The Antiandrogen Withdrawal Syndrome

Objective To evaluate the response to antiandrogen withdrawal in patients with advanced prostate cancer treated with combined androgen blockade.Methods Twenty-four cases of advanced prostate cancer (10in stage C and 14 in stage D) were retrospectively studied.All the patients were treated with combined androgen blockade(bilateral orchiectomy and flutamide).After initial response to hormone therapy for 7 to 36 months,flutamide was discontinued because of deterioration of the disease.Serum prostate specific antigen(PSA) levels were checked every 2 to 4 weeks and symptoms observed.Results The results following withdrawal of flutamide were as follows:8 patients showed a decling in PSA(mean 74.8%),of whom 6 cases had the PSA decling greater than 50%.Clinical symptoms improved in 4 cases.The nodules of the prostate were smaller than before in cases.The mean duration of response was 4.3 months.Conclusion In patients with hormone refractory advanced prostate cancer after initial combined androgen blockade therapy,a trial of “antiandrogen withdrawal”is a reasonable choice of therapeutic maneuver.     

Mass Screening is Inevitable to Detect the Curable Early Stage Prostate Cancer

Objective To investigate the influence of the mass screening on the status of the prostate cancer （PCa）, we compared the cases of PCa detected by the mass screening and the cases diagnosed at a conventional ordinary urologic outpatient. Methods Using a SPSS analysis system, We compared 67 cases of prostate cancer detected by mass screening and 358 cases diagnosed at the outpatient of various hospitals in Changchun in terms of age distribution, clinical stages, level of serum prostate special antigen （PSA）, pathological stage and treatment modality. Results The annual average incidence of PCa during 1999 to 2001 increased 4.72 times when compared to the 1986 to 1989＇s. In the screening group, the cases with clinical stage T2 and T1 accounted for 59.7%. In the clinical group, it was only 28.0%, and mostly detected incidentally. Furthermore, in the screening group the percentage of the cases beyond 20 ng/ml PSA and of poorly differentiated carcinoma were much lower compared to the clinical group. These differences between them were statistically significant. The number of radical prostatectomy in the screening group increased 15.3% compared with that of the clinical group. Conclusion Only the mass screening can really reveal the actual prevalence of prostate cancer. It can markedly raise the number of prostate cancer, especially the cancer in the early stage.     

Clinical assessment of awake endotracheal intubation using the lightwand technique alone in patients with difficult airways

Background There is few study to determine whether the use of the lightwand technique alone could achieve effective, safe and successful awake endotracheal intubation （ETI）, therefore we designed a prospective clinical study to systematically evaluate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of awake ETI using the lightwand alone in patients with difficult airways.
Methods Seventy adult patients with difficult airways were enrolled in this study. After the desired sedation with fentanyl and midazolam, airway topical anesthesia was performed with 9 ml of 2% lidocaine, which were in order sprayed in three aliquots at 5 minutes intervals into the supraglottic （two doses） and laryngotracheal areas （one dose） using a combined unit of the lightwand and MADgic atomizer. After airway topical anesthesia, awake ETI was performed using a Lightwand. Subjective assessments by patients and operators using the visual analogue scores （VAS）, and objective assessments by an independent investigator using patients＇ tolerance and reaction scores, coughing severity, intubating conditions and cardiovascular variables were taken as the observed parameters.
Results Of 210 airway sprays, 197 （93.8%） were successfully completed on the first attempt. The total time for airway spray was （14.6±1.5） minutes. During airway topical anesthesia, the average patients＇ tolerance scores were 1.7-2.3. After airway topical anesthesia, the mean VAS for discomfort levels that the patients reported was 6.5. Also airway topical anesthesia procedure was rated as acceptable and no discomfort by 94.3% of patients. The lightwand-guided awake ETI was successfully completed on first attempt within 29 seconds in all patients. During awake ETI, patients＇ reaction and coughing scores were 1.9 and 1.6, respectively. All patients exhibited excellent or acceptable intubating conditions. Cardiovascular monitoring revealed that changes of systolic blood pressure and heart rate at each stage of airway manipulations were less than 20% of baseline values. The postoperative follow-up showed that 95.7% of patients had no recall or slight memories of all airway instrumentation. The incidence of postoperative mild airway complications was 38.6%.
Conclusion Alone use of the lightwand technique can achieve effective, safe and successful awake ETI in patients with difficult airways.     

Effect of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography combined with laparoscopy and choledochoscopy on the treatment of Mirizzi syndrome

Background Mirizzi syndrome is often difficult to diagnose before surgery, and is often accompanied by extensive adhesions in the cystohepatic （Calot＇s） triangle and the difficulty of separating tissue can lead to bile duct injury and other intraoperative and postoperative complications. The aim of this study is to investigate minimally invasive means of treating different types of Mirizzi syndrome. Methods Fifty-four patients diagnosed with Mirizzi syndrome were enrolled between July 2004 and May 2012. The diagnosis was further refined according to the Csendes classification. Twenty-seven patients were treated with a combination of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （ERCP）, laparoscopy, and choledochoscopy （tripartite approach group）; type I in 16 cases, type II five cases, and type III in six cases. Twenty-seven patients were treated with laparotomy （routine approach group）; type I in 19 cases, type II in six cases, and type III in two cases. The operation time, blood loss during operation, initiation of intake time of food, postoperative complications, and hospital stays were compared between two groups. Results All patients were successfully cured in surgical operation. The operation time was （49.7±27.5） minutes, blood loss during operation was （21.1±15.9） ml, initiation of intake time of food was （6.3±2.7） hours, postoperative complications were with two cases （7%, 2/27）, and hospital stay was （6.7±1.8） days in the tripartite approach group. In the routine approach group, the operation time was （85.1±20.3） minutes, blood loss during operation was （150.3±20.5） ml, initiation of intake time of food was （36.6±10.3） hours, postoperative complications were with three cases （11%, 3/27）, and hospital stay was （10.9±3.4） days. Except for postoperative complications, there were significant differences in the operation time, blood loss during operation, initiation of intake time of food, and hospital stays between two groups （P 〈0.05）. Conclusions ERCP combined with laparoscopy and choledochoscopy is a safe and effective means of treating Mirizzi syndrome. The approach is minimally invasive and patients recover quickly requiring only brief hospitalization.     

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the evaluation of high risk patients with lung cancer

Background It is still unclear whether pulmonary function tests （PFTs） are sufficient for predicting perioperative risk,and whether all patients or only a subset of them need a cardiopulmonary exercise test （CPET） for further assessment.Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the CPET and compare the results of CPET and conventional PFTs to identify which parameters are more reliable and valuable in predicting perioperative risks for high risk patients with lung cancer.Methods From January 2005 to August 2008, 297 consecutive lung cancer patients underwent conventional PFTs （spirometry ＋ single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the lungs （DLCOsb） for diffusion capacity） and CPET preoperatively. The correlation of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications with the parameters of PFT and CPET was retrospectively analyzed using the chi-square test, independent sample t test and binary Logistic regression analysis.Results Of the 297 patients, 78 did not receive operation due to advanced disease stage or poor cardiopulmonary function. The remaining 219 underwent different modes of operations. Twenty-one cases were excluded from this study due to exploration alone （15 cases） and operation-related complications （6 cases）. Thus, 198 cases were eligible for evaluation. Fifty of the 198 patients （25.2%） had postoperative cardiopulmonary complications. Three patients （1.5%）died of complications within 30 postoperative days. The patients were stratified into groups based on VO2max/pred respectively. The rate of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications was significantly higher in the group with cardiopulmonary complications were significantly correlated with age, comorbidities, and poor PFT and CPET results.used to stratify the patients＇ cardiopulmonary function status and to predict the risk of postoperative cardiopulmonary predicting perioperative risk. If available, cardiopulmonary exercise testing is strongly suggested for high-risk lung cancer patients in addition to conventional pulmonary function tests, and both should be combined to assess cardiopulmonary function status.     

Comparisons of the incidence and pathological characteristics of prostate cancer between Chinese and Portuguese in Macau

Background Aging of population in Macau has become a serious problem and we are diagnosing more and more patients with prostate cancer. To investigate the effect of ethnicity and environment on incidence of prostate carcinoma, we compared the difference of biopsy and postoperative pathology of prostate between indigenous Chinese （Chinese） and Chinese of Portuguese descent （Portuguese） with elevated serologic prostate specific antigen （PSA） and incidence of prostate carcinoma in Macau.
Methods Between 1999 and 2006, prostate biopsy was performed in a random sample of 462 patients with elevated serologic PSA who, on followup, were diagnosed in this hospital with benign prostate hyperplasia. Of these, 416 were indigenous Chinese, 46 Portuguese. Based on demographic statistics by Macau government for 2005, we compared differences in incidences of prostate carcinoma, positive rate of random prostate biopsy in patients with elevated serologic PSA, factors related to serological PSA and pathological grade and stage between both ethnic groups.
Results Prostate carcinoma was diagnosed on biopsy in 178 cases. Positive biopsies of prostate carcinoma were present in 160 Chinese with positive rate of 38.5% and in 18 Portuguese with 39.1%. For patients diagnosed with prostate carcinoma, there was no significant difference in age, incidence, grade of cancerous cells, stage of the disease, incidence of inflammation of prostatic tissues or prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia （PIN） related to elevated PSA between the groups （All P〉0.05）.
Conclusions There was no significant difference in incidence or characteristics of prostate carcinoma between people of Portuguese and Chinese descent in Macau based on our limited data. Long term residence in the same environment may be associated with the incidence and progression of prostate carcinoma in Portuguese living in Macau, but further rigorous epidemiological investigation and analysis of risk factors about prostate carcinoma are needed to corroborate this conc     

Mass screening of 12027 elderly men for prostate carcinoma by measuring serum prostate specific antigen

Background The incidence of prostate carcinoma (Pca) has been increasing in China. We detected Pca in elderly men in Changchun, north China and the significance of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in mass screening and clinical staging of Pca.Methods Serum PSA from 12 027 men over 50 years old from Changchun was analyzed. In case of serum PSA greater than 4. 0 ng/ml, the patient was suspected of potentially suffering from Pca, and transrectal six-point puncture prostate biopsies were performed under ultrasound guidance.Pathological examinations were performed on the biopsy tissue, and ABCD and TNM clinical stagings were used in accordance with international standards. Correlations between serum PSA level andclinical stage were analyzed.Results PSA was greater than 4.0ng/ml in 813 patients (6.8% of the 12027 men). Transrectal six-point prostate puncture biopsies guided by ultrasound were performed in 273 patients (33. 6% of the 813 patients who were tested positive in the initial mass screening). Of these 273 patients,69 cases of Pca (25.3% of 273 ) were confirmed by biopsy in the second screening, with an overall detection rate for Pca of 0. 57% (69/12 027). The total number of patients in stages A, B, T1, or T2 was 57.9%, and over 20% of them suffered from late stage Pca with lymph node and bone metastasis. An obvious positive correlation was observed between ABCD staging, TNM staging, and serum PSA level.Conclusions Serum PSA level is not only the golden standard for mass screening of Pca, but also the predictor for clinical stage of Pca. PSA testing revealed asymptomatic Pca cases in early, middle,and later stages in the elderly, suggesting that mass screening is of paramount importance.     

Expression change of nuclear receptor corepressor （NCoR） in androgen independence prostate cancer and its clinical significance

Objective：To explore the expression of nuclear receptor corepressor （NCoR） in androgen independence prostate cancer （AIPC） and its clinical significance. Methods：The expression of NCoR and androgen receptor （AR） in prostatie tissues, from 15 cases with AIPC, 20 cases with androgen dependence prostate cancer （ADPC） and 20 cases with benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH）, was detected by immunohistoehemistry respectively. Results：The expression of NCoR was observed mainly in the nucleus and slightly in the nucleus. The positive cell percentage of NCoR in AIPC was significantly lower than that in ADPC and BPH （P〈0. 01）. The NCoR expression was significantly lower in low differentiation prostate cancer （Pca） than that in high differentiation Pca （P〈0. 05）. The rate of NCoR expression was significantly higher in low stage Pca than that in high stage Pca （P〈0. 05）. AR, expressing in the nucleus, was found to be negative in one case of AIPC, while was strongly expressed in other cases of AIPC, and all eases of ADPC and BPH. Conclusion： The transition to AIPC of Pea may be correlated with the decrease of NCoR protein.     

Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Gleason Score 10 Prostate Cancer on Core Biopsy Treated by External Radiotherapy and Hormone Therapy

Objective To evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with Gleason score 10 prostate cancer treated by external radiotherapy and hormone therapy.
Methods From January 2003 to March 2014, 1832 patients with prostate cancer were treated, among which 9 patients (represented 0.49%) were identified as Gleason score 10 disease on prostate core biopsy without distant metastases when first diagnosed. All 9 patients were treated by whole pelvic external radiotherapy (The whole pelvic dose was 50.0 Gy and the boost dose ranged from 76.2 to 78.0 Gy) and long-term hormone therapy. We assessed the clinical characteristics, treatment outcomes and treatment toxicities. Survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.
Results The median follow-up was 4.8 years. Six patients’ pre-treatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were lower than 20.0μg/L and three patients’ pre-treatment PSA levels were higher than 70.0μg/L. The median percentage of positive biopsy cores was 91%. Three, four and two cases were classified as T2c, T3a and T3b stage, respectively. Three cases were assessed as N1 stage. The 5-year biochemical failure-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival, cancer specific survival and overall survival rates were 28.6%, 57.1%, 66.7%and 57.1%, respectively. Five patients experienced grade 1-2 acute gastrointestinal toxicities and six patients complained of grade 1-2 acute genitourinary toxicities. No bone fracture or cardiovascular disease was detected.
Conclusions Gleason score 10 prostate cancer on core biopsy is usually combined with other high risk factors. The pre-treatment PSA levels lie in two extremes. Timely and active treatments are urgent needed because unfavourable oncological outcomes are often presented.     

Risk factors of positive surgical margin and biochemical recurrence of patients treated with radical prostatectomy: a single-center 10-year report

Background  Many studies have shown that positive surgical margin and biochemical recurrence could impact the life of patients with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy. With more and more patients with prostate cancer appeared in recent 20 years in China, it is necessary to investigate the risk of positive surgical margin and biochemical recurrence, and their possible impact on the prognosis of patients treated with radical prostatectomy. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of patients with prostate cancer who had undergone radical prostatectomy in Macau area and tried to find any risk factor of positive surgical margin and biochemical recurrence and their relationship with the prognosis of these patients.

Methods  From 2000 to 2009, 149 patients with prostate cancer received radical prostatectomy and were followed up. Among these patients, 111 received retropubic radical prostatectomies, 38 received laparoscopic radical prostatectomies. All patients were followed-up on in the 3rd month, 6th month and from that point on every 6 months after operation. At each follow-up a detailed record of any complaint, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), full biochemical test and uroflowmetry was acquired.

Results  The average age was (69.0±6.1) years, preoperative average serum PSA was (10.1±12.1) ng/ml and average Gleason score was 6.4±1.3. The incidence of total complications was about 47.7%, the incidence of the most common complication, bladder outlet obstruction, was about 26.8%, and that of the second most common complication, urinary stress incontinence, was about 16.1% (mild 9.4% and severe 6.7%). The incidence of positive surgical margin was about 38.3%. The preoperative serum PSA ((13.4±17.6) ng/ml), average Gleason score (7.1±1.3) and pathological T stage score (7.0±1.4) were higher in patients with positive surgical margins than those with negative margins ((8.0±5.8) ng/ml, 6.0±1.2 and 5.4±1.4, respectively) (P=0.004, P=0.001 and P=0.001, respectively). A univariate analysis showed that positive surgical margin had a positive statistical association with serum PSA (P=0.007), Gleason score (P <0.001), pathological T stage score (P <0.001) and biochemical recurrence (BCR) (P=0.035). The most common location of a positive surgical margin was in the apex of the prostate, which was about 63% (36/57). Sixty-four percent (23/36) of patients with positive surgical margin in apex were also involved in prostate lobe; other locations were prostate lobe (23%, 13/57), seminal vesicle (9%, 5/57). The multivariate analysis showed that positive surgical margin had a positive statistical association with Gleason score (P=0.03) and pathological T stage score (P=0.02). Neither univariate analysis or multivariate analysis showed any statistical relationship between BCR and any other risk factors covered in this study.

Conclusions  Positive surgical margin is associated with pre-operative PSA, Gleason score, pathological T stage and biochemical recurrence. Earlier diagnosis and improved techniques of dissection of prostate apex could decrease the incidence of positive surgical margins.

     

腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术临床体会(附18例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的临床体会及其应用价值.方法:总结2007年7月～2011年4月应用腹腔镜行前列腺癌根治术18例患者进行回顾性研究,患者年龄54～ 78岁,中位年龄64.4岁.其中T1期患者6例,T2期12例.术前均病理证实为前列腺癌,均采用经腹膜外途径腹腔镜根治手术.结果:17例手术顺利,1例中转开放,平均手术时间230min,平均出血量约310ml,2例术中输血,无直肠损伤病例.术后留置导尿管时间12～21 d,平均16.7 d;2例尿道狭窄,4例发生漏尿,均经保守治疗后痊愈;1例切缘阳性.随访6～51个月,平均28个月,除2例尿道狭窄所有患者排尿通畅,2例有轻微遗尿.随访期间未发现有肿瘤局部复发和远处转移,无死亡病例,半年后血清前列腺特异性抗原在0～0.15 rg/ml之间.结论:腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术具有视野清楚、创伤小、出血及并发症少等优点,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法.     

穿刺活检单针阳性的前列腺癌手术策略选择及经验总结

目的: 分析穿刺活检单针阳性的前列腺癌患者行前列腺癌根治性切除术后的临床病理特征,以协助选择手术策略。方法: 回顾性分析2010年1月至2018年12月北京大学第三医院泌尿外科收治的经直肠前列腺系统穿刺活检单针阳性并且接受前列腺癌根治术的患者共计53例,患者年龄(69.7±6.9)岁(54~81岁)。穿刺前前列腺特异抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)为(9.70±5.24) μg/L(1.69~25.69 μg/L),前列腺体积为(50.70±28.39) mL(12.41~171.92 mL),穿刺Gleason评分6分、7分和≥8分者分别为39例(73.6%)、11例(20.8%)和3例(5.7%),临床分期T1期、T2期和T3期者分别为6例(11.3%)、44例(83.0%)和3例(5.7%)。按年龄、术前PSA水平、穿刺Gleason评分、单针肿瘤占穿刺组织百分比和临床分期等因素进行分组,比较各组患者的临床病理特征差异。结果: 术后Gleason评分6分、7分和≥8分者分别为 20例(37.7%)、21例(39.6%)和10例(18.9%),另有2例(3.8%)为pT0;病理分期T0期、T2a期、T2b期、T2c期和T3期者分别为2例(3.8%)、9例(17.0%)、2例(3.8%)、29例(54.7%)和11例(20.8%);11例(20.8%)手术切缘阳性,10例前列腺包膜外侵犯(18.9%),1例(1.9%)精囊侵犯。术后肿瘤呈多灶状分布42例(79.2%),双侧分布37例(69.8%)。与术前穿刺Gleason评分比较,术后Gleason评分下降3例(5.7%), 不变28例(52.8%),升级20例(37.7%),其中有2例(3.8%)为pT0;与临床分期比较,术后病理分期下降2例(3.8%),不变10例(18.9%),升级41例(77.4%)。根据术后病理分为微灶癌组(n=8)和非微灶癌组(n=45), 经比较,两组单针肿瘤占穿刺组织百分比(≤5%)差异有统计学意义(P=0.014),而年龄、前列腺体积、术前前列腺特异抗原密度(prostate special antigen density,PSAD)和术前穿刺Gleason评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);通过穿刺活检判断癌灶位于尖部的方法,假阴性率41.4%(12/29),假阳性率 50.0%(12/24)。实际清扫淋巴结和保留性神经的病例,与根据术后病理再次判断方案选择时存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论: 单针肿瘤占穿刺组织百分比≤5%是前列腺微灶癌的预测因素。37.7%病例发生病理分级升级和77.4%病例发生病理分期升级,选择手术方案(如性神经保护、淋巴结清扫、尖部的处理等)时,需要综合分析肿瘤危险度分层、列线图预测因素、多参数磁共振成像以及术中情况等多因素。     

穿刺活检单针阳性的前列腺癌手术策略选择及经验总结

目的: 分析穿刺活检单针阳性的前列腺癌患者行前列腺癌根治性切除术后的临床病理特征,以协助选择手术策略。方法: 回顾性分析2010年1月至2018年12月北京大学第三医院泌尿外科收治的经直肠前列腺系统穿刺活检单针阳性并且接受前列腺癌根治术的患者共计53例,患者年龄(69.7±6.9)岁(54~81岁)。穿刺前前列腺特异抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)为(9.70±5.24) μg/L(1.69~25.69 μg/L),前列腺体积为(50.70±28.39) mL(12.41~171.92 mL),穿刺Gleason评分6分、7分和≥8分者分别为39例(73.6%)、11例(20.8%)和3例(5.7%),临床分期T1期、T2期和T3期者分别为6例(11.3%)、44例(83.0%)和3例(5.7%)。按年龄、术前PSA水平、穿刺Gleason评分、单针肿瘤占穿刺组织百分比和临床分期等因素进行分组,比较各组患者的临床病理特征差异。结果: 术后Gleason评分6分、7分和≥8分者分别为 20例(37.7%)、21例(39.6%)和10例(18.9%),另有2例(3.8%)为pT0;病理分期T0期、T2a期、T2b期、T2c期和T3期者分别为2例(3.8%)、9例(17.0%)、2例(3.8%)、29例(54.7%)和11例(20.8%);11例(20.8%)手术切缘阳性,10例前列腺包膜外侵犯(18.9%),1例(1.9%)精囊侵犯。术后肿瘤呈多灶状分布42例(79.2%),双侧分布37例(69.8%)。与术前穿刺Gleason评分比较,术后Gleason评分下降3例(5.7%), 不变28例(52.8%),升级20例(37.7%),其中有2例(3.8%)为pT0;与临床分期比较,术后病理分期下降2例(3.8%),不变10例(18.9%),升级41例(77.4%)。根据术后病理分为微灶癌组(n=8)和非微灶癌组(n=45), 经比较,两组单针肿瘤占穿刺组织百分比(≤5%)差异有统计学意义(P=0.014),而年龄、前列腺体积、术前前列腺特异抗原密度(prostate special antigen density,PSAD)和术前穿刺Gleason评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);通过穿刺活检判断癌灶位于尖部的方法,假阴性率41.4%(12/29),假阳性率 50.0%(12/24)。实际清扫淋巴结和保留性神经的病例,与根据术后病理再次判断方案选择时存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论: 单针肿瘤占穿刺组织百分比≤5%是前列腺微灶癌的预测因素。37.7%病例发生病理分级升级和77.4%病例发生病理分期升级,选择手术方案(如性神经保护、淋巴结清扫、尖部的处理等)时,需要综合分析肿瘤危险度分层、列线图预测因素、多参数磁共振成像以及术中情况等多因素。     

80岁及以上前列腺癌患者行腹腔镜前列腺根治性切除术围手术期参数及预后

目的：分析北京大学第三医院泌尿外科收治的超高龄（≥80岁）前列腺癌患者的围手术期参数、术后控尿功能恢复及肿瘤学预后,探讨中国人群超高龄前列腺癌患者接受腹腔镜前列腺根治性切除术治疗的安全性和有效性。方法：选择2007年1月至2016年12月于北京大学第三医院因前列腺腺癌行腹腔镜前列腺根治性切除术的超高龄（≥80岁）患者进行回顾性分析,纳入标准为患者年龄≥80岁,经组织病理学检查确诊为前列腺腺癌,临床资料齐备。所有患者均经腹膜外途径行腹腔镜前列腺根治性切除术,收集患者临床资料、围手术期参数、术后病理资料等。术后3个月、6个月和1年对患者控尿功能恢复情况进行随访,定期检测血清前列腺特异性抗原（prostate specific antigen, PSA）水平,将生化复发定义为连续两次血清PSA水平大于0.2 μg/L者,应用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析患者无生化复发生存率和总生存率,多因素COX回归分析影响超高龄前列腺癌患者术后生化复发的危险因素。结果：所有51例患者年龄（81.6±1.6）岁,穿刺前PSA (15.19±13.68) μg/L,穿刺Gleason评分为6分、7分和≥8分者分别为14例（27.5%）、19例（37.3%）和18例（35.3%）,临床分期为T1、T2和T3期者分别为6例（11.8%）、31例（60.8%）和14例（27.5%）,ASA分级Ⅰ级者6例,Ⅱ级者45例。所有患者均完成手术,手术时间（189.6±69.1） min,手术出血量（169.9±163.5） mL,11例（21.6%）患者发生围手术期并发症。通过超高龄前列腺癌患者腹腔镜前列腺根治性切除术(laparoscopic radical prostatectomy,LRP)术后的大体标本病理进行分析,术后病理分期T2期者29例（56.9%）,T3期22例者（43.1%）,其中包膜侵犯者18例（35.3%）,精囊侵犯者4例（7.8%）;大体病理Gleason评分6分、7分和≥8分者分别为8例（15.7%）、21例（41.1%）和22例（43.1%）,术后病理切缘阳性者14例（27.5%）。截止2017年10月术后随访10~118个月,中位随访时间42个月,术后3个月、6个月和1年超高龄前列腺癌患者行LRP术后的尿控率分别为64.7%(33/51)、82.4%(42/51)和 92.2%(47/51)。在随访过程中,12例（23.5%）超高龄前列腺癌患者LRP术后出现生化复发,平均生化复发时间为40.9个月;4例（7.8%）患者在随访过程中死亡,其中1例（2.0%）患者因前列腺癌进展死亡,3例（5.9%）患者因其他疾病死亡。经多因素COX回归分析,影响超高龄前列腺癌患者术后生化复发的危险因素主要为高PSA水平（P=0.019）、病理分期≥T3期（P =0.017）和切缘阳性（P =0.020）。结论：对选择恰当的超高龄前列腺癌患者施行腹腔镜前列腺根治性切除术是可行的,并且远期肿瘤控制情况良好,高PSA水平、病理分期≥T3期和切缘阳性可能是超高龄前列腺癌患者术后生化复发的独立危险因素,但此结论尚需大样本量的前瞻性临床研究证实。     

经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(附10例报告)

目的 探讨经腹膜外途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术（extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatcctomy，eLRP）的应用价值。方法 2005年4月-2006年1月前列腺癌10例。年龄62-78岁。平均68．5岁。病史2周～6年。患者均接受腹膜外途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术。结果 手术时间210～380min，平均245min。术中出血量500～1200mL，平均850mL。所有患者均于术后2周拔除导尿管，3例出现尿漏。3例术后出现轻度尿失禁。经辅助治疗后好转。随访1～10月。未见肿瘤复发，PSA0～0．08ng／mL。结论 eLRP是一种安全，有效的方法，值得临床推广。     

前列腺动脉栓塞联合腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术治疗大体积前列腺癌的研究

目的 探讨前列腺动脉栓塞联合腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术治疗大体积前列腺癌(>80 g)的临床意义。 方法 金华市中心医院自2014年1月—2018年10月收治32例大体积前列腺癌患者。前列腺穿刺后2个月直接行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术16例(A组)，其中T2b期10例，T2c期6例，年龄65~79岁，中位年龄73岁。前列腺穿刺后先行前列腺动脉栓塞术，2个月后再行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术16例(B组)，其中T2b期9例，T2c期7例，年龄67~80岁，中位年龄72岁。比较2组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后留置导尿时间、术后住院时间及术后并发症等指标。 结果 32例患者均顺利完成手术，但大体积前列腺癌行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术难度较大。B组患者前列腺动脉栓塞术后2个月复查前列腺缩小51.09%~38.45%。B组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后留置导尿时间、术后住院时间、术后并发症均明显低于A组，差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。32例患者在术后2个月复查血PSA均<0.01 ng/mL。 结论 前列腺动脉栓塞2个月后行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术，尝试一种从根本上解决大体积前列腺癌手术困难的方法，降低手术难度，减少术中及术后并发症。      

Evaluation of the Outcome of Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy by a Single Surgeon: Experience with an Initial 30 Cases

Objective: We carried out this study to clarify whether operative methods of laparoscopic prostatectomy (LRP) could become a standard therapy. The purpose was to evaluate the technical feasibility, oncologic effectiveness and perioperative and postoperative morbidity of LRP performed by a general urologist.Patients and Methods: Between June 2004 and May 2006, 30 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer consecutively underwent LRP by a single surgeon. Oncologic data were assessed by histopathological examination and by postoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels.Results: Complete laparoscopic removal of the prostate and seminal vesicles was achieved in all 30 patients. The average operation time was 250.9 min (range, 168 to 394 min). The total positive surgical margin rate was 20.7% (6 of 29 cases), with a total PSA recurrence rate was 23.3% (7 of 30 cases), but the frequencies tended to be decreased in the later phase cases. Perioperative complications were encountered in 5 patients; four of these patients were in the initial 10 cases. Two of the 30 cases (6.7%) required a blood transfusion (first case and 11th case). There were three surgical complications, one ureter injury, one rectal injury and one sigmoid serosal injury. The catheter duration intervals were reduced in the later cases.Conclusions:From our experience with one surgeon, with whom perioperative complications were concentrated in the initial 10 cases, we conclude that LRP should be performed by experienced surgeons after intensive training.     

前列腺特异性抗原小于4 ng/ml前列腺癌的临床特点

目的：探讨血清前列腺特异性原（PSA）值小于4ng/ml前列腺部的临床特点,方法：回顾性分析17例经病理证实的血清PSA值小于4ng/ml的前列腺癌病例（A期12例,B期2例,C期2例,D期1例）,对诊治中的若干问题进行探讨,结果：15例行双侧睾丸切除术,8例如服缓退瘤或氟他胺治疗,结论：血清PSA值＜4mg/ml的前列腺癌大多是早期病变,病理分化较好,预后佳,直肠指检（DRE）,游离／总PSA（F／T）,经直肠超声（TRUS）为主要诊断方法。