Bloodletting Puncture at Hand Twelve Jing-Well Points Relieves Brain Edema after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats via Inhibiting MAPK Signaling Pathway

Objective:To investigate whether blood-brain barrier(BBB)served a key role in the edema-relief effect of bloodletting puncture at hand twelve Jing-well points(HTWP)in traumatic brain injury(TBI)and the potential molecular signaling pathways.Methods:Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to the shamoperated(sham),TBI,and bloodletting puncture(bloodletting)groups(n=24 per group)using a randomized number table.The TBI model rats were induced by cortical contusion and then bloodletting puncture were performed at HTWP twice a day for 2 days.The neurological function and cerebral edema were evaluated by modified neurological severity score(mNSS),cerebral water content,magnetic resonance imaging and hematoxylin and eosin staining.Cerebral blood flow was measured by laser speckles.The protein levels of aquaporin 4(AQP4),matrix metalloproteinases 9(MMP9)and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway(MAPK)signaling were detected by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot.Results:Compared with TBI group,bloodletting puncture improved neurological function at 24 and 48 h,alleviated cerebral edema at 48 h,and reduced the permeability of BBB induced by TBI(all P<0.05).The AQP4 and MMP9 which would disrupt the integrity of BBB were downregulated by bloodletting puncture(P<0.05 or P<0.01).In addition,the extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)and p38 signaling pathways were inhibited by bloodletting puncture(P<0.05).Conclusions:Bloodletting puncture at HTWP might play a significant role in protecting BBB through regulating the expressions of MMP9 and AQP4 as well as corresponding regulatory upstream ERK and p38 signaling pathways.Therefore,bloodletting puncture at HTWP may be a promising therapeutic strategy for TBI-induced cerebral edema.     

如何学好药理学

药理学是研究药物与机体相互作用、作用机制及规律的科学,是连接基础医学与临床医学、医学与药学的一门重要课程.许多学生在初次学习药理学时,认为药理学不好学,内容复杂、抽象,药物种类较多,抓不住重点,难以记忆,不知道怎样学习药理学,现就这些问题谈谈学习药理学的方法.     

昆虫抗冻蛋白及其在医学领域中的应用

抗冻蛋白(antifreeze protein,AFP)是一类结构多样的蛋白质,具有热滞效应(thermal hysteresis,TH,降低冰点而不改变熔点)和重结晶抑制效应(recrystalization inhabition,RI).通过非共价吸附抑制机制吸附到冰核表面,限制冰晶生长和抑制冰晶重结晶,从而保护有机体免受结冰引起的伤害.由于抗冻蛋白具有阻止冰晶生长而不破坏细胞的特点,因而利用抗冻蛋白在低温中长期保存各种细胞、组织和器官,特别在器官移植中可能具有很好的应用前景.     

Sternal Reconstruction of Deep Sternal Wound Infections Following Median Sternotomy by Single-stage Muscle Flaps Transposition

Objective To assess clinical effectiveness of using bilateral pectoralis major or plus rectus abdominis muscle flaps in treating deep sternal wound infection （DSWI） following median sternotomy. Methods Between January 2009 and December 2013, 19 patients with DSWI after median sternotomy for cardiac surgery were admitted to our hospital, including 14 males （73.7%） and 5 females （26.3%）, aged 55±13 （18-78） years. According to the Pairolero classification of infected median sternotomies, 3 （15.8%） patients were type II, and the other 16 （84.2%） were type III. Surgical procedure consisted of adequate debridement of infected sternum, costal cartilage, granulation, steel wires, suture residues and other foreign substances. Sternal reconstruction used the bilateral pectoralis major or plus rectus abdominis muscle flaps to obliterate dead space. The drainage tubes were placed and connected to a negative pressure generator for adequate drainage. Results There were no intraoperative deaths. In 15 patients （78.9%）, bilateral pectoral muscle flaps were mobilized sufficiently to cover and stabilize the defect created by wound debridement. 4 patients （21.0%） needed bilateral pectoral muscle flaps plus rectus abdominis muscle flaps because their pectoralis major muscle flaps could not reach the lowest portion of the wound. 2 patients （10.5%） presented with subcutaneous infection, and 3 patients （15.8%） had hematoma. They recovered following local debridement and medication. 17 patients （89.5%） were examined at follow-up 12 months later, all healed and having stable sternum. No patients showed infection recurrence during the follow-up period over 12 months. Conclusion DSWI following median sternotomy may be effectively managed with adequate debridement of infected tissues and reconstruction with bilateral pectoralis major muscle or plus rectus abdominis muscle flap transposition.     

植皮区域局限性皮肤松弛症1例

病人,女,81岁.40年前在工作时双上肢不慎被火烧伤,当年在大连化工厂医院烧伤科给予取自体腹部皮肤行前臂植皮术,术后植皮区域皮肤成活修复良好.4年前无明显诱因双侧前臂植皮区域肤色逐渐变深,无意中发现皮肤明显松弛,无不适感.近3个月自觉植皮区域疼痛不适,局部无红肿等,轻微牵拉皮肤时疼痛明显.自发病起4年皮损未见扩大.患者既往体健,否认家族有类似病患者.     

对症喝汤好处多

夏季多喝汤不仅能调节口味,补充体液,增强食欲,而且能防病抗病,对健康有益. 日常人们常喝的汤有荤、素两大类.荤汤有鸡汤、肉汤、骨头汤、鱼汤、蛋花汤等,素汤有海带汤、豆腐汤、紫菜汤、番茄汤、冬瓜汤和米汤等.无论是荤汤还是素汤,都应根据各人的喜好与口味来选料烹制,加之"对症喝汤",就可达到抗衰治病、清热解毒的"汤疗"效果.     

维生素B1和维生素B12肌注致过敏性休克1例报告

1 临床资料 患者,男,23岁,因左下肢疼痛20 d来医院就诊.询问病史:患者2 d前在上级医院诊断为坐骨神经痛.既往健康,无药物过敏史.门诊当日给予维生素B1 100 mg,维生素B12 250靏肌注,用药约5 min时患者感到头晕、胸闷、呼吸困难、寒战,面色苍白,脉搏105次·min-1,血压80/50 mmHg,考虑为药物所致过敏性休克,立即给予平卧,氧气吸入,肾上腺素1 mg肌注,地塞米松10 mg静注,5 min后患者恢复正常.     

第16届欧洲呼吸学会年会会议纪要

第16届欧洲呼吸学会年会(The European Respiratory Society 16th Annual Congress)于2006年9月1日～6日在德国慕尼黑市国际会议中心(ICM)召开,来自100多个国家和地区的16 888名代表参加了会议,大会共收到论文5277篇,接收论文4221篇,其中来自中国(包括香港、澳门和台湾)84篇(图1).现将会议内容扼要介绍如下.     

POCT的信息管理

POCT是在医疗条件下,由非实验室的卫生保健人员,在实验室的质控指导下,于病人身边进行的检验。它广泛适用于医院(如外科,儿科)、监护病房、急救单位、保险公司、社区医疗、家庭保健网络等领域。当今,POCT在全球方兴未艾,据调查,现今已有10%的诊断实验是在POCT仪器上完成的,究其原因,无非是POCT兼具医学上的有效性及经济两个方面的优势。当然,随着POCT设备的投放不断增加,使用范围不断拓展,POCT的管理问题也日益凸现,本文将对POCT实施中的信息管理的若干问题进行初步探讨。     

Expression of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase and Angiotensin-convetting Enzyme in Human Atria during Atrial Fibrillation

Severalstudieshaveshownthatatrialfibrillation(AF)isalwayscompaniedwithchangesintheelec trophysiologicpropertiesofatrialmyocytesandalter nationsinthestructureoftheatrialtissue[1— 4 ] .Atri alfibrosisisoneoftheimportantalternationsinthestructureoftheatrial…     

C反应蛋白、左房内径及射血分数对心房颤动的影响

目的：研究阵发性房颤,持续性房颤和永久性房颤患者超敏C反应蛋白（high sensitivity C reaction protein,hsCRP）水平,左室射血分数（LVEF）及左房内径（LAD）的变化,探讨炎症反应对心房颤动的影响。方法：比较阵发性房颤、持续性房颤和永久性房颤患者同对照组hCRP、LVEF和LAD三者的变化。结果：房颤组与对照组相比,左房内径大于对照组（P〈0.05）;持续性房颤左房内径大于阵发性房颤组（P〈0.05）,永久性房颤组左房内径大于阵发性房颤组（P〈0.05）。房颤组与对照组相比,左室射血分数低于对照组（P〈0.05）。房颤组与对照组比较,各房颤组血清hsCRP浓度明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）;持续性和永久性房颤组hsCRP比阵发性房颤亚组高（P〈0.05）,持续性房颤和永久性房颤亚组hsCRP浓度差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：房颤组与对照组相比房颤患者hsCRP增高和LAD增加而LVEF下降。     

CT双期增强扫描用于心房颤动患者左心耳血栓诊断的临床观察

  目的  观察CT双期增强扫描检查用于诊断心房颤动(AF)患者左心耳血栓的临床效果。  方法  选择2019年4月—2022年4月黔南州布依族苗族自治州人民医院收治的350例AF患者为研究对象。所有患者均进行经食管超声心动图(TEE)、实时三维经胸超声(RT-3DTTE)和CT双期增强扫描检查,以TEE检查结果为金标准,评价RT-3DTTE和CT双期增强扫描检查对心房颤动患者左心耳血栓的诊断效能;并比较心耳血栓患者与非心耳血栓患者左心房结构指标差异情况。  结果  经TEE检查,心房颤动患者左心耳血栓检出率为12.29%(43/350)。CT双期增强扫描对心房颤动患者左心耳血栓的诊断灵敏度、特异性、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值为97.67%、98.70%、98.57%、91.30%、99.67%,RT-3DTTE分别为79.08%、87.30%、86.28%、46.57%、96.75%,CT双期增强扫描对AF患者左心耳血栓诊断的灵敏度、特异性、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值均显著高于RT-3DTTE(χ2=7.242,P=0.007;χ2=30.634,P＜0.001;χ2=37.745,P＜0.001;χ2=24.464,P＜0.001;χ2=5.682,P=0.017)。CT双期增强扫描对AF患者左心耳血栓诊断的ROC曲线下面积(0.955)高于RT-3DTTE(0.717);经CT双期增强扫描确诊左心耳血栓患者左心房前后径、左心房横径和左心房上下径检测数值均显著高于非左心耳血栓患者(均P＜0.05)。  结论  CT双期增强扫描对于心房颤动患者左心耳血栓的诊断能力可媲美TEE检查,操作更为简便,无创伤,具有较高的临床应用价值。      

房颤患者中性粒细胞CD11b变化及与左房内径的相关性

【目的】研究房颤患者外周血中性粒细胞CD11b水平变化及其与左房内径的相关性,探讨房颤的炎症机制。【方法】收集房颤组与窦律组临床资料,采血检测中性粒细胞CD11b表达水平,同时超声心动图测定左房内径。【结果】纳入房颤组85例,年龄37～82岁,男性35例,女性50例,包括阵发性房颤36例,持续性房颤26例,永久性房颤23例;窦律组57例,年龄35～78岁,男性21例,女性36例。房颤组中性粒细胞CD11b表达高于窦律组（P＜0.01）;左房内径大于窦律组（P＜0.01）;心脏瓣膜病、中性粒细胞CD11b及左房内径是房颤的独立影响因素。【结论】阵发性房颤发作时及持续性、永久性房颤患者中性粒细胞CD11b表达上调,提示炎症与房颤密切相关;中性粒细胞CD11b水平与左房内径相关,炎症可能参与了房颤的心房结构重构;房颤血栓栓塞高危患者中性粒细胞CD11b表达上调,炎症水平可能对房颤血栓栓塞危险分层有一定指导意义。     

心房颤动对心房组织肌浆网钙调控蛋白mRNA表达的影响

目的 :探讨心房颤动 (房颤 )对心房肌浆网 (SR)钙调控蛋白mRNA表达的影响。方法 :36例风湿性心脏瓣膜病患者 ,心脏外科手术时取右心耳组织。通过逆转录 聚合酶链反应技术 ,以GAPDH为内参照 ,测量SR的钙调控蛋白mRNA表达量。结果 :与窦性心律和持续 6个月以内的房颤患者相比 ,持续 6个月以上的房颤患者心房组织SR的Ca2 + ATPase和兰尼碱受体的mRNA转录水平均明显降低 (P均 <0 .0 1) ,磷酸受纳蛋白和肌集钙蛋白的mR NA转录水平无显著改变 (P均 >0 .0 5 )。结论 :长期房颤可引起心房SR的Ca2 + ATPase和兰尼碱受体基因转录下调 ,这可能是心房电重构和房颤后心房功能不全的分子机制之一。     

不同类型心房颤动导管消融治疗的对比研究

目的探讨三维标测系统指导下对阵发性、持续性和长程持久性心房颤动(房颤)行导管消融治疗的有效性和安全性。方法选择2008年1月—2010年12月在我院行导管消融治疗的持续性及长程持久性房颤患者55例为组1,选取同期住院的阵发性房颤患者55例为组2。在CARTO或ENSITE 3000系统标测下行射频消融治疗,术中采用CARTO-Merge或Ensite Fusion图像融合技术,持续性和长程持久性房颤采用步进式消融策略,在进行环肺静脉电隔离的基础上,进一步行复杂心房碎裂电位(CFAE)或高频电位消融、对规律的房性心动过速或心房扑动(房扑)进行标测和消融,主要是线性消融,包括左房顶部线、二尖瓣环峡部线、左房间隔线和(或)三尖瓣环峡部线等其中之一或不同组合,消融至实现窦性心律,对于呈持续性房扑者经静脉推注伊布利特或直流电转复窦性心律;阵发性房颤仅行环肺静脉电隔离术。所有患者术后继续服用华法林抗凝,停服抗心律失常药物,采用门诊随访,于术后3个月、6个月随访采用动态心电图监测评价心律失常情况,术后6个月复查超声心动图评价左房直径。结果 (1)组1中17例(30.9%)消融过程中直接转复窦性心律;29例(52.7%)消融过程中房颤转变为房扑,经三维激动标测及拖带标测证实其中22例(22/29)为左房大折返房扑,余7例(7/29)为右房三尖瓣峡部依赖的典型房扑,左房房扑经静脉推注心律平或胺碘酮或伊布利特转复5例,直流电转复窦性心律15例,快速起搏拖带转复2例,7例右房房扑行三尖瓣峡部线性消融均转复窦性心律;9例(16.4%)至消融结束仍为房颤律经直流电复律。组2中18例术中发生房颤,其中13例完成环肺静脉消融后恢复窦性心律,2例采用高频刺激转复窦性心律,3例静脉推注心律平转复。(2)组1术后3个月内随访发生房性心动过速29例,不典型房扑9例,房颤13例;术后6个月房颤复发19例,一次消融成功率为65.5%。3个月内组2发生房性心动过速16例,不典型房扑8例,房颤8例;术后6个月时房颤复发7例,一次消融成功率为87.3%。两组一次消融成功率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论对持续性和长程持久性房颤行三维标测系统指导下射频导管消融治疗较为安全,但与阵发性房颤比较,手术时间和X线曝光时间较长,消融步骤较复杂,一次消融成功率较阵发性房颤低;消融术后发生大折返房速或不典型房扑较为常见,部分可在术后3个月减少或消失,往往需再次导管消融治疗。持续性房颤和慢性房颤射频消融治疗转复窦性心律后,左房容积减小,提示有利于心房重构的减轻或逆转。     

血浆脑利钠肽水平与高血压病患者房颤的发生相关性研究

目的 探讨在心脏收缩功能正常情况下，高血压病患者房颤的发生与血浆脑利钠肽（BNP）水平的相关性。方法 146例心脏收缩功能正常的高血压病患者以发生房颤情况分为窦律、阵发性房颤和永久性房颤三组，进行血浆BNP水平、左房室大小的横断面调查。结果 三组间年龄、血压水平、心脏超声检测左室射血分数、左室大小等能数差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；永久房颤组的左房内径大于实窦律组（P〈0．05），血浆BNP水平高于窦律组（P〈0．01），而阵发性房颤组血浆BNP虽高于窦律组，但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 心脏收缩功能正常的高血压病患者合并永久性房颤后，BNP水平明显升高，且与左房增大有关。BNP水平是否可为高血压病患者房颤的发生进行危险分层，及与房颤的相互影响机制有待进一步研究。     

触发心房颤动的房性期前收缩特征及抗心房颤动起搏对其影响

目的:探讨触发阵发性心房颤动(房颤)的房性期前收缩的心电图特征,并观察抗房颤起搏程序对其影响.方法:对24例植入抗心房颤动起搏器(Vitatron 900E)患者进行24h动态心电图检查,分析其房性期前收缩触发阵发性房颤的情况,比较诱发房颤组与未诱发房颤组的房性期前收缩的联律间期、房性期前收缩代偿间期和房性期前收缩或房颤前2min内的房性期前收缩频率,并观察房性期前收缩后反应程序对房颤的预防作用.结果:诱发房颤组的房性期前收缩与未诱发房颤组的房性期前收缩联律间期[分别为(352.3±30.4)和(421.8±42.5)ms]、房性期前收缩代偿间期[分别为(963±109)和(733±124)ms]、房性期前收缩或房颤前2min内的房性期前收缩频率[分别为(34.8±18.9)和(12.7±8.7)次/min]比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05);7例房性期前收缩后长间歇触发的房颤用心房超速起搏,17例通过启动房性期前收缩后反应或运动后心率控制程序,6例尚需配伍用可达龙(0.2g/d)控制.结论:房性期前收缩触发阵发性房颤与房性期前收缩的联律间期、房性期前收缩代偿间期以及房性期前收缩或房颤前2min内的房性期前收缩频率有关,抗房颤起搏程序能有效防治房性期前收缩等触发的阵发性房颤.     

以环肺静脉消融为基础分步消融治疗心房颤动

目的探讨在三维标测系统指导下，以环肺静脉消融为基础，分步消融治疗心房颤动（房颤）的可行性和有效性。方法对12例药物治疗无效的阵发性房颤（10例）和持续性房颤（2例）患者，以三步消融方法进行消融：环肺静脉前庭消融、节段性肺静脉消融和碎裂电位 (CFAEs) 消融。以每个阶段房颤不再被诱发作为消融终点,或完成三个阶段。结果消融结束时，10例阵发性房颤不再被诱发，其中第1阶段7例，第2阶段2例，第3阶段1例。2例持续性房颤在完成所有3个阶段后仍持续发作，最后经体外电转复。3例于术后2d内短暂复发，继续随访后未再房颤复发，1例房颤并典型心房扑动（房扑）患者术后复发房扑，无房颤复发。所有患者经(10±4)个月随访后，均无房颤复发，无左房房性心律失常出现。手术无并发症发生。手术中放电时间(38±11)min, X线透视时间(37±11)min，操作时间(3.0±0.5)h。结论 以房颤不再被诱发为手术终点、以环肺静脉消融为基础的分步消融治疗房颤策略是安全可行的。对于阵发性房颤采用环肺静脉消融术式即有良好效果，而对单纯环肺静脉消融不成功者结合节段性肺静脉消融及碎裂电位消融可进一步提高成功率。     

Pathological study on right atrium myocardium in rheumatic heart dis-ease patients with atrial fibrillation

Objective: To study the pathological basis of right atrial fibrillation in rheumatic heart disease (RHD) patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: Twenty-nine patients with mitral valve replacement of RHD were divided into AF group (n=13) and sinus rhythm group (SN group) (n=16). There was no significant statistical difference in clinical factors between the 2 groups. During the operation of valve replace-ment, the samples of right atrial appendages were taken and the qualitative and quantitative study were made by light microscopy and electron microscopy. Results: (1) Light microscope: The interstitial fibrosis and the arrangement of myocardium was more disordered in AF group than that in SN group. However, no statistic difference was found in interstitial fibrosis and cellar hypertrophy degree between the 2 groups. (2) Electron microscope: Mitochondrial crosta broke and dissolved obviously in AF group. The mitochondrial volume in AF group was smaller than that in SN group. Volume density, average area and average perimeter in AF group were less than that in SN group ; specific surface in AF group was bigger than that in SN group. There was significant difference of above factors between the 2 groups; but there was no significant difference of surface density and numerical density on area in the 2 groups. Volume density of myofibril in AF group and SN group were less than that in SN group. (3)Split of Intercalated disc(ID) gap was found in AF group, and there was marrowing and floccular substance in ID gap. Conclusion : There were significant differences in the pathological changes of right atrial myocardium between AF and SN with RHD, these changes may be the im-portant pathological basis for RA fibrillation of AF patients with RHD.