枳壳与常山胡柚及其多个炮制品的质量评价

目的:建立测定枳壳与常山胡柚及多个炮制品中柚皮苷和新橙皮苷含量的方法,评价枳壳与常山胡柚及其不同炮制品的质量。方法:按2010年版《中国药典》(一部)及《浙江省中药炮制规范(2005年版)》枳壳项下的规定,对枳壳与常山胡柚及两者的不同炮制品进行水分和灰分的检查,并对所含的柚皮苷和新橙皮苷的含量采用高效液相色谱法进行测定。色谱柱为ZORBAX SB-C18,流动相为乙腈-水(20∶80,V/V),流速为1.0 ml/min,检测波长为283 nm,柱温为40℃,进样量为10μl。结果:枳壳与常山胡柚经炮制后水分减少、灰分无明显变化。不同炮制品中,柚皮苷和新橙皮苷的含量均有所下降,其中枳壳炭下降显著,除枳壳炭外均符合2010年版《中国药典》(一部)要求。柚皮苷、新橙皮苷进样量线性范围分别为0.028 45~0.284 5、0.085 9~0.858 6μg(r=0.999 7、0.999 6);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD≤1.36%;平均加样回收率分别为96.45%~100.43%、98.36%~102.00%,RSD分别为1.45%、1.26%(n=6)。结论:枳壳与常山胡柚的检查和含量测定结果差异无统计学意义。建议对2010年版《中国药典》(一部)和炮制规范中含量测定的限量进行调整。     

枳壳及其制剂血府逐瘀胶囊中柚皮苷和新橙皮苷的含量测定

目的 建立HPLC同时测定枳壳和血府逐瘀胶囊中柚皮苷和新橙皮苷的含量。方法 色谱柱为SunFire^TM C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相为乙腈-水(20∶80),磷酸调pH至2.5;流速为1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长为283 nm。结果 柚皮苷在0.166~2.074 μg内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均加样回收率为98.17%;新橙皮苷在0.162~2.020 μg内线性关系良好(r=0.999 5),平均加样回收率为100.61%。结论 本方法简便、准确,重复性好,可用于枳壳及其制剂血府逐瘀胶囊中柚皮苷和新橙皮苷的含量测定。     

HPLC同时测定常山胡柚汁中柚皮芸香苷、柚皮苷和新橙皮苷的含量

目的建立同时测定常山胡柚(Citrus Changshan-huyou Y.B.Chang)果汁中柚皮芸香苷、柚皮苷和新橙皮苷含量的方法。方法采用HPLC法。色谱柱Diamnosil C18柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);检测波长283 nm;流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸(体积比为37∶63∶0.2);流速1.0 mL.min-1;柱温为室温。结果柚皮芸香苷、柚皮苷和新橙皮苷质量浓度分别在72～576 mg.L-1、113～904 mg.L-1和53～424 mg.L-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,回归方程分别为A=6.790×103ρ+1.457×104,r=0.999 6(n=6);A=1.267×104ρ-2.366×104,r=0.999 9(n=6)和A=1.110×104ρ-1.472×105,r=0.999 9(n=6)。平均回收率分别为98.3%、98.0%和98.4%。测得样品中柚皮芸香苷、柚皮苷和新橙皮苷含量分别为157、289和172 mg.L-1。结论方法准确、可靠,可为常山胡柚的质量控制提供参考依据。     

HPLC法同时测定胃痛丸中柚皮苷、新橙皮苷的含量

摘 要 目的：建立胃痛丸中柚皮苷、新橙皮苷的高效液相色谱法（HPLC）含量测定方法。方法: 采用HPLC,色谱柱为Agilent TC C18 柱 ,以乙腈-水（20∶80）为流动相,流速为1.0ml·min^-1,检测波长为283 nm,柱温为30℃。 结果: 柚皮苷和新橙皮苷分别在0.027～4.552 μg( r=0.999 9) 、0.029～4.016 μg( r=0.999 8) ,进样量与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为102.19%、103.60%,RSD分别为2.88% 、1.79%( n=9)。 结论:方法简便、准确、灵敏、重复性好,可作为胃痛丸中的柚皮苷和新橙皮苷含量控制方法。     

HPLC同时测定衢枳壳中7种指标成分的含量

目的 建立HPLC同时测定衢枳壳中芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、木犀草素、川陈皮素和桔皮素含量。方法 采用Agilent Extend C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,检测波长：330 nm,以乙腈-0.1%甲酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速：1 ml·min^-1,柱温：30℃。结果 芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、木犀草素、川陈皮素、桔皮素分别在23.30~1 164.80 ng,170.84~8 541.91 ng,17.22~861.20 ng,156.17~7 808.64 ng,3.13~156.48 ng,0.90~45.23 ng,0.85~42.27 ng内线性关系良好（r ≥ 0.999 5,n=6）,平均回收率分别为98.8%,101.3%,98.3%,96.8%,101.8%,101.7%,108.9%。结论 首次建立了衢枳壳中7个成分HPLC含量测定方法,该方法简便,结果准确,可为综合评价衢枳壳质量提供依据。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定不同产地枳壳药材中柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、异柚皮苷的含量

目的建立同时测定枳壳药材中柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、异柚皮苷含量的方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱VenusilXBP C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸（梯度洗脱）,检测波长为283 nm,流速为1 mL/min;柱温为30℃。结果柚皮苷进样量在0.5～5μg范围与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999 8;异柚皮苷在0.08～2.01μg范围线性良好,r=0.999 8;橙皮苷在0.06～1.2μg范围线性关系良好,r=0.999 9;新橙皮苷在0.09～4.82μg范围线性关系良好,r=0.999 7。异柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷和新橙皮苷平均加样回收率分别为101.17%,98.25%,95.42%和100.95%。结论该方法简便、准确、可靠,适用于枳壳药材质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定奥兰替胃康片中柚皮苷和新橙皮苷的含量

目的:建立同时测定奥兰替胃康片中柚皮苷和新橙皮苷含量的高效液相色谱法.方法:色谱柱:Ultimate C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-0.1％磷酸(25∶75);流速:1.0 ml· min-1;检测波长:283 nm;柱温:30℃;进样量:10μl.结果:柚皮苷在98.0 ～784.0 ng(r =0.999 9)、新橙皮苷在120.3 ～962.4 ng(r =0.999 8)范围内呈良好的线性关系.柚皮苷平均回收率为97.80％,RSD=1.23％(n=6);新橙皮苷平均回收率为98.20％,RSD=1.70％(n=6).结论:本法重复性好、灵敏度高、定量准确,可用于奥兰替胃康片的质量控制.     

HPLC同时测定理气舒心片中3种活性成分

目的利用HPLC同时测定理气舒心片中柚皮苷、橙皮苷和新橙皮苷。方法 Thermo SCIENTIFIC Syncronis C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(25∶75);流速1.0m L/min;柱温30℃;检测波长284nm。结果 3种成分均达到基线分离,柚皮苷、橙皮苷和新橙皮苷的质量浓度与峰面积,分别在1.92~102.28μg/m L(r=0.9996),1.73~92.25μg/m L(r=0.9995),2.10~111.86μg/m L(r=0.9996)范围呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率分别为102.05%、99.53%、100.62%,RSD分别为0.89%、1.17%、2.02%。结论本研究建立的方法符合方法学验证要求,适用于同时测定理气舒心片中柚皮苷、橙皮苷和新橙皮苷的含量。     

六味开胃消食颗粒质量标准的建立

摘 要 目的： 建立六味开胃消食颗粒的质量标准。方法: 采用TLC法对六味开胃消食颗粒中的枳壳、木香、白术和山楂等药材进行了薄层色谱鉴别;采用HPLC法测定君药枳壳药材中柚皮苷与新橙皮苷的含量,色谱柱为Sinochrom ODS BP（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相：乙腈-0.1%磷酸（21∶79）;流速：1.0 ml·min^-1;检测波长：283 nm;柱温：30℃。结果: 薄层色谱法可鉴别出该制剂中的枳壳、木香、白术和山楂。柚皮苷在89.600～1.792×10³ μg范围内有良好的线性关系（r=0.999 8）,新橙皮苷在1.060×10²～2.120×10³ μg范围内有良好的线性关系（r=0.999 9）,柚皮苷平均回收率为98.67%,RSD为0.57%（n=6）,新橙皮苷平均回收率为98.07%,RSD为1.19%（n=6）。结论: 该方法准确、灵敏、重复性好,能有效的控制六味开胃消食颗粒的质量。     

UPLC同时测定清热止咳颗粒中7种黄酮类成分含量

目的 建立同时测定清热止咳颗粒中芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、黄芩苷、木蝴蝶素A-7-葡萄糖醛酸苷、汉黄芩苷含量的方法。方法 采用超高效液相色谱法。采用ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₁₈色谱柱（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm）,流动相乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液(梯度洗脱) ,流速0.3 mL·min^-1,检测波长280 nm,柱温30 ℃。结果 芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、黄芩苷、木蝴蝶素A-7-葡萄糖醛酸苷、汉黄芩苷分别在0.324～6.480（r=0.999 9）,1.337～26.75（r=0.999 7）,0.687～13.80（r=0.999 6）,1.347～26.95（r=0.999 8）,2.770～55.40（r=0.999 2）,0.330～6.600（r=0.999 8）,0.242～4.840（r=0.999 6）μg·mL^-1范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;并且芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、黄芩苷、木蝴蝶素A-7-葡萄糖醛酸苷、汉黄芩苷平均加样回收率分别为99.41%、101.80%、99.42%、98.47%、101.71%,102.27%和97.64%,RSD范围分别是2.32%、1.69%、2.38%、2.45%、1.24%、1.77%和1.91%。结论 建立的超高效液相色谱(UPLC)方法操作简便、稳定、准确且可行,可用于清热止咳颗粒的质量控制。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

Disease control in asthmatic children seen in private practice in Switzerland

ABSTRACT

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in Switzerland with a prevalence of 10%. Asthma has a high economic burden accounting for high medical costs. Assessment of disease control is likely to be of help in the implementation of strategies to improve asthma. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate asthma control and therapy regimens among children in private practice.

Methods: We assessed asthma control as well as therapy regimens in 575 asthmatic children in an experience programme in Switzerland by using an abbreviated questionnaire based on the asthma control questionnaire and the child health questionnaire on Visit 1 and Visit 2.

Results: Good asthma control at Visit 1 was only present in 25.7% of asthmatic children. Occasional asthma symptoms, limitation of physical activity, nocturnal awakening and anxiety of the parent was present in 80.5%, 41.2%, 46.8% and 57% of the children, respectively. After adjustment of therapy regimens at Visit 1, mainly by adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist, asthma control was reported to be much better in 53.4% of the children at Visit 2.

Conclusions: As asthma control is inadequately achieved within a major portion of asthmatic children, it is imperative to find measures to improve asthma control and hence, to reduce the burden of disease.