中医经络学说对脏腑学说发展的影响

同为中医理论体系核心内容的经络学说和脏腑学说,在各自独立发展的过程中曾经相互影响。脏腑阴阳属性的认定和脏腑相合关系的确立,都与经脉学说的影响密不可分。脏腑的阴阳属性和阴阳之气的多少,起初是用“二阴二阳”来标定的。当“三阴三阳”命名了经脉,进而经脉络属了脏腑之后,才架设了脏腑与“三阴三阳”之间沟通的桥梁。在经脉表里关系和经脉脏腑络属关系的影响下,脏腑相合学说逐步成熟,《灵枢·经脉》的脏腑经络学说最终得以建立并占据了中医学术的主流地位,与之相左的其他“异说”则渐渐游弋于学术边缘而日趋湮没。     

浅谈脏与腑的关系

浅谈脏与腑的关系蒋燕（北京中医药大学中基教研室北京１０００２９）关键词：脏象学说；脏与腑；相互关系脏与腑之间的关系，通常指脏腑相合。即《灵枢·本输》所云：肺合大肠，心合小肠，肝合胆，脾合胃，肾合膀胱。其实还有许多联系，如腑受脏浊，脏腑相通等。这些都是...     

“肺合大肠”浅论（附2例报告）

中医学把人体内在脏腑分为五脏、六腑、奇恒之腑三大类器官，五脏主藏，六腑主泻，五脏与六腑之间有表里相合关系，共同完成人体各种复杂的生理活动。肺为五脏之一，大肠属六腑之列，二者互为表里，《灵枢．本输》将这种关系称之为“肺合大肠”。     

“肺合大肠”理论在针灸临床的应用

脏腑相合、互为表里是中医藏象学说的重要组成部分.<灵枢·本输>曰:"肺合大肠",即"肺与大肠相表里".此理论自<难经>释疑后一直奉为圭臬,无人质疑.现代医学研究也为肺和大肠的关系提供了相应的依据,临床应用每每获得良好效果.     

从身体外在表现 看五脏功能盛衰

祖国医学认为,人是一个有机的整体,要想保持身体健康,必须阴阳平衡,脏腑安定,经络通畅,气血流通,即"阴平阳秘,精神乃治"。而皮肤、肌肉、筋骨、九窍通过经络和脉道与内在脏腑构成了多层次的密切的对应关系,可反映出人体各器官功能的盛衰。正如《灵枢·本藏》说     

营卫与气血、阴阳、脾胃的关系

营卫始见于《内经》。《灵枢·本脏》云:卫气者,所以温分肉,充皮肤,肥腠理,司开阖者也。《灵枢·邪客》云:荣气者,泌其津液,注之于脉,化以为血,     

试述《内经》对妊娠的贡献

1妊娠的生理 妊娠的机理,与肾气、天癸、冲任气血密切相关,必须肾气实,任通冲盛,月经正常,阴阳相合,阴施阳化,乃成胎孕.《素问·上古天真论》曰:"女子二七而天癸至,任脉通,太冲脉盛,月事以时下,故有子".说明女子发育成熟后,月经按期来潮,就有了孕育的能力.受孕的部位在胞宫,而受孕的机理在于肾气盛,天癸至,任通冲盛.《灵枢·天年》篇曰:"人之始生……以母为基,以父为楯".《灵枢·本神》曰:生之来谓之精,两精相搏谓之神".《灵枢·决气》篇曰:"两神相搏,合而成形常先身生,是谓精".父母双方生殖之精血相结合构成胚胎.生殖之精在女子为卵子,在男子为精子,卵子精子在输卵管壶腹部结合而成为受精卵,着床于子宫腔内.胚胎不断发育变化随着脏腑形体的形成,而神亦产生,神即胎儿生命运动之神.B超可见宫内有胚芽跳动.《灵枢·经脉》曰"人始生先成精,精成而脑髓生,骨为干,脉为营,筋为刚,肉为墙,皮肤坚而毛发长".     

眼周围穴位的穴名探义

古人对命名穴位,或是 以穴位所在部的特征,予以 象形比喻;或是以经脉循行 的特点,寓意于中;或是以 脏腑所属,采用脏象学说; 或是以该部、器官的功能及 穴位的适应证等等。笔者发 现,眼周围的穴位是以眼的 特殊功能、作用、局部特征, 以及穴位的适应证等来予以 命名的。兹将管见提出,供 同道参考,并望指正。 一、睛明“睛”,《玉篇》:“目珠子也。”即指眼的黑珠部分。《灵枢·大惑论》说:“五脏六腑之精气,皆上注于目,而为之精。”《灵枢·邪气脏腑病形》篇又说:“其精阳气上走于目而为睛。”说明《内经》时代     

肾小球肾炎患者耳廓肾炎点的初步探讨

耳,不是一个孤立的器官。它与全身十二经脉,五脏六腑具有密切关系。《内经》中就已有记载。如《灵枢·邪气脏腑病形篇》指出:“十二经脉,三百六十五络,其血气皆上于面而走空窍。……其别气走于耳而为听。”《灵枢·口问篇》又指出:“耳为宗脉之所聚”。这说明了耳与十二经脉、五脏六腑具有的密切关系,古人早有一定的认识。后代医家继承发扬了这一认识,使耳廓及耳穴运用于诊断和治疗。 近年来,国内报导了耳穴肾炎点对肾炎诊     

“泻白散”治疗白睛眼病的妙用

“泻白散”治疗白睛眼病的妙用于永明（云南中医学院昆明６５００１１）关键词泻白散，白睛眼病眼与脏腑有密切的联系，而脏腑在眼睛上又各有所属的部位。《灵枢·大惑论》说：“五脏六腑之精气，皆上注于目而为之精，精之案为眼，骨之精为瞳子，筋之精为黑眼，血之精为络...     

Enhancement of the scientific management of earthquake disaster rescue: improving the state level of disaster medical care

A7.0-magnitude earthquake took place in Lushan county,Ya＇an in southwest China＇s Sichuan Province at 8：02 a.m.Beijing time,April 20,2013.The epicenter was located approximately 110 km away from Chengdu,at 30.3 degrees north latitude and 103.0 degrees east longitude.The earthquake caused 196 deaths and left 21 missing and 11 470 injured.     

Ache： The Speech of a Body

The goal of this paper is to show that the suffering, associated with the body through the medical discourse, acquires a new statute with the psychoanalysis, which brings to the discursive field a new ethics - the ethics of desire. We want to evidence something beyond the physical suffering and the organic symptoms. In this manner, we have the perspective of a new view that shows the suffering as a language who needs be heard. It is a matter of substantiating the existence of something that lies beyond the physical suffering and the organic symptoms. In this way, we confront a new perspective that states that the falling ill, this discomfort of the individual with his own body, does not necessarily begs for a cure; the overt suffering needs to be listened to in another dimension taking as a reference an other knowledge. Retaking the question of the medical speech, it＇s worthy of evidence that the psychoanalysis signals that not always the solicitation of the patient to the doctor is about a cure solicitation. The demand of the subject will cannot be able to fit with what it desires. One evidences that, many times, the patient don＇t ask for to the doctor that cures him, ask for that it＇s certified as sick, ask for a surgery to occupy the sick person place. Thus, not always is about a demand for cure; albeit asking for being cured something it will be able to indicate that it wants to occupy the sick person place. We ought to situate the unconscious desire that expresses the obscure side of existence： pain promoted to the icon of lust, by the negation of the painful sensation and by the posture of the subject whilst observing the pain, leading to states of ecstasy.     

Chinese herbal medicine Xinfeng Capsule in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis： study protocol of a multicenter randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND： Rheumatoid arthritis （RA）, as a common systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease, affects approximately 1 in 100 individuals. Effective treatment for RA is not yet available because current research does not have a clear understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of RA. Xinfeng Capsule, a patent Chinese herbal medicine, has been used in the treatment of RA in recent years. Despite its reported clinical efficacy, there are no large-sample, multicenter, randomized trials that support the use of Xinfeng Capsule for RA. Therefore, we designed a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of Xinfeng Capsule in the treatment of RA. METHODS AND DESIGN： This is a 12-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial on the treatment of RA. The participants will be randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group at a ratio of 1：1. Participants in the experimental group will receive Xinfeng Capsule and a pharmaceutical placebo （imitation leflunomide）. The control group will receive leflunomide and an herbal placebo （imitation Xinfeng Capsule）. The American College of Rheumatology （ACR） Criteria for RA will be used to measure the efficacy of the Xinfeng Capsule. The primary outcome measure will be the percentage of study participants who achieve an ACR 20% response rate （ACR20）, which will be measured every 4 weeks after randomization. Secondary outcomes will include the ACR50 and ACR70 responses, the side effects of the medications, the Disease Activity Score 28, RA biomarkers, quality of life, and X-rays of the hands and wrists. The first four of the secondary outcomes will be measured every 4 weeks and the others will be measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. DISCUSSION： The result of this trial will help to evaluate whether Xinfeng Capsule is effective and safe in the treatment of RA. TRIAL REGISTRATION： This trial has been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov. The identifier is N CT01774877.     

Modulating Effects of Chlorogenic Acid on Lipids and Glucose Metabolism and Expression of Hepatic Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-α in Golden Hamsters Fed on High Fat Diet

Objective To examine the effects of chlorogenic acid （CGA） on lipid and glucose metabolism under a high dietary fat burden and to explore the possible role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α （PPAR-α） in these effects. Methods Twenty male golden hamsters were randomly divided into CGA treatment group （n=10, given peritoneal injection of CGA solution prepared with PBS, 80 mg CGA/kg body weight daily）, and control group （n=10, given PBS i.p. at the average volume of the treatment group）. Animals in both groups were given 15% high fat diet. Eight weeks after treatment with CGA, the level of biochemical parameters in fasting serum and tissues and the expression of hepatic mRNA and protein PPAR-α were determined. Results Eight weeks after treatment with CGA, the levels of fasting serum triglyceride （TG）, free fatty acid （FFA）, total cholesterol （TC）, low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）, high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）, glucose （FSG）, and insulin （FSI） were significantly lower in the GGA treatment group than in the control group. CGA also led to higher activity of hepatic lipase （HL） lower contents of TG and FFA in liver, and lower activity of lipoprotein lipase （LPL） in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, CGA significantly elevated significantly elevated the expression level of mRNA and protein expression in hepatic PPAR-α. Conclusion CGA can modify lipids and glucose metabolism, which may be attributed to PPAR-α facilitated lipid clearance in liver and improved insulin sensitivity.     

《古今医统大全》肾病诊治学术思想浅析

徐春甫（1520—1596）,字汝元,号东皋,又号思敏、思鹤,新安医家（祁门县城东街人）。少年便通达儒学,从祁门名医汪宦学医,广泛涉猎各家医学著作,勤于实践。他医术高明,中年迁寓顺天（北京）业医,被授予太医院吏目。明代隆庆二年（1568）,他倡集在京名医46人（其中新安医家21人）成立了民间学术团体“一体堂宅仁医会”,于明嘉靖三十五年（1556）编纂成《古今医统大全》100卷,在医界广为流传,     

The role of central nervous system on hypoglycemia and the feasibility of the brain theory in traditional Chinese medicine on treatment of diabetes mellitus

The central nervous system （CNS） plays a key regulatory role in glucose homeostasis. In particular, the brain is important in initiating and coordinating protective counterregulatory responses when blood glucose levels fall. This may due to the metabolic dependency of the CNS on glucose, and protection of food supply to the brain. In healthy subjects, blood glucose is normally maintained within a relatively narrow range. Hypoglycemia in diabetic patients can increase the risk of complications, such as heart disease and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The clinical research finds that the use of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has a positive effect on the treatment of hypoglycemia. Here the authors reviewed the current understanding of sensing and counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia, and discuss combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine and the theory of iatrogenic hypoglycemia in diabetes treatment. Furthermore, the authors clarify the feasibility of treating hypoglycemia on the basis of TCM theory and CNS and have an insight on its clinical practice.     

Integrative techniques using acupuncture,Chinese herbal medicine,diet, and supplements for polycystic ovary syndrome： a case report

Patients with a diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome （PCOS） are on the rise. About 4%-12% of women are currently estimated to have this condition. It is hypothesized that PCOS appears in women who have long-standing insulin resistance （1R）, which leads to high androgen and testosterone levels; this ultimately disrupts their menstrual cycles. Some researchers attribute IR to genetic factors, although there have been only minute changes in the human genome in the past 20 000 years. However, even with a stable gene pool, genes can be turned on and offby the environment, food and air quality and toxin exposure.     

Efficacy of Different Iron Controlling Fortificants in Wheat Flour in Iron Deficiency

Objective To observe the different impacts of electrolytic iron, FeSO4, and NaFeEDTA on body iron store of anemic school students. Methods Four hundreds anemic students at the age of 11-18 years were divided into four groups. Of which, three consumed different iron fortificants from wheat flour as food vehicle for six months and one consumed non-fortified flour （control）. The fortification level of electrolytic iron, FeSO4, and NaFeEDTA was 60 mg Fe/kg, 30 mg Fe/kg, and 20 mg Fe/kg, respectively. Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, and 6 months and hemoglobin （Hb）, serum ferritin （SF）, and transferrin receptor （TfR） were measured. Results The hemoglobin levels in three intervention groups increased, the increments of Hb in the NaFeEDTA group were significantly higher than that in the other groups. SF and TfR levels increased in the tested groups and body iron store in the NaFeEDTA group was higher than that in the other groups. These parameters did not show any significant changes in the control group. Conclusion NaFeEDTA and FeSO4 tortified wheat flour has positive impacts on iron status in anemic students and NaFeEDTA is more effective than FeSO4, while electrolytic iron is less effective in improving iron store in anemic students.