Ginsenoside Rg1-induced alterations in gene expression in TNF-α stimulated endothelial cells

Background In China the ginseng root began to be used in medicine over 2000 years ago. Ginsenosides are the most important component isolated from ginseng. The authors investigated the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on the spectrum of gene expression in the endothelial cells stimulated by TNF-α and further explored the potential molecular mechanism of endothelial protection by ginsenoside Rg1.
Methods Nitric oxide (NO) production in the cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs) was measured by using an NO assay kit. A home-made oligonucleotide microarray containing approximately 400 cardiovascular disease-related genes was constructed. The alteration of the spectrum of gene expression induced by ginsenoside Rg1 in HUVECs which were activated by TNF-α were detected by oligonucleotide microarray analysis.
Results NO production in HUVECs was decreased significantly after TNF-α treatment, while pretreatment with ginsenoside Rg1 enhanced NO production in TNF-αstimulated HUVECs. Ginsenoside Rg1 affected the expression levels of genes involved in vascular constriction, cell adherence, coagulation, cell growth and signal transduction in TNF-αstimulated HUVECs.
Conclusions Ginsenoside Rg1 could enhance NO production and the expression of eNOS mRNA in TNF-α stimulated HUVECs. Ginsenoside Rg1 regulated sets of genes in endothelial cells and protected endothelial cells from TNF-αactivation. Microarray analysis provided us with valuable insights into the atheroprotective mechanism by gingsenoside Rg1.
     

Effects of platelet activating factor antagonist (BN50739) on gut mucosal injury in acute severe pancreatitis in pigs

Objective To study the role of platelet activating factor (PAF) in the pathogenesis of intestinal mucosal injury and endotoxin/bacterial translocation in acute severe pancreatitis (ASP) in pigs.
Methods ASP was induced by intraductal injection of a mixture of sodium taurocholate and trypsin. BN50739, a specific antagonist of PAF, was given 30 min prior to the induction of ASP. Mucosal blood flow, mucosal myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined. Intestinal injury was observed microscopically. Portal blood endotoxin levels and the bacterial counts in the portal blood, intestinal lymph nodes and the pancreas were determined.
Results Prior antagonism of PAF by BN50739 reduced intestinal injury, increased intestinal mucosal blood flow, and reduced blood levels of endotoxin and bacterial counts in the portal blood, mesenteric lymph nodes and pancreas.
Conclusions Intestinal mucosal injury developed in ASP. PAF is responsible for the injury. Antagonism of PAF by BN50739 can improve intestinal microcirculation and reduce the severity of intestinal mucosal injury, which may decrease endotoxin/bacterial translocation.     

Angiostatin K(1-3) gene for treatment of human gliomas: an experimental study

Objective To discuss the feasibility of gene therapy of human glioma by antiangiogenesis method.
Methods Angiostatin K(1-3) cDNA with secretive signal was inserted into the polylinker s ites of eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3 to construct pcDNA-SAK(1-3).The vector was transfected into human SHG44 glioma cells by lipofectamine and the po sitive clone was screened by G418.The biological characteristics of glioma cel ls were examined by electronmicroscope and flow cytometry.The activity of angi ostatin K(1-3) protein expressed by SHG44 cells was examined by the bovine micr a ngium endotheliocyte inhibition assay and immunofluorescence assay.When SHG44 cells were implanted into the strata subcutaneum of nude mice, tumor necrosis an d micrangium were calculated immunohistochemically and electronmicroscopically f or determining their charac-teristics and validity in gene therapy of human glio ma by antiangiogenesis method.
Results The eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA-SAK(1-3) was successfully constructed and transfected into glioma cells.The cells expressed angiostatin K(1-3) prote i n, and their tumorigenesis and angiogenesis in nude mice were greatly reduced.
Conclusion Angiostatin K(1-3) gene is feasible to treat human glioma.This experiment lay s a foundation for gene therapy of the other solid tumors by antiangiogenesis method.     

Epidemiological survey of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic cancer in China

Objective To evaluate the prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatic cancer (CaP) in the mainland of China.
Methods The incidence of BPH and CaP in urological hospital was investigated in 1997 in 26 provinces and 4 metropolises scattered over the mainland of China. The change of hospital incidences of BPH and CaP in the Institute of Urology, Beijing Medical University from 1951 to 1997 was also reviewed. Results The incidence of BPH and CaP in 1997 in 187 hospitals scattered over the mainland of China was 16.1% (15 459/95 749) and 1.5% (1389/95 749), respectively. The incidence of BPH and CaP in the Institute of Urology, Beijing University from 1951 to 1960 was 7.6% and 0.6%, respectively, while it was 18.5% and 3.4% from 1991 to 1997.
Conclusion The hospital incidence of BPH and CaP is rising rapidly in China, but CaP is still not a common disease in China.      

Biological characteristics of breast carcinomas with neuroendocrine cell differentiation

Background The aim of this study was to investigate DNA content and expression of c-erbB-2, PS2, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) proteins in breast carcinomas with neuroendocrine (NE) cell differentiation.
Methods Chromogranin, c-erbB-2, PS2, and PSA in 131 samples of breast cancer were detected immunohistochemically. Classic Feulgen staining image analysis techniques were used to quantify DNA content in 81 of the breast cancer samples.
Results The c-erbB-2 positive rate in breast carcinoma samples containing neuroendocrine cells was 37.5% and the rate of high expression of c-erbB-2 (++ or +++) was 33.3%, both significantly lower than that in breast carcinomas without neuroendocrine cells (62.6% and 68.7%, respectively, P<0.05). The rates of positive PS2 and PSA expression in breast carcinoma samples containing neuroendocrine cells were 72.2% and 55.0%, respectively, both significantly higher than that in breast carcinoma samples without neuroendocrine cells (45.0% and 16.4%, respectively, P<0.05). In NE (+) samples, the integral optical density, DNA index, DNA stemline peak, > 5c aneuploidy cells, and rate of aneuploidy among cells were all lower than that in NE (-) breast carcinomas (P<0.01). In NE (+) grade I or II breast carcinomas, these indices were also all lower than that in the NE (-) breast carcinoma samples (P<0.01).
Conclusion Breast carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation have a lower rate of malignancy. Neuroendocrine differentiation could serve as a prognostic marker in clinical practice.     

丹参对肝星状细胞胞浆游离钙的影响

目的　研究丹参药物血清对肝星状细胞 (HSCs)胞浆游离钙 ([Ca2 ]i)的影响。方法　制备肝纤维化模型鼠。造模毕 ,药物组以每天 2 0 m l/ kg剂量分 2次灌服丹参 ,对照组灌以等量生理盐水。连续给药 6 d后经下腔静脉取血并分离血清。采用盲法 ,用上述 10 %药物血清培养 HSCs2 4 h,再将经药物血清预处理的细胞及对照组细胞负载 Fluo- 3/ AM后使用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜 (L SCM)检测 [Ca2 ]i。结果　 1正常丹参药物血清及肝纤维化药物血清预处理后均可明显减低活化的 HSCs的 [Ca2 ]i,其荧光强度相对值与病理模型对照组的差异有统计学意义 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;且两者与正常对照组的差异也有统计学意义 (P<0 .0 5 )。 2正常丹参药物血清预处理后加入血管紧张素 (Ang- ) ,[Ca2 ]i荧光强度变化百分数显著低于病理模型对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;肝纤维化药物血清组荧光强度变化百分数也显著低于病理模型对照组 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　丹参能抑制肝星状细胞 [Ca2 ]i的升高 ,可能是其发挥抗肝纤维化作用的重要途径之一。     

小檗碱对急性分离成年大鼠心室肌细胞内游离钙离子浓度的影响

目的　研究小檗碱对急性分离大鼠心室肌细胞内游离钙离子浓度 ([Ca2 + ] i)的影响。方法　采用酶解法分离单个大鼠心肌细胞 ,用钙敏感的荧光指示剂Fluo 3/AM染色 ,以荧光强度 (FI)来代表 [Ca2 + ] i,应用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜实时监测FI的变化。结果　在静息状态下 ,小檗碱 (3～ 1 0 0 μmol/L)对 [Ca2 + ] i 无影响。 3～ 1 0 0 μmol/L小檗碱对KCl 60mmol/L介导的钙内流也无影响。但小檗碱 (30和 1 0 0 μmol/L)对caffeine 1 0mmol/L引起的钙动员有明显促进作用 (P <0 .0 1 )。结论　小檗碱对于KCl通过电压依赖性钙通道 (VDC)介导的 [Ca2 + ] i 升高无影响 ;但小檗碱 (30和 1 0 0 μmol/L)可能通过影响RyRs而促进肌浆网 (SR)内钙外流 ,也可能对SR钙摄取 ,钙的跨膜转运及Na+ Ca2 + 交换有抑制作用     

野生型PTEN 过表达对体外活化肝星状细胞内钙离子浓度的影响

目的 探讨野生型第10 号染色体缺失的磷酸酶张力蛋白同源物基因（PTEN）过表达对体外活化肝星状细胞（HSC）内钙离子浓度的影响。方法 体外培养活化大鼠肝星状细胞系（HSC-T6）,利用腺病毒载体,将野生型PTEN 基因转染活化HSC ;Western blot 及实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（qrt-PCR）检测HSC 的PTEN 蛋白及mRNA 表达;采用钙离子荧光探针Rhod-2/AM,于激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下检测HSC 内钙离子浓度变化。实验分组：① Control 组：腺病毒转染时以DMEM 代替病毒液;② Ad-GFP 组：转染表达绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）的对照空病毒Ad-GFP ;③ Ad-PTEN 组：转染携带野生型PTEN 基因并表达GFP 的重组腺病毒Ad-PTEN。结果 野生型PTEN 在活化大鼠HSC 大量表达,3 组HSC 内钙离子浓度比较,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）,Ad-PTEN 组HSC 内钙离子浓度（251.60±90.88）低于Control 组（1 953.95±132.99）及Ad-GFP 组（1 937.57±115.17）,而Control 组与Ad-GFP 组之间HSC 内钙离子浓度比较,差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）。结论 野生型PTEN 过表达可降低体外活化大鼠HSC 内钙离子浓度。     

Effect of melatonin on the spatial and temporal changes of ［Ca2+］i in single living cells of cortical neurons by laser scanning confocal microscopy

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生长抑素八肽对门脉高压患者脾切除＋断流术后腹腔引流量的影响

目的研究生长抑素八肽对门脉高压患者脾切除＋断流术后腹腔引流量的影响。方法回顾性分析60例肝硬化、门脉高压并食道静脉曲张患者的临床资料,其中33例行脾切除＋断流术后2h使用生长抑素八肽0．1mg／6h,连续3d,另27例未使用生长抑素,记录术后3d血红蛋白丢失量和5d腹腔引流量。结果全组患者手术后恢复顺利,无死亡发生,但使用生长抑素组腹腔引流量及血红蛋白丢失量明显少于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论术后早期使用生长抑素能降低门脉压力,显著减少脾切除＋断流术后手术创面的渗血及术后腹水的形成。     

荧光定量法测量平滑肌细胞内钙离子浓度的探讨

目的 研究平滑肌细胞内Ca^2 浓度的动力学变化，建立一种定量测量细胞内Ca^2 浓度的方法。方法 分离肠系膜细动脉血管平滑肌(ASMC)细胞，用荧光探针Indo-1和激光扫描共聚焦显微成像技术测定单个平滑肌细胞Ca^2 浓度的动力学变化；首先在37℃环境下标定Ca^2 探针indo-1的解离常数Kd值，根据荧光-浓度换算公式将测量的荧光强度值换算成Ca^2 浓度值。结果 激光扫描共聚焦显微成像技术测量的细胞荧光图像分析显示．平滑肌细胞[Ca^2 ]i在地塞米松的刺激下显著上升，有时会出现自发钙波的现象，并且细胞内出现钙超载的现象(细胞荧光图像呈现白色)。通过测量得到的Kd值结合荧光强度-浓度换算公式可准确地测量细胞内[Ca^2 ]i。结论 荧光定量法结合共聚焦显微成像技术可以简易、快捷地监测细胞内钙离子的动力学变化，不失为一种定量测量细胞内钙离子的方法。     

益肝康药物血清对大鼠肝星状细胞胞浆游离钙效应的抑制作用

目的研究益肝康药物血清是否具有抑制肝星状细胞(HSCs)胞浆游离钙([Ca2 ]i)增高的作用。方法将32只健康雄性SD大鼠按随机数字表分为4组:肝纤维化模型益肝康组(8只)皮下注射用精制橄榄油配制的40?L4溶液9周,然后灌服益肝康6d;肝纤维化模型对照组(8只)皮下注射用精制橄榄油配制的40?L4溶液9周,然后灌服0·9%氯化钠溶液6d;正常大鼠益肝康组(8只)皮下注射等量精制橄榄油9周,然后灌服益肝康6d;正常对照组(8只)皮下注射等量精制橄榄油9周,然后灌服0·9%氯化钠溶液6d。结束后经下腔静脉取血并分离血清。用盲法,采用上述10%血清培养HSCs24h并负载好Fluo-3/AM后,使用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)检测HSCs[Ca2 ]i。结果(1)经正常大鼠益肝康组及肝纤维化模型益肝康组大鼠血清预处理的HSCs,其[Ca2 ]i荧光强度相对值均明显低于肝纤维化模型对照组(P<0·05);且两者与正常对照组间差别均有显著性意义(P<0·05)。结论益肝康能抑制肝星状细胞[Ca2 ]i的升高,这可能是其发挥抗肝纤维化作用的重要途径之一。     

生长抑素对成人活体肝移植围术期肝功能的影响及其可能机制的研究

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effect of somatostatin on the liver function of recipients undergoing living donor liver transplantation.Methods Forty recipients were randomized into group A （n=20） and group B （n=20）. Recipients in group A received no somatostatin whereas somatostatin was administrated for recipients in group B perioperatively. Liver function, the plasma concentration of endothelin-1 and nitric oxide, the intragraft expressions of endothelin-1 and inducible nitric oxide syntheses at 2 hours after declamping of the portal vein were compared between the two groups.Results Compared to group A, alanine transaminase values in group B were significantly reduced at 2 hours after portal vein declamping, at the end of the operation and postoperation day 1 （P 〈0.05）, whereas aspartate aminotransferase values in group B decreased at 30 minutes after portal vein clamping, at 2 hours after portal vein declamping and at the end of the operation （P 〈0.05）. Total bilirubin values in group B were reduced significantly at 2 hours after portal vein declamping and at the end of the operation when compared to group A （P 〈0.05）. Intragraft expression of endothelin-1 was significantly downregulated at 2 hours after declamping of the portal vein accompanied with a reduction of plasma concentration of endothelin-1 in the peripheral blood （P 〈0.05）.Conclusions Somatostatin had a protective effect on liver function during the early phase after declamping of portal vein for recipients undergoing living donor liver transplantation, and the possible mechanism might be partially attributed to the downregulation of endothelin-1.     

特利加压素治疗门静脉高压食管胃底曲张静脉破裂大出血

目的：观察特利加压素治疗肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃底曲张静脉破裂大出血的效果。方法将2009年3月~2012年8月收治的46例肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃底曲张静脉破裂大出血患者分为两组,分别给予特利加压素和生长抑素,观察24 h 止血率、总止血率、1周再出血率、1周死亡率和副反应发生率。结果特利加压素组24h 止血率、总止血率和副反应发生率明显高于生长抑素组（P 〈0.05）,1周再出血率和死亡率明显低于生长抑素组（P 〈0.05）。结论特利加压素用于肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃底曲张静脉破裂大出血,止血效果确切,可以明显降低死亡率。     

DADS诱导小细胞肺癌细胞株NCI-H446凋亡及其分子机制

目的 探讨二烯丙基二硫(DADS)诱导人肺癌细胞株NCI-H446凋亡及其分子机制.方法 流式细胞仪检测DADS诱导NCI-H446细胞凋亡率;激光共聚焦显微镜检测NCI-H446细胞内Ca2+水平变化;利用免疫细胞化学法检测NCI-H446细胞内Bcl-2蛋白表达.结果 与对照组相比,DADS处理组细胞的凋亡率显著增加(P＜0.05);DADS处理组细胞内Ca2+水平升高(P＜0.05).DADS下调Bcl-2(P＜0.05).结论 DADS诱导小细胞肺癌细胞株NCI-H446凋亡,其具体机制可能与DADS下调Bcl-2蛋白表达和促进细胞内Ca2+水平升高有关.