继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的超声鉴别诊断

目的：探讨继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（继发甲旁亢）的超声图像与其他颈部病变的区别。方法：比较继发甲旁亢与结节性甲状腺肿、肿大淋巴结的超声图像。结果：53例继发甲旁亢患者中,39例甲状旁腺增生,31例有结节性甲状腺肿,32例检出肿大淋巴结。结论：继发性甲状旁腺增生、结节性甲状腺肿、颈部淋巴结的超声图像在形态、大小、内部回声及彩色血注等方面各有特点,运用超声技术可以进行鉴别诊断。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症诊疗指南(讨论稿)

一、概述 甲状旁腺功能亢进症（hyperparathyroidism，以下简称甲旁亢）可分为原发性、继发性和三发性3种。原发性甲旁亢（PHPT）是由于甲状旁腺本身病变引起的甲状旁腺素（parathyroid hormone，PTH）合成、分泌过多。继发性甲旁亢是由于各种原因所致的低钙血症，刺激甲状旁腺，使之增生肥大，分泌过多的PTH，见于肾功能不全、骨质软化症和小肠吸收不良等。三发性甲旁亢是在继发性甲旁亢的基础上，由于腺体受到持久和强烈的刺激，部分增生组织转变为腺瘤，自主地分泌过多的PTH，主要见于肾功能衰竭和长期补充中性磷后。     

99mTc甲氧基异丁基异腈定位显像诊断甲状旁腺功能亢进症

目的：评价^99mTc甲氧基异丁基异腈（MIBI）双时相显像法对甲状旁腺功能亢进（甲旁亢）的诊断价值。方法：21例临床诊断甲状旁腺功能亢进患者，静注注入T99mTc MIBI 740MBq（20mCi），分别于10～20min（早期显像）、2h（延迟显像）采集颈部至上胸部的前位平面像。结果：5例原发性甲旁亢患者均表现为孤立的放射性浓聚灶；16例继发性甲旁亢中，2例显示为单个放射性浓聚灶，10例显示为2个放射性浓聚灶，2例显示为3个放射性浓聚灶；另有2例显示有异位甲状旁腺病灶。10例经手术证实甲旁亢患者中，术前^99mTc MIBI甲状旁腺显像和超声诊断检查，对原发性甲旁亢患者定位诊断阳性率均为100％，对继发性甲旁亢患者定位诊断阳性率分别为55％和70％。结论：^99mTc MIBI双时相法显像在甲旁亢患者中有较高的定位诊断价值。     

慢性肾衰甲旁亢对红细胞生成素疗效的影响

目的：了解慢性肾功能衰竭继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（简称慢性肾衰继发性甲旁亢）患者对红细胞生成素（EPO）疗效的影响。方法：选择慢性肾衰继发性甲旁亢患者40例，随机分成2组。Ⅰ组口服1，25二羟胆骨化醇1．75μg／周－4μg／周，同时给予EP3000u皮下注射，2次／周。Ⅱ组单用EPO3000u皮下注射，2次／周，均观察10周，结果：Ⅰ组患者治疗后血甲状旁腺激素、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、血磷、血钙与治疗前相比，差异显著（P＜0．01）。Ⅱ组各项指标治疗后与治疗前相比，差异不显著。结论：大剂量1，25－二羟胆骨化醇治疗慢性肾衰继发性甲旁亢十分有效，慢性肾衰患者状旁腺激素继发性升高是EPO治疗拮抗的一个重要原因。使用EPO治疗肾性贫血前，应常规进行甲状旁腺检查，并对甲旁亢予以纠正，以提高EPO治疗效果。     

浅谈超声在探查甲状旁腺中的应用

目的:探讨甲状旁腺的超声检查,与其他影像学手段对比.方法:采用GE7高频探头对200例患者的甲状旁腺进行扫查,记录形态大小、数量、回声及血流,对检查结果整理分析.结果:120例患者中,40例为正常甲状旁腺,20例未显示,60例为甲状旁腺亢进(PHPT简称甲旁亢),甲旁亢中有10例为甲状旁腺腺瘤,10例为甲状旁腺腺癌,40例为透析病人继发性甲旁亢.结论:对比其他影像学手段,高频超声对检查甲状旁腺有高效、低廉、无创的优势.     

甲状旁腺癌

甲状旁腺癌(简称甲旁癌)是甲状旁腺亢进(简称甲旁亢)的一种少见原因,自1948年至今文献上大约报道了120例。从1930年至1985年,对北爱尔兰原发性甲旁亢病例作了甲状旁腺组织活检,发现有195例为甲状旁腺肿瘤,94例为增生,仅1例为甲旁癌。不少资料表明,真正的甲旁癌在甲旁亢中只占不到1/100。男女发病率     

超声诊断继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的价值

继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进是慢性肾功能衰竭病人的常见并发症，超声检查甲状旁腺可为临床诊断治疗甲旁亢提供可靠信息，是临床首选的方法。超声诊断甲状旁腺增生主要应与颈部其他病变鉴别，甲状腺疾病与异太旁腺可影响超声对增生甲旁腺的检出。     

三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的内镜辅助微创手术1例

三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（tertiaryhyperparatbyroidism,THPT）常发生于长期慢性肾衰患者,在最初引起甲旁亢的刺激去除后,如肾移植后,甲旁亢症状仍持续加重,需手术切除。由于甲状旁腺增生已发展成为功能自主的腺瘤,国内报道极少。现报道上海交通大学附属第六人民医院近期收治1例典型THPT如下。     

^99mTc-MIBI双时相显像对继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的临床价值

目的:探讨唧99mTc-MIBI双时相显像在继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进中的临床应用价值.方法:总结47例行99mTc-MIBI双时相显像的继发性甲旁亢患者的病历,将显像结果及延迟显像甲状旁腺摄取放射性比值(T/RT)与其甲状旁腺激素(PTH)水平及其手术后病理进行对照.结果:患者的PTH值与其T/NT值呈正相关(r=0.773,P<0.05).与其延迟相中甲状旁腺显像个数不相关;继发性甲状旁亢患者99mTc-MIBI双时相显像术前定位阳性符合率69.8%,其中位于甲状腺被膜下极的增生腺体显像假阴性率(11.3%)明显低于其位于上极者(18.9%).结论:99mTc-MIBI双时相显像能够估测甲状旁腺功能,可预测药物治疗继发性甲旁亢的疗效;可用于甲旁亢患者的术前定位,位于甲状腺被膜下极的增生腺体显像敏感性及术前定位的准确性明显高于其位于上极者.     

甲状旁腺全切加前臂移植术治疗继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进

甲状旁腺全切加前臂移植术治疗继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进王笑云吴宏飞胡建民徐兆强应峰睦元庚肾性甲状旁腺功能亢进（以下简称甲旁亢）是慢性肾功能衰竭（以下简称肾衰）病人长期透析（５～１０年）常见而又严重的并发症，直接危及病人的生活质量和生存期限，治疗困难，尤在...     

甲状旁腺超声检测对尿毒症继发甲状旁腺功能亢进的诊治意义

目的:探讨高分辨率超声对尿毒症继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(甲旁亢)的诊断价值及与血清甲状旁腺素(PTH)间的相关性.方法:对55例尿毒症患者进行甲状旁腺的超声检查,并测定血清PTH、钙、磷水平.结果:55例中52例患者(94％)测到增大的甲状旁腺64枚,其中测及2枚以上者11例(20％).多枚甲状旁腺患者,甲状旁腺体积、血清PTH及磷水平均较单枚患者明显增加(P<0.01),上述指标随病程的延长变化更加明显;但血清钙水平并无明显变化.结论:尿毒症甲状旁腺的大小与血清PTH及磷水平存在一定关系.超声对尿毒症继发性甲旁亢患者的甲状旁腺肿大有诊断价值.     

超声检查维持性血液透析患者继发甲状旁腺功能亢进的临床价值

目的：探讨继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进时甲状旁腺的超声特点。方法：分析我院20例维持性血液透析患者甲状旁腺的二维声像图特点及彩色血流情况,并与病理结果作对照。结果：18例（90％）患者检出甲状旁腺共43枚,其中66．7％（12／18）的患者能检出2～3枚。内部回声以明显的低回声为主,可伴有钙化,彩色血流提示多数血供丰富;8例患者的病理结果中有5例合并甲状旁腺腺瘤或者腺瘤样增生。结论：彩色多普勒超声是检查继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的有效手段。     

正常人甲状旁腺超声影像特征的筛查及验证

目的筛选并验证正常人甲状旁腺的主要超声影像特征表现,为临床甲状旁腺疾病的超声诊断及甲状腺外科切除术中正常甲状旁腺的保护提供指导性依据。方法 2008年4月至2012年12月,对600例正常人进行颈部高频超声影像检查,以颈部局部解剖为基础,采用逐一排除法筛选最可能的正常甲状旁腺影像特征。以筛选出的正常甲状旁腺影像特征为基础,比较甲状腺全切除术后甲状旁腺功能低下与否患者甲状旁腺检出率的差异;对比甲状旁腺功能亢进患者的超声影像特征;比较甲状腺切除术中超声监测与否术后甲状旁腺功能低下的发生率,以验证正常甲状旁腺影像的正确性和可靠性。结果正常人甲状旁腺的基本声像图表现为:境界清晰、细腻均匀的中等偏强回声小结节,平均长、宽、厚超声测得值为(6.38±1.46)、(3.76±1.02)、(2.75±1.99)mm;外形多样,以椭圆形居多;质地比邻近的甲状腺实质柔软,弹性超声定量指标应变比平均为0.87±0.18;多数腺体(62.5%)可显示彩色多普勒血流信号;三维重建VOCAL计算平均每枚体积为(0.13±0.06)mL;下甲状旁腺超声显示率及显示质量高于上甲状旁腺。5例甲状腺全切术后血清甲状旁腺激素(PTH)低值者中,有4例(80%)发生正常甲状旁腺声像缺失;而35例甲状腺全切术后血清PTH测值正常者中未见正常甲状旁腺影像缺失。19例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进和50例继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者病变腺体所对应的解剖区域无正常甲状旁腺声像显示。术中未使用超声监测组有6例(20%)术后发生甲状旁腺功能低下,而术中使用超声监测组仅1例(3.3%)发生,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。2例甲状腺缺如患者在其甲状腺缺如侧高频超声皆显示出2枚正常的甲状旁腺声像。结论成功获得正常人甲状旁腺超声影像,并于临床应用中得到初步验证,为后续研究奠定了基础。     

Total parathyroidectomy combined with partial auto- transplantation for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism

Background Drug treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by chronic renal failure may be available at the early stage of the disease, but it is not as effective for serious patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of total parathyroidectomy combined with forearm autotransplantation in the uremic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Methods From September 1999 through September 2006, parathroidectomy and autotransplantaUon was performed in 20 patients. The coherence between the results of preoperative parathyroid ultrasonography and surgical exploration were compared. The serum calcium concentration and intact parathyroid hormone （iPTH） were monitored preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively. Results A total of 71 hyperplastic parathyroid glands were resected in the 20 patients. The accordance rate of parathyroid localization between B-ultrasonography and intraoperaUve exploration was 94.4%. The average iPTH value was （110.90±67.42） ng/L, （433.80±243.72） ng/L, （48.80±42.69） ng/L, （229.04±172.68） ng/L and （232.39±224.05） ng/L at day 1, 2, 3, 7, 30 after operation respectively. The clinical symptoms were ameliorated and the levels of serum calcium concentration were controlled within the normal range after operation. Recurrent secondary hyperparathyroidism had happened in 1 case, 4 years postoperatively because of the development of autograft hyperplasia, and in another case 2 years postoperatively due to remnant of neck parathyroid glands. The clinical symptoms were all alleviated after re-operation. No surgical complication had occurred in any of the patients. Conclusions The total parathyroidectomy with forearm autotransplantation is feasible, safe, and effective for patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism in the short term. The long-term effects should be further investigated.     

纳米碳混悬注射液在尿毒症继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进甲状旁腺全 切术中的应用——2例报告及文献复习

药物治疗无效的尿毒症继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者,可行甲状旁腺全切术,缓解患者的溶骨破坏。术 中彻底切除双侧甲状旁腺是手术成功的关键。中南大学湘雅三医院对2例继发性甲旁亢患者施行甲状旁腺全切术,术 中采用纳米碳混悬注射液负显影标记技术,找到全部4个增生的甲状旁腺,术后疗效满意,患者甲状旁腺激素均显著 降低,骨痛、瘙痒临床症状缓解消失。在尿毒症继发性甲旁亢行甲状旁腺全切术中,采用纳米碳混悬注射液负显影 技术,有利于良好地显露和切除双侧甲状旁腺,有利于保护正常甲状腺和喉返神经,值得推广。     

Persistent renal hyperparathyroidism caused by intrathyroidal parathyroid glands

Renal hyperparathyroidism usually occurs in chronic renal failure patients on regular dialysis. However, renal hyperparathyroidism resulting from intrathyroidal parathyroid glands is an uncommon condition. We herein present the case of a 35-year-old woman who has been on hemodialysis for 20 years. She had renal hyperparathyroidism with generalized weakness and bone pain for 2 years. The patient initially underwent parathyroidectomy at a local institution, during which two large parathyroid glands were resected from the right side (no parathyroid glands were found on the left side); however, the surgical procedure was unsuccessful, and the patient had persistent renal hyperparathyroidism after the operation. She was then transferred to our hospital and ectopic intrathyroidal parathyroid glands were localized by neck ultrasonography and technetium-99m sestamibi scans with single-photon emission computed tomography imaging preoperatively. A left thyroid lobectomy was performed and two intrathyroidal parathyroid glands were found. The patient recovered uneventfully and her symptoms resolved. Therefore, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of renal hyperparathyroidism resulting from intrathyroidal parathyroid glands in cases where the renal hyperparathyroidism persists after parathyroidectomy.     

Parathyroid adenoma Localization

Background

Bilateral neck exploration is the gold standard for parathyroid adenoma localization in primary hyperparathyroidism. But surgeons do not have adequate experience for accurate surgical exploration and new methods are developed for surgery like unilateral exploration and minimally invasive surgery, thus, preoperative localization could reduces time and stress in surgical performance.

Method

80 patients with documented primary hyperparathyroidism and with raised serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were selected. The results of ultrasonographic localization for each patient were compared with findings of surgery and 99m technetium sestamibi scintigraphy. Also variables such as preoperative serum calcium, PTH level and adenoma weight were compared between patients who had localized and non-localized adenoma with ultrasonography or Sestamibi scan. The data was compared with student''s t-test.

Results

In a prospective diagnostic tests accuracy study, 80 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were enrolled. Ultrasonography images detected enlarged parathyroid glands in 61 of 80 patients (76.3%) with sensitivity of 83.5% and positive predictive value (PPV) of 89.7%. Sestamibi scintigraphy detected adenoma in 63 patients (78.8%) with sensitivity of 85% and PPV of 91.3%. There was no significant deference between ultrasonography and scintigraphy in localization of adenomas. Both ultrasonography and scintigraphy used for determining localization, and they located 73 adenomas (91.3%) with sensitivity of 97.3% and PPV of 93.5%.

Conclusion

Ultrasonography as an accurate method for localization of enlarged parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyroidism, is comparable in overall utility with sestamibi scintigraphy. This study suggests a strategy for initial testing with one method, followed by the alternate imaging test if the first test happens to be negative.     

正常人甲状旁腺的高频超声断层影像50例

目的：加强对甲状旁腺高频超声解剖特征及检查方法的认识,以利于甲状腺疾病的超声诊断和超声介入治疗。方法：随机选择50例血清甲状旁腺激素测值正常的志愿、年龄18～45岁,平均27岁。采用仪器噗MEDISON SA-6000C数字化彩超,探头频率10MHz。超声探头由甲状腺上极自上而下横切扫查至锁骨上方,辨认和检测甲状旁腺的位置、形态、大小、数目及内部回声。结果：50例受检经超声共检出甲状旁腺140枚,平均每例检出2.8枚。其中检出4枚8例（16%）;检出3枚33例（66%）;检出2枚7例（14%）;仅检出1枚2例（4%）。上甲状旁腺的总检出数78枚（55.7%）,其中右上腺体42枚、左上腺体36枚;下甲状旁腺总检出数62枚（44.3%）,其中右下腺体33枚、左下腺体29枚。结论：（1）高频超声可以检出正常甲状旁腺;（2）检出3枚腺体占多数,且上腺体的检出率高于下腺体,纵隔内腺体是超声检查盲区;（3）甲状旁腺体积小、呈圆或椭圆形、内部回声低以及特殊的解剖位置是超声检查的主要线索。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者术前病变甲状旁腺定位方法的评估

目的评价锝[~（99m）Tc]甲氧基异丁基异腈(99mTc-MIBI)显像及颈部超声对原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(primaryhyperparathyroidism,pHPT)患者在手术前进行病变甲状旁腺定位的敏感性和应用价值。方法对本院1983年6月到2002年6月期间收治的160例pHPT患者进行术前99mTc-MIBI显像检查和/或颈部超声检查。其中,男性53例(33.1%),女性107例(66.9%),平均年龄为(38.9±14.8)岁;100例接受99mTc-MIBI显像检查,148例进行高分辨率颈部超声检查。检查结果与手术所见和病理学进行比较。结果99mTc-MIBI显像和颈部超声对病变甲状旁腺定位的敏感性分别为94.0%和85.1%,阳性预测值分别为100%和89.1%,联合2种检查总的敏感性可达98.9%;在单个甲状旁腺病变组(n=145)中,99mTc-MIBI显像的敏感性为93.3%,颈部超声的敏感性为84.7%;甲状旁腺病变异位患者进行99mTc-MIBI显像的检测敏感性达100%,但是应用超声检测敏感性为56.3%。结论99mTc-MIBI显像和颈部超声对pHPT具有不同的敏感性,2种检查方法联合应用可以使敏感性增加。甲状旁腺异位对99mTc-MIBI显像的敏感性无影响,但是会使超声的敏感性下降,肿瘤大小影响超声检查敏感性,并且观察到99mTc-MIBI假阴性的各种原因,对于99mTc-MIBI检查阴性者应该排除可能的干扰因素。     

甲状旁腺超声成像的应用解剖

目的：在开展甲状旁腺疾病的超声诊断及甲状旁腺增生的超声介入治疗前，认识和掌握甲状旁腺的解剖学特征。方法：在20具成人尸体上观测甲状旁腺的位置、数目，甲状旁腺与甲状腺的毗邻关系；测量甲状旁腺的最大长度、宽度和厚度，并测量甲状旁腺距甲状腺后缘或上、下极之间的距离。结果：20例标本共解剖出65个甲状旁腺，平均每例3.25个；其中上、下甲状旁腺成对出现7例（35%），成对的上甲状旁腺并单侧下甲状旁腺4例（20%），成对的下甲状旁腺并单侧上甲状旁腺1例（5%），只解剖到上甲状旁腺和下甲状旁腺的分别为4例（20%）。结论：本研究所获得的相关结果，对应用超声检查甲状旁腺以及进行超声引导下穿刺甲状旁腺时设计安全有效的进针路径具有指导意义。