神经伦理学及其相关问题研究

作为生命伦理学的分支,神经伦理学是一个新兴的研究领域。一方面,探讨神经科学领域内的新技术应用的伦理问题及反思;另一方面,神经伦理学涉及神经科学中产生的新科学知识对传统哲学议题的启发。如,道德的本质是什么？是否有自由意志？文中介绍了神经伦理学的发展,并探讨了脑成像、神经药物增强、脑机接口中的伦理问题以及神经伦理学视角下的道德判断及自由意志问题。     

以旧金山加州大学为例浅谈神经科学博士生培养

目的初步探讨如何培养具有强烈内在驱动力的"专而全"的神经科学博士。方法分析当代神经科学的发展对神经科学博士的要求,我国神经科学博士培养存在的问题,及美国旧金山加州大学的神经科学培养制度。结果我国目前大多数神经科学博士存在内在驱动力不足和知识结构偏窄的缺憾。旧金山加州大学神经科学博士培养中的课程设置、实验室轮转、资格考试和高强度的科学研究等制度有利于上述两点的培养。结论 "以学生为本"和"以学术为本",培养学生对学术的强烈追求感和"专而全"的知识结构,是神经科学博士培养的一个重要方向。     

对神经科学发展的思索

20世纪后半期神经科学的爆炸性发展及其取得的令人瞩目的成果,反映了人类从容应对"认识自身"的挑战中作出的巨大努力和卓越贡献.从现在开始,神经科学中的哪些研究领域会跃居学科的前沿,是人们经常思索的问题.作为一名浸淫于这一学科领域凡四十年的老兵,我不揣谫陋,略陈管见.     

脑成像技术对道德责任判定的挑战

道德责任评判以自由意志的存在为前提,以行动的后果为依据。然而,脑成像技术的发展表明真正的自由意志是不存在的,情感以及记忆在道德判断中扮演了重要角色,有时甚至起决定性作用。因此,自由意志并非道德责任判定的合理前提,行动的直接后果也并非道德责任评判的可靠依据,这给传统道德责任判定提出了极大的挑战。     

浙江省神经科学学会在杭州成立

神经科学是研究脑功能和脑疾病的新型交叉学科,它应用了生命科学、物理科学及信息科学等最新综合手段,成为新世纪最具挑战和机遇的科学研究前沿及制高点,并促进了人工智能、现代信息处理等其相关学科的发展。中国神经科学学会于1995年10月在上海成立,继而,上海、北京等省市成立了二级学会。浙江省神经科学学科建设有着良好的基础,已经拥有多个神经科学或脑科学相关的科研机构和神经内科、神经外科、精神卫生科、麻醉科等神经科学相关临床科室。2012年     

PBL结合双语教学在神经科学教学中的探索与实践

以问题为导向的学习被教育界普遍认为是一种生动有趣的高效率的教学方法,高等教育发展和神经科学的特点与PBL的精髓完全吻合。神经科学是一个飞速发展的学科,要适应时代的发展,走在生物学和医学的前沿必须具有较高的专业英语水平,双语教学是提高学生专业英语水平的一个重要手段。文章介绍PBL和双语教学模式在神经科学教学中的实施方法以及效果评价,并对PBL教学的体会和存在问题进行总结。     

短暂性脑缺血发作的新认识

短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)的概念自从Fisher首先提出至今已有半个世纪.随着神经科学的迅速发展,人们对TIA有了越来越深刻的认识,主要包括病因学、发病机制、临床表现及其与影像学之间的关系.TIA的传统概念已受到巨大的挑战,越来越多的神经科学者认为,原来的概念已不能适应新时代的需要,应当对TIA进行重新定义.为此,包括Albers在内的神经病学家成立了TIA研究组,并于2002年在上提出了TIA的新定义.     

认知神经科学意识研究的几个哲学问题

从认知神经科学者的角度,介绍意识研究的概况,思考意识的科学研究中所遇到的几个哲学问题.其中主要讨论了还原论、心物问题、主客观问题.     

神经疾病临床研究回顾——透视2008(一)

近年来随着神经科学临床和基础研究水平的不断提高,极大推动了神经系统疾病治疗的发展.2008年大量的相关研究成果有了令人振奋的进展.本文对2008年发表的一些重要相关文献进行回顾,以利从事临床神经科学研究的同行更好了解专业进展.     

神经疾病临床研究回顾——透视2008(一)

近年来随着神经科学临床和基础研究水平的不断提高,极大推动了神经系统疾病治疗的发展.2008年大量的相关研究成果有了令人振奋的进展.本文对2008年发表的一些重要相关文献进行回顾,以利从事临床神经科学研究的同行更好了解专业进展.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

Dr.Zhang Ren''''s Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.     

Luo Lingjie''''s Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.     

猪肺磷脂注射液联合经鼻持续气道正压通气对呼吸衰竭早产儿的临床疗效及肌酸激酶同工酶活性的影响

目的 探讨猪肺磷脂注射液联合经鼻持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)对呼吸衰竭早产儿的临床疗效及肌酸激酶同工酶活性(CK-MB)的影响.方法 选取呼吸衰竭早产儿80例,分为观察组和对照组各40例.对照组采用NCPAP给氧治疗,观察组给予NCPAP给氧联合猪肺磷脂气管内给药.观察两组患儿治疗前及治疗12h、24 h后PaO2、PaCO2、血氧饱和度(SaO2)、pH的变化情况,检测治疗前及治疗5d后血清CK-MB水平;评估两组患儿的临床治疗效果.结果 两组患儿PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、pH比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中观察组治疗后的PaO2、SaO2、pH均高于对照组,PaCO2则低于对照组.两组的PaO2、SaO2、pH均随观察时间延长而升高(P＜0.05),PaCO2均随观察时间的延长而降低(P＜0.05).观察组治疗有效率为87.5％,显著高于对照组的70.0％ (P ＜0.05).治疗5d后两组患儿血清CK-MB水平均较前降低(P＜0.05),且观察组明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 猪肺磷脂注射液气管内给药联合NCPAP可以显著降低呼吸衰竭早产儿CK-MB的含量,提高治疗有效率,起到很好的呼吸循环支持作用.     

Survey and practice of reporting quality of randomized controlled clinical trials on traditional Chinese medicine

Evidence obtained from randomized controlled trials （RCTs） has been generally accepted as the gold standard in the evaluation of clinical effectiveness. Readers need to understand the trial design, implementation, results, analysis and interpretation, so as to fully Jnderstand the results of RCTs. Thus, the investigators of RCTs have to report these items in a complete, accurate and clear manner. Since 1998, we have conducted several evaluations on the reporting quality of RCTs published in Chinese journals on traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and results have shown that there is an urgent need for higher quality RCTs on TCM.     

TCM Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis by Tonifying the Kidney and Strengthening the Governor Vessel

Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic and progressive disorder with inflammation mainly involving the central axis joints. It mainly affects the cervical spine and the lumbosacral area, with the pathogenesis closely related to the kidney and the Governor Vessel (GV). TCM holds that the syndrome is deficiency in origin and excess in superficiality, which is due to insufficiency of the kidney, deficiency of GV, and blocking of the channels with the invasion of exogenous evil, leading to poor circulation of qi and blood and malnutrition of the bones, muscles and joints. The TCM method of tonifying the kidney and strengthening GV to regulate circulation of qi and blood and check the arthralgia pain should be adopted, with the Kidney-Tonifying and GV Strengthening Decoction (益肾强督汤) prescribed.     

IMPROVING P-gp EXPRESSION IN HUMAN MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN VITRO TRANSFECTED BY MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE-1 mRNA

CHEMOTHERAPY playsa greatrolein the treat- ment of malignanttumors,especiallyingynecolo- gicalones.But inanticancerchemotherapy,leuko-cytopeniaisfrequentlytheprimarydose-limitingsideeffect factor.Moreover,cancersarefrequentlychemoresistantbe-causeof overexpressionof P-glycoprotein(P-gp), which isencodedby multidrugresistancegene (MDR1 ) and detectableinup to50% ofhuman cancersand renderscellsresistancetoanticancerdrugs.The safetyand potentialtherapeuticbenefitof mdr1 gene transferredto h…