Aidi Injection (艾迪注射液) Alters the Expression Profiles of MicroRNAs in Human Breast Cancer Cells

Objective: To investigate the effects of Aidi Injection (艾迪注射液 ADI) on the MicroRNAs (miRNA) expression profiles in human breast cancer cells and explore the potential targets of the cancer treatment. Methods: MCF-7 breast cancer cells were grown in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with different concentrations of ADI. The inhibition of cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. MCF-7 cells were treated by ADI with above 50% inhibiting concentration (IC50) for 48 h. The expression profiles of miRNA in ADI-treated and ADI-untreated MCF-7 cells were detected with miRNA microarray chips and the array data were verified by quantitative RT-PCR. MCF-7 cells were transiently transfected with miRNA mimics by liposome method. Potential mRNA targets were predicted by informatics analysis with TargetScan and PicTar software. Results: ADI significantly inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 of ADI was 55.71 mg/mL after treatment for 48 h. The 60 mg/mL ADI was used as the therapeutic drug concentration. Microarray analysis identified 45 miRNAs that were up-regulated and 55 miRNAs that were down-regulated in response to ADI treatment. Many ADI-induced miRNAs were related to breast cancers. The microarray data were validated by qRT-PCR. Ectopic expression of 100 nmol/L mir-126 mimics significantly inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 cells. The 12 potential target genes of mir-126 were predicted by both TargetScan and PicTar software. Conclusions: The miRNA may serve as therapeutic targets, and the modulation of miRNA expression is an important mechanism of ADI inhibiting breast cancer cell growth.     

Expressions of miR-22 and miR-135a in acute pancreatitis

This study examined the expressions of miR-22 and miR-135a in rats with acute edematous pancreatitis （AEP） and their target genes in order to shed light on the involvement of miR-22 and miR-135a in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis （AP）. The in vivo model of AEP was established by introperitoneal injection of L-arginine （150 mg/kg） in rats. The miRNA microarray analysis was used to detect the differential expression of miRNAs in pancreatic tissue in AEP and normal rats. The in vitro AEP model was established by inducing the rat pancreatic acinar cell line （AR42J） with 50 ng/mL re- combinant rat TNF-ct. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was employed to detect the expression of miR-22 and miR-135a in AR42J cells. Lentiviruses carrying the miRNA mimic and anti-miRNA oligonucleotide （AMO） of miR-22 and miR-135a were transfected into the AR42J cells. The AR42J cells transfected with vehicle served as control. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of activated cas- pase3 and flow cytometry analysis to detect the apoptosis of AR42J cells. Targets of miR-22 and miR-135a were predicted by using TargetScan, miRanda, and TarBase. Luciferase reporter assay and quantitative real-time RT-PCR were performed to confirm whether ErbB3 and Ptk2 were the target gene of miR-22 and miR-135a, respectively. The results showed that the expression levels of miR-22 and miR-135a were obviously increased in AEP group compared with the control group in in-vivo and in-vitro models. The expression levels of miR-22 and miR-135a were elevated conspicuously and the expression levels of their target genes were reduced significantly in AR42J cells transfected with Ienti- viruses carrying the miRNA mimic. The apoptosis rate was much higher in the TNF-ct-induced cells than in non-treated cells. The AR42J cells transfected with miRNA AMOs expressed lower level of miR-22 and miR-135a and had lower apoptosis rate, but the expression levels of ErbB3 and Ptk2 were increased obviously. It was concluded that the expression levels of miR-22 and miR-135a were elevated in AEP. Up-regulating the expression of miR-22 and miR-135a may promote the apoptosis of pancreatic acinar cells by repressing ErbB3 and Ptk2 expression in AEP.     

MicroRNA 145 may play an important role in uveal melanoma cell growth by potentially targeting insulin receptor substrate-1

Background MicroRNAs （miRNAs） contribute to tumorigenesis by acting as either oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. In this study, we investigated the role of miR-145 in the pathogenesis of uveal melanoma. Methods Expression profiles of miRNAs in uveal melanoma were performed using Agilent miRNA array. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to screen the expression levels of miR-145 in normal uveal tissue, uveal melanoma tissue, and uveal melanoma cell lines. Lenti-virus expression system was used to construct MUM-2B and OCM-1 cell lines with stable overexpression of miR-145. Cell proliferation, cell cycle, and cell apoptosis of these miR-145 overexpression cell lines were examined by MTT assay and flow cytometry respectively. The target genes of miR-145 were predicted by bioinformatics and confirmed using a luciferase reporter assay. The expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor （IGF-1R）, insulin receptor substrate-1 （IRS-1） proteins was determined by Western blotting analysis. IRS- 1 was knocked down in OCM-1 cells. TUNEL, BrdU, and flow cytometry assay were performed in IRS-1 knocked down OCM-1 cell lines to analyze its function. Results Forty-seven miRNAs were up regulated in uveal melanoma and 61 were down regulated, miR-145 expression was significantly lower in uveal melanoma sample and the cell lines were compared with normal uveal sample. Overexpression of miR-145 suppressed cell proliferation by blocking the G1 phase entering S phase in uveal melanoma cells, and promoted uveal melanoma cell apoptosis. IRS-1 was identified as a potential target of miR-145 by dual luciferase reporter assay. Knocking down of IRS-1 had similar effect as overexpression of miR-145. Conclusion miR-145 might act as a tumor suppressor in uveal melanoma, and downregulation of the target IRS-1 might be a potential mechanism.     

MicroRNA alterations in senescent endothelial progenitor cells induced by remnant-like lipoproteins

Background  Remnant-like lipoproteins (RLPs) have been demonstrated to accelerate the onset of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) senescence. Recent study has determined that microRNAs (miRNAs) were closely associated with cellular proliferation and senescence. This study aimed to examine whether RLPs lead to an alteration of miRNAs in senescent EPCs.

Methods  RLPs were prepared from plasma samples with immunoaffinity method. After 8 days of culture, EPCs were identified by flow cytometry analysis. Cells were incubated with RLPs for 72 hours. The senescent markers p16INK4a and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) were detected by Western blotting analysis and β-gal staining assay, respectively. A human miRNA microarray containing 723 miRNAs was used to detect the expression profile of miRNAs in control and senescent EPCs. The result from the above microarray was qualified by RT-PCR assay.

Results  RLPs dose-dependently up-regulated the protein level of p16^INK4a in EPCs, and RLPs at a concentration of 100 μg/ml induced a significant increase in the percentage of SA-β-gal-positive EPCs. Of 723 miRNAs, four miRNAs expressed differentially and significantly in RLPs-treated EPCs (P <0.05), then their changes in expression were validated by real-time RT-PCR. Among them miR-148b and miR-155 were upregulated while miR-574-3p was down-regulated significantly when compared with control (P <0.01).

Conclusions  RLPs result in the onset of EPCs senescence. Senescent EPCs induced by RLPs exhibit a different profile of miRNAs. These three miR-148b and miR-155 and miR-574-3p reach a significant difference when compared with control, indicating that microRNA might take part in RLPs-induced EPCs senescence.     

Effect of miR-296 on the Apoptosis of Androgen-independent Prostate Cancer Cells

Objective To investigate the miR-296＇s function in prostate carcinoma（PCa） cells. Methods In order to profile the miRNA expression in LNCaP cells, the cultured cells were stimulated with androgen after 48-h starvation, miRNA microarray analysis and Q-RT-PCR assay were performed. To characterize the effects of miR296 on PCa cells, CL-1 and PC-3 cells were transfected with miR-296 and antisense-miR-296, cell growth and apoptosis were then analyzed. Results The miR-296-5p expression was up-regulated by 2.22 folds in the CL-1 cells, which do not express significantly androgen receptor, than in LNCaP cells. Knockdown of miR-296-5p induced apoptosis of CL-1 cells, but not LNCaP cells. However, knockdown of miR-296-5p inhibited the growth rate of LNCaP cells cultured in absence of androgen. Conclusion MiR-296-5p could be important for development of prostate cancer from androgen dependence to androgen independence.     

Identification of differentially expressed microRNAs by microarray: a possible role for microRNAs gene in medulloblastomas

Background MicroRNAs （miRNAs） are small noncoding regulatory RNAs whose aberrant expression may be observed in many malignancies. However, few data are yet available on human primary medulloblastomas. This work aimed to identify that whether miRNAs would be aberrantly expressed in tumor tissues compared with non-tumorous cerebellum tissues from same patients, and to explore a possible role during carcinogenesis. Methods A high throughput microRNA microarray was performed in human primary medulloblastoma specimens to investigate differentially expressed miRNAs, and some miRNAs were validated using real-time quantitative RT-PCR method. In addition, the predicted target genes for the most significantly downor up-regulated miRNAs were analyzed by using a newly modified ensemble algorithm. Results Nine miRNA species were differentially expressed in medulloblastoma specimens versus normal non-tumorous cerebellum tissues. Of these, 4 were over expressed and 5 were under expressed. The changes ranged from 0.02-fold to 6.61-fold. These findings were confirmed using real-time quantitative RT-PCR for most significant deregulated miRNAs （miR-17, miR-100, miR-106b, and miR-218） which are novel and have not been previously published. Interestingly, most of the predicted target genes for these miRNAs were involved in medulloblastoma carcinogenesis. Conclusions MJRNAs are differentially expressed between human medulloblastoma and non-tumorous cerebellum tissue. MiRNAs may play a role in the tumorigenesis of medulloblastoma and maybe serve as potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies in future.     

MiR-503 regulates cisplatin resistance of human gastric cancer cell lines by targeting IGF1R and BCL2

Background Studies have shown that the drug resistance of gastric cancer cells can be modulated by abnormal expression of microRNAs （miRNAs）.We investigated the role of miR-503 in the development of cisplatin resistance in human gastric cancer cell lines.Methods MiR-503 expression was measured by quantitative real-time PCR.MTT （3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide） and clonogenic assays were used to examine changes in cell viability and the drug resistance phenotype of cancer cells associated with upregulation or downregulation of the miRNA.A dual-luciferase activity assay was used to verify target genes of miR-503.Immunohistochemistry,Western blotting analysis,and a flow cytometric apoptosis assay were used to elucidate the mechanism by which miR-503 modulates drug resistance in cancer cells.Results MiR-503 was significantly downregulated in gastric cancer tissues and several gastric cancer cell lines.Additionally,downregulation of miR-503 in the cisplatin （DDP）-resistant gastric cancer cell line SGC7901/DDP was concurrent with the upregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor （IGF1R） and B-cell lymphoma 2 （BCL2） expression compared with the parental SGC7901 cell line.An in vitro drug sensitivity assay showed that overexpression of miR-503 sensitized SGC7901/DDP cells to cisplatin.The luciferase activity of reporters driven by IGF1R and BCL2 3＇-untranslated regions in SGC7901/DDP cells suggested that IGF1R and BCL2 were both direct target genes of miR-503.Enforced miR-503 expression in SGC7901/DDP cells reduced expression of the target proteins,inhibited proliferation,and sensitized the cells to DDP-induced apoptosis.Conclusion Our findings suggest that hsa-miR-503 modulates cisplatin resistance of human gastric cancer cells at least in part by targeting IGF1R and BCL2.     

Effect of a conserved peptide derived from Kunitz domain of hepatitis B virus x protein on the cell cycle and apoptosis of HepG2 cells via the proteasome pathway

Background Hepatitis B virus （HBV） x protein （HBx） in HepG2 cells causes a moderate decrease in proteolysis activity of the proteasome. A highly conserved Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor domain within 154 amino acid residues of HBx has been identified. In this study, a peptide chain derived from the Kunitz domain （PKD） was used to study its effect on the cell cycle and apoptosis of HepG2 cells, and investigated the function of PKD on the activities of proteasomes and AAA-ATPase p97, which involves in the ubiquitin-proteasome protein degradation pathway.
Methods The PKD peptide （Phe-Val-Leu-Gly-Gly-Cys-Arg-His-Lys） was chemically synthesized. MTT assays were used to determine the effects of PKD on HepG2 cell growth. Mouse anti-p97 antibody was developed for Western blotting to detect the expression of p97. ATPase activity of proteasomes was measured using a colorimetric assay. Peptidase activities of proteasomes were analyzed with various peptidase-specific fluorogenic peptide substrates. Flow cytometry was used to determinate cell cycle phase and apoptosis.
Results Viability of HepG2 cells decreased in a PKD-dose-dependent manner. Cells exhibited significant cytotoxicity in the presence of 15 mmol/L of PKD. Western blotting analysis showed that expression of p97 was suppressed in HepG2 cells treated with PKD compared to untreated cells. The ATPase activity of proteasomes from immunoprecipitates of HepG2 cells pretreated with PKD was apparently decreased. Chymotryptic activity of proteasomes in HepG2 cells was significantly inhibited by 10mmol/L PKD; tryptic activity and peptidylglutamyl peptide hydroiase activity of proteasomes were less inhibited by PKD than chymotryptic activity. The cell cycle phase of HepG2 cells treated with PKD for 36 hours was blocked largely at the G0-G1 phase, while untreated control cells were mainly in S phase. PKD also significantly induced apoptosis.
Conclusions The peptide derived from Kunitz domain of HBx protein induces HepG2 cell growth arrest and apoptosis, which may result from down-regulation of p97 expression, and decrease of both the ATPase and chymotryptic activities of proteasomes.     

筛选调节HBV增殖和HBsAg产生的宿主细胞的miRNA

目的筛选调节乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)增殖和乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)产生的宿主细胞的miRNA。方法用328种miRNA的反义链转染HepG2 2.2.15细胞,72 h收获上清,MTS检测细胞的增殖活性,ELISA检测表面抗原和e抗原的表达水平,实时定量PCR检测其中HBV DNA的拷贝数。构建筛选到的miRNA的过表达载体,转染HepG22.2.15细胞,也分别用MTS、ELISA和实时定量PCR进行检测。结果 miR-199a-3pASO、miR-210ASO和miR-185ASO促进了HBsAg产生和HBV增殖(P<0.05);miR-199a-3p、miR-210、miR-185的过表达,分别抑制了HBsAg的产生和HBV的增殖(P<0.05);miR-199a-3p、miR-210和miR-185的ASO转染组与对照组相比,分别降低了细胞内miR-199a-3p、miR-210和miR-185的表达水平(P<0.05);miR-199a-3p、miR-210和miR-185的过表达载体转染组与对照组相比,分别增加了细胞内miR-199a-3p、miR-210和miR-185的表达水平(P<0.05)。结论在没有对细胞的增殖活性产生影响的情况下,miR-199a-3p、miR-210和miR-185抑制了HBV表面抗原的产生和HBV的增殖,miRNA作为病毒与宿主细胞相互作用中的调节因子,在HBV的生命活动周期中具有重要作用。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者外周血CD4＋T淋巴细胞中miRNAs表达谱分析

目的 通过基因芯片技术筛选系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）患者外周血T淋巴细胞中miNRAs的表达情况,寻找SLE与健康者外周血CD4＋T淋巴细胞中差异表达的miNRAs,探讨CD4＋T淋巴细胞参与SLE的发病机制.方法 采集43例SLE患者作为实验组,23例健康者作为对照组,取受试者外周静脉血,用磁珠分选法分离外周血CD4＋T淋巴细胞,提取RNA进行芯片分析,筛选差异表达的miRNAs.其筛选结果通过荧光实时定量PCR在43例重度活动期SLE患者和23例健康者中进行验证.结果 与对照组相比,SLE患者外周血CD4＋T淋巴细胞中有13个miNRA表达差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,其中上调基因8个,下调基因5个.进一步通过荧光实时定量PCR检测了miR-NAs的表达情况,最终确定miR 410与miR-181在SLE患者外周血T淋巴细胞中明显下调,miR-31在SLE患者外周血T淋巴细胞中明显上调.结论 CD4＋T淋巴细胞中的miRNA很可能参与了SLE患者的病情活动.     

HBV转染肝癌细胞系基因表达谱改变的研究

目的 利用寡核苷酸芯片筛选HBV感染应答基因,探讨HBV感染分子致病机制.方法 选用Agilent Human 1A Oligo基因芯片进行乙型肝炎基因表达改变的研究,用Cy3标记实验细胞(HepG2.2.15细胞),Cy5标记对照组细胞(HepG2细胞),比较HepG2.2.15细胞与HepG2细胞之间的基因表达谱差异;用适时定量PCR(RQ-PCR)对部分差异基因进行验证.结果 通过杂交、扫描、统计学分析,根据P Value LogRatio值及gProcessed signal/rProcessed signal值从近20 000个基因中共筛选出差异表达基因744个,其中423个基因表达上调,321个基因表达下调.用RQ-PCR技术对其中4个相关基因胰岛素样生长因子2(IGF2)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)、干扰素同源序列结合蛋白(ICSBP)、核糖核苷酸还原酶缩多氨酸M1(RRM1)的表达差异进行了验证,与表达谱的结果基本保持一致.结论 通过验证,表达谱芯片的杂交结果真实可靠,为下一步继续进行差异表达基因的研究、了解HBV的致病机制打下了基础.     

抗结核药物肝毒性对血浆miRNA分子表达的影响

目的探讨抗结核药物肝毒性（ATDH）对患者血浆中微RNA（miRNA）分子表达的影响。方法对3例活动性肺结核患者用药前和发生ATDH后的血浆标本进行miRNA芯片检测。对存在差异性表达的miRNA分子,采用Real Time-PCR进行验证。应用互联网miRNA靶基因预测软件对经证实存在差异性表达的miRNA进行靶基因预测,采用PANTHER蛋白分类系统查找靶蛋白基因本体（GO）功能分类。结果ATDH发生后,血浆中共筛选出22个与用药前比较差异性表达的miRNA分子,表达上凋和下调的miRNA各11个。RealTime-PCR验证结果显示：ATDH发生后,患者血浆中显著上调的miRNA有5个,分别为miR-378i、miR-125b-5P、miR-1224-5P、miR-194-5P和miR-34a-5P;下调的miRNA有3个,分别为miR-1260a、miR-338．3P和miR-4286。结论ATDH发生患者血浆中存在与用药前比较差异性表达的miRNA分子,这些分子的存在可能与ATDH的发生有关。     

坐骨神经缺损1周背根神经节组织中microRNA的表达变化

目的：研究大鼠坐骨神经缺损后背根神经节中microRNA（miRNA）的表达变化。方法：采用miRNA芯片检测神经缺损0 d（对照组）和7 d（实验组）背根神经节组织中miRNA的表达情况,应用Real time Taqman PCR对芯片结果进行验证。结果：实验组与对照组比较发生上调1.4倍和下调〉1%以上的miRNA分别有13个和5个,Real time TaqmanPCR检测的4个miRNA的表达变化与芯片一致（上调：miR-21,miR-221;下调：miR-500,miR-551b）。结论：大鼠坐骨神经缺损1周后背根神经节组织中miRNA的表达谱发生改变。     

miR-29表达载体的构建及在HBV相关肝癌中靶基因的初步鉴定

目的通过构建miR-29的表达载体以及HBV相关肝癌中靶基因的初步鉴定,为探讨miR-29和其靶基因在HBV相关肝癌发生、发展中的作用奠定基础。方法利用生物信息学方法预测miR-29的靶基因,RT-PCR方法检测靶基因在肝癌细胞系及相应临床标本中的表达变化;构建miR-29及其靶基因的表达载体,利用双荧光报告检测方法检测miR-29与靶基因的靶向关系。结果成功构建miR-29及其靶基因核表达载体,分别命名为pS-miR-29a,pS-miR-29b,pS-miR-29c及pGL3-TUBB2A;靶基因TUBB2A在HBV相关肝癌中表达明显上调。结论 TUBB2A为miR-29的直接靶基因,本研究为下一步研究miR-29及其靶基因TUBB2A在HBV相关肝癌发生、发展中的作用奠定基础。     

乙型肝炎病毒对肿瘤坏死因子相关的凋亡诱导配体诱导凋亡的影响及其机制

目的：研究乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）转染后,细胞对肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）相关的凋亡诱导配体（TRAIL）诱导 的凋亡的敏感度变化及作用机制。通过人肝癌细胞HepG2及转染了HPV全基因组的HepG2.2.15细胞对TRAIL诱导凋亡的敏感度研究,探讨HBV感染对细胞凋亡的影响及其机制。方法：流式细胞仪检测TRAIL诱导的凋亡反应和细胞表面TRAIL蛋白的表达,酶联免疫吸附试验检测细胞培养上清液中分泌型TRAIL蛋白质的表达,半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应检测TRAIL受体和其转导通路中凋亡拮抗分子FLIP的表达。结果：HepG2和HepG2．2．15对TRAIL诱导的凋亡率分别为51．60％和9．12％。与HepG2相比,HepG2．2．15细胞表面TRAIL蛋白质及其受体的表达都有不同程度的下调,而抵抗细胞凋亡的分子－FLI的表达却显著上调（P＜0．01）,两细胞系上清中分泌型TRAIL的表达量差异无显著意义（P＞0．05）。结论：HBV转染可以抵抗TRAIL诱导的细胞凋亡,可以下调细胞表面TRAIL蛋白质及其受体的表达,但使FLIP的表达显著上调。这能从一定程度上解释HBV感染逃逸机体免疫监视,持续存活,导致相应病理变化的机制。     

肝癌细胞株HepG2与正常肝细胞株7702差异微小RNA筛选

目的：初步探讨肝癌细胞株 HepG2与正常肝细胞株7702微小 RNA（miRNA）分子表达谱的差异。方法选取肝癌细胞株 HepG2与正常肝细胞株7702样本分别作为实验组和对照组,采用高通量的 miRNA微阵列芯片技术筛选两者间差异表达的 miRNA,并运用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（RT-qPCR）验证芯片结果的可靠性（样品间变化标准以上调或者下调2倍作为判定的阈值范围）。结果在肝癌细胞株 HepG2中,上调2倍的差异表达 miRNA分子有32个,其中上调超过8倍差异表达 miRNA有12个;下调2倍的差异表达miRNA有26个,其中下调超过8倍的miRNA分子有4个（P＜0．05）,miRNA上调与下调表达率差异有统计学意义。结论肝癌细胞株 HepG2与正常肝细胞株7702的差异表达 miRNA分子可能与肝细胞癌（hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC）的发生、转移以及侵袭能力相关,为进一步研究与肿瘤相关的 miRNA在肝细胞癌发病机制中的作用奠定基础。     

应用微阵列芯片分析人髓母细胞瘤及瘤旁组织miRNA表达谱差异

目的检测人髓母细胞瘤(medulloblastomas,MB)与非肿瘤脑组织中微小RNA(miRNA)的表达差异情况,探讨异常表达miRNA参与MB发生的可能分子机制。方法选取经手术切除的MB组织标本及瘤旁正常小脑组织,分别提取总RNA和小分子RNA,在miRNA微阵列芯片中杂交检测,通过芯片扫描和数据分析,并通过实时荧光定量RT-PCR验证,获得该病异常miRNAs表达谱。结果筛选出9个MB的相关miRNAs,其中表达上调4个,表达下调5个。其中miR-17、miR-100、miR-106b和miR-218的差异表达情况得到定量RT-PCR的证实。结论miRNA微阵列分析技术是一种快速、高效的研究生物信息的分子生物学技术;筛选出的差异表达miRNAs可能参与MB发病,为此病诊治提供了新的思路,值得进一步研究。