教育干预对静脉注射海洛因滥用者艾滋病和毒品相关知识与行为的干预效果

目的:了解教育干预措施对静脉注射海洛因滥用者艾滋病和毒品相关知识与行为的干预作用,探索降低艾滋病病毒在该人群中传播的途径。方法:采用直接培训、自我教育及同伴教育方法对静脉注射海洛因滥用人群进行教育干预6个月;使用毒品知识调查问卷及艾滋病知识、态度、行为情况调查问卷对教育干预前后情况进行评估。结果:静脉注射海洛因滥用者主要以21-30 a年龄段、男性、初中文化程度、无业和未婚者居多,该群体获得艾滋病知识的途径主要为报纸、广播、电视、网络等媒体(占80.3%)。教育干预前后该群体对毒品知识及预防艾滋病知识的知晓情况差异具有显著性(P<0.001)。结论:静脉注射海洛因滥用者是艾滋病病毒感染高危人群,静脉注射毒品是感染H IV的主要途径,教育干预措施可以提高该人群对毒品知识及预防艾滋病知识的知晓程度,从而有利于遏制H IV/AIDS在该群体中的传播。     

对海洛因依赖者预防艾滋病教育的效果评价

目的:评估对海洛因依赖者进行预防艾滋病教育的效果.方法:收集了101例海洛因依赖者的一般资料、HBV和HCV感染情况、高危行为等,并对所有对象进行预防艾滋病教育,教育前后进行艾滋病相关知识问卷调查,并分析参与者对预防艾滋病教育的反馈信息,了解对吸毒者开展预防艾滋病教育的可行性和接受程度.结果:海洛因依赖者存在不洁注射和不安全性行为等危险行为特征,HBV和HCV感染率较高(分别为56.4%和46.5%);在教育前艾滋病知识问卷总分仅为31.1±12.1分,提示缺乏艾滋病相关知识,通过预防艾滋病教育,海洛因依赖者对艾滋病知识问卷分显著提高(97.29±2.42分);吸毒者对开展预防教育持支持、肯定和积极的态度.结论:海洛因依赖者是艾滋病传播的高危人群,对海洛因依赖者进行预防艾滋病教育具有可行性,能达到增加了解艾滋病相关知识、了解预防艾滋病的科学方法、科学对待艾滋病等效果,应重视对吸毒者的预防艾滋病教育,降低艾滋病感染的可能性和降低毒品危害.     

2513例药物滥用者HIV检测与流行病学调查

目的·· :进一步认识与研究静脉注射毒品与艾滋病迅速传播的关系 ,为有关部门采取干预措施提供科学的依据。方法··:对2513例海洛因滥用者进行HIV血清抗体检测 ,并采用自行设计的《海洛因滥用情况登记表》及《艾滋病、性病知识调查表》 ,进行问卷调查。结果··:HIV血清学检测抗体阳性反应37例 ,全部为静脉注射毒品滥用者 ,并有经常共用注射器具史 ,所有病例对引发艾滋病传播的途径缺乏认识。结论··:静脉注射毒品已成为我国目前艾滋病传播的最主要途径 ,吸毒群体已成为潜在的HIV感染的高危人群。提出 :加强对高危人群预防艾滋病的宣传、教育、进行对高危行为的干预 ,将有利于控制艾滋病的传播 ;对吸毒人员进行常规的HIV抗体检测 ,以监控HIV流行趋势变化和发展。     

四川省凉山地区静脉吸毒人群药物滥用及其行为特征调查

目的:了解四川省凉山地区静脉吸毒人群药物滥用及行为特征情况,为采取有针对性的戒毒干预措施预防艾滋病病毒的传播提供数据.方法:以社区为基础招募了379名静脉吸毒人员,调查其人口学特征,艾滋病病毒感染情况,药物滥用的种类、吸毒方式和频率,口吸和静脉吸毒时间,共用注射器具情况等.结果:静脉吸毒人群艾滋病病毒感染率为11.3%(43/379).379名被调查者全部为海洛因滥用者,其中247人(65.2%)单独使用过海洛因,297人(78.4%)混合注射过海洛因与安定,滥用过的其他药物有安定(8.2%)和鸦片(1.3%).300人(79.2%)每天静脉注射吸毒一次及以上;曾经共用注射器具静脉吸毒的为247人(65.2%),87人(35.2%)首次静脉注射吸毒即与他人共用注射器具;初次口吸吸毒和静脉注射吸毒的平均年龄分别为22.37岁和25.35岁,口吸吸毒和静脉注射吸毒的平均时间分别为6.41年和3.42年.结论:加强青少年、吸毒人员关于毒品危害和拒绝毒品的健康教育活动,以及开展美沙酮或丁丙诺啡口服治疗海洛因依赖者,降低静脉注射吸毒行为,控制艾滋病病毒的传播.     

认知行为治疗及家庭治疗对甲基苯丙胺滥用者对待新型毒品的认知、态度以及应对毒品技能等的影响

目的:本研究通过对甲基苯丙胺类滥用者进行认知行为治疗及家庭治疗,比较他们对新型毒品的认知、态度以及应对新型毒品的技能。方法:根据数字表随机抽取50名进入试验组,50名进入对照组。试验组研究对象接受由研究者及强制戒毒所的心理医生进行的为期3个月的认知行为治疗及家庭治疗。干预后3个月进行两组间认知、态度以及应对新型毒品的技能的比较。结果:干预后3个月试验组与对照组滥用者对待新型毒品的认知相比,除了"新型毒品对身体的危害远远小于海洛因等传统毒品"以及"服用新型毒品后可出现幻觉妄想"外,其余各条目比较均有显著性差异(P≤0.001);干预后3个月试验组滥用者与对照组滥用者对待新型毒品的态度相比均有显著性差异(P≤0.001);干预后3个月试验组滥用者与对照组滥用者应对新型毒品的技能相比亦有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:通过对甲基苯丙胺类滥用者进行认知行为的治疗以及家庭治疗,可以提升滥用者对待新型毒品的认知,改善他们对待新型毒品的态度,并使其应对新型毒品的技能提高。     

176例药物依赖合并感染HIV人群的流行病学调查

目的:了解药物依赖合并感染HIV人群的流行病学特征。方法:随机整群抽取广西地区戒毒所176名感染HIV的药物依赖者,进行横断面调查,对其一般人口学资料和药物滥用情况进行分析。结果:在被调查的感染者中男性占88.6%,女性占11.4%;年龄为33.21a±s6.01a,25-40a年龄段占到了83.53%;未婚者占52.84%;无业人员占52.27%;初中和小学文化程度者占86.93%;汉族占83.52%;初次吸毒年龄为22.7a±s6.08a,其中25a以下者占68.19%;吸毒年限10.51a±s3.72a;全部有海洛因滥用和静脉注射史;环境和心理因素是造成复吸的主要原因。结论:药物滥用合并感染HIV人群中以汉族、男性、未婚、无业、文化程度低者为主。初次滥用年龄低。宣传教育和改变危险行为是预防HIV感染行之有效的措施,建议加强对青少年毒品与艾滋病的预防教育及对药物滥用人群的行为干预。     

吸毒人群中的性病艾滋病调查

目的 :了解吸毒人群中性病、艾滋病感染情况及其对性病、艾滋病知识知晓情况 ,提出对该人群采取针对性的教育和干预 ,预防和控制性病、艾滋病的传播。方法 :对 1997年 1月 - 2 0 0 2年 4月入所的吸毒人员 5 3 85人进行HIV及性病检测与调查 ,同时随机抽取 3 0 0名吸毒者进行性病、艾滋病知识情况匿名问卷调查。结果 :5 3 85例吸毒者中检出HIV阳性者 12 4例 ,占 2 .3 % ,全部为静脉注射毒品者 ;检出的性病主要有淋病 (2 10例 ) ,梅毒 (190例 ) ,尖锐湿疣 (13 2例 )等 ;在有效应答的 2 98份匿名问卷调查中 ,能够正确回答预防性病、艾滋病知识的有 2 0例 ,占调查对象的 6.7%。结论 :吸毒者为性病、艾滋病感染的高危人群 ,静脉注射毒品已成为传播艾滋病的主要途径之一 ;吸毒者对艾滋病知识知晓率较低 ;健康教育和行为干预利于控制性病、艾滋病的传播     

合成毒品滥用人群感染HIV危险因素分析

目的:了解合成毒品滥用者毒品滥用后高危性行为的发生情况,探索合成毒品滥用与艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染的关联。方法:本研究是在2015年3月至2015年6月期间,在广东省某市级强制隔离戒毒所进行。对313例在所进行强制隔离戒毒治疗,与"甲基苯丙胺和氯胺酮物质滥用"相关的戒毒者进行问卷调查。结果:313例调查对象中男性286人,女性27人;苯丙胺类滥用者占到68.4%,海洛因和苯丙胺类混合滥用者占到17.9%;66.6%的调查对象吸毒后发生过性行为,74.1%的调查对象吸毒后发生性行为从未使用安全套或有时使用安全套,吸毒后发生同性性行为和群体性行为的比例分别为3.0%和6.1%,34.5%的人承认吸毒后会增加性交频次。结论:合成毒品滥用人群仍然以青少年为主。甲基苯丙胺和氯胺酮是主要滥用精神活性物质。合成毒品滥用后增加了使用者发生高危性行为的机率,艾滋病传播的风险也相应提高。合成毒品滥用者是艾滋病等性传播疾病的高危人群。     

对贵阳市100例女性吸毒者的艾滋病知识、态度调查

目的:了解女性吸毒者对艾滋病的态度和相关知识掌握情况。方法:对2000年在贵阳市公安局戒毒中心强制戒毒的100名女性海洛因依赖者进行匿名问卷调查。结果:该吸毒群体中以烫吸方式滥用毒品者占81.0％,静脉注射方式占7.0％,烫吸、静脉注射混用方式占12.0％;与他人合用过注射器的占静脉注射者的47.4％;知道艾滋病是传染病的占93.0％;知道共用注射器可以传播艾滋病的占83.0％;知道孕妇可将艾滋病病毒传染给胎儿的占50.0％;知道艾滋病病毒主要侵害免疫系统的占31.0％;知道艾滋病是可预防的占63.0％;知道艾滋病是不可治愈的占49.0％;知道安全套可预防艾滋病感染的占34.0％,对预防艾滋病所采取的保护措施的应答中,肯定应答率最高的一项为35.0％。结论:本调查显示,贵阳地区女性吸毒者对艾滋病的传播方式仍缺乏全面了解,对预防知识的了解仍很贫乏,提示在该群体中进行艾滋病知识的宣传、教育和行为干预,对遏制艾滋病的传播、减少危害有极其重要的意义。     

1492例海洛因依赖者HIV及梅毒检测结果分析

目的 探讨海洛因依赖者HIV和梅毒感染情况.方法 收集我院确证海洛因依赖者1492例和80例健康人群的血清进行HIV、梅毒初筛和梅毒确诊实验.结果 海洛因依赖者中HIV确证阳性18例,占1.21%.TPPA确证实验阳性46例,占3.08%.结论 在毒品滥用人群中较易感染艾滋病病毒和梅毒,特别是静脉注射毒品者感染艾滋病病毒和梅毒的概率更高.     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro

[6,7-³H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-³H]estradiol-17 (E₂) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E₂ were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (mol chemical bound per mol DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E₂, respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E₂, respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3,000 times higher than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate.Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10³–10⁴ have been found for potent, 10² for moderate, and 1–10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured limit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action. Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a level of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding.Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium of the European Society of Toxicology, Rome, March 29, 1983     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

Synthesis and anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of pyridyloxy- and phenoxyalkanoic acid derivatives

Synthesis of pyridyloxy-, pyridyloxyphenoxy- and phenoxylphenoxyalkanate derivatives and their anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities were investigated. Analysis of structure-activity relationships showed that in pyridyloxyalkanoic acid derivatives anti-edematous potency was associated with the presence of chlorophenoxypropionic acid moiety and 2-nitrated methyl propionates contributed to the analgesic activity.