researched for 205 specimens, including three species used as licorice: Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Glycyrrhiza inflata. The four DNA regions were the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) on nuclear ribosomal DNA, the rbcL gene, the matK gene, and the trnH-psbA intergenic region on chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). Ten genotypes were consequently recognized as combinations of the sequence data obtained from the four DNA regions. Species-specific genotypes were defined from the frequency of the appearance of species in each genotype and from the phylogenetic relationships of the 10 genotypes. This revealed the possibility of identifying licorice species based on the 10 genotypes. Next, comparison of species identifications by each DNA region suggested that efficient identification of licorice species is possible using the genetic information obtained from the ITS and trnH-psbA intergenic region. Additionally, concerning the phylogenetic relationships of the Glycyrrhiza species used as licorice, it is suggested from the genetic information of the four types of DNA regions that G. glabra is more closely related to G. inflata than to G. uralensis. In the G. uralensis examined, four genotypes were recognized as intra specific variations. The appearance frequency of each genotype in G. uralensis differed according to the area in China. G. uralensis may have expanded its distribution areas from western to eastern China because many licorices with the phylogenetic ancestral genotype were observed in western areas, while many with the derivative genotype were observed in eastern areas.