Serum calciotropic hormone levels, and dental fluorisis in children exposed to different concentrations of fluoride and iodine in drinking water

Background High fluoride exposure can result in dental fluorosis.Fluoride and iodine are coexistent in the drinking water of areas in China and may affect the prevalence of dental fluorosis and osteogenesis.The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum calciotropic hormone level.and dentaI fluorisis in children exposed to different concentrations of fluoride and iodine in drinking water.Methods A pilot study was conducted in three villages located in the Kaifeng and Tongxu counties of Henan Province,China in 2006.Children aged 8 to 12 years.born and raised in the three villages were recruited.The fluoride levels in the samples of urine from these children were detected by fluoride ion selective electrode.Calcitonin and osteocalcin levels in the serum,and serum calcium were measured by radioimmunassay and flame atomic absorption spectrometry, respectively.Results Fluoride levels in urine were significantly lower in children from control area（CA）as compared with those from the high fluoride ＆ iodine areas（HFIA）and the high fluoride area（HFA）（P〈0.05 respectively）,and no statistically significant difference was found between the children from HFIA and HFA.Additionally,calcitonin levels in the serum were significantly lower in children from CA and HFA as compared with that from HFIA（P〈0.05 respectively）,and osteocalcin levels in the serum was lower in children from CA than those from HFIA （P〈0.05）.No statistically significant difference in serum osteocalcin concentrations was found between children from HFA and HFIA.Conclusion This study provides an evidence that iodine exposure may modify the serum calciotropic hormone levels related to fluorine exposure.     

Prevalence of dental caries among preschool children in Shanghe County of Shandong Province and relevant prevention and treatment strategies

Background Decayed teeth are harmful to children＇s growth and development and can severely jeopardize their health. This study was set out to investigate and analyze the prevalence of dental caries in preschool children in Shanghe County in Shandong Province, China, and provide new insights into potential prevention and treatment strategies. Methods Based on the random sampling method, we performed dental examinations of children aged 2 to 6 years in kindergartens of Shanghe County. The prevalence of caries, the average number of decayed teeth per capita as well as the constituent rates of decayed, missing and filled teeth were determined retrospectively. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Results Dental caries were found in 1088 out of 2052 children from 56 kindergartens. The total number of decayed teeth was 4487 with a prevalence of 53.02%. The average number of decayed teeth per capita was 2.187, and the filling rate was 0.29%. There was no statistical difference in the prevalence of caries between boys and girls though there were significant differences between different age groups. The prevalence of decayed teeth as well as the mean number of decayed teeth infected per capita increased with age. In addition, urban children had a higher prevalence than those from rural areas （P 〈0.01）. Conclusions The prevalence of decayed caries among kindergarten children in Shanghe County was high, suggesting that more emphasis should be put on improving oral health education with priority given to prevention. Further efforts should be made to increase the decayed caries filling rate.     

Association of Dietary Carotenoids Intake with Skeletal Fluorosis in the Coal-burning Fluorosis Area of Guizhou Province

Objective To explore whether the intake of dietary carotenoids could protect against skeletal fluorosis in Guizhou province in which coal-burning fluorosis is endemic. Methods A case-control study of 196 patients with skeletal fluorosis and 196 age and gender-matched controls was conducted in Zhijin, Guizhou Province. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to assess habitual dietary intake using a 75-item food frequency questionnaire and various covariates with structured questionnaires. Urinary fluoride was measured using an ion-selective electrode method. The genotype of superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2) rs11968525 was detected by Taq Man method. Results We observed significant dose-dependent inverse associations of skeletal fluorosis with intake of β-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, and total carotenoids(P-trend = 0.002 to 0.018), whereas α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin intakes were not found to be related to skeletal fluorosis, after adjustment for potential confounders. The adjusted ORs and 95% CI of skeletal fluorosis for the highest versus lowest quartile were 0.30(0.10, 0.86) for β-carotene, 0.23(0.08, 0.66) for lycopene, 0.26(0.10, 0.75) for lutein/zeaxanthin and 0.34(0.14, 0.74) for total carotenoids(all P-trend 0.05). Stratified analyses showed that the protective effects of lutein/zeaxanthin and total carotenoids on skeletal fluorosis were more evident for individuals with the AG+AA genotypes of SOD2(rs11968525). Conclusion Increased intakes of β-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, and total carotenoids are independently associated with a lower risk of coal-burning skeletal fluorosis. SOD2(rs11968525) polymorphisms might modify the inverse associations between dietary carotenoids and skeletal fluorosis.     

Evaluation of Erythrocyte Iron Incorporation in Beijing Prepubertal Children Using a Single Stable Isotope Tracer Method

Objective To analyze the rate of erythrocyte iron incorporation and provided guidance for the iron nutrition for prepubertal children.Methods Fifty-seven prepubertal children of Beijing were involved in this study and each subject was orally administered 3 mg of 57 Fe twice daily to obtain a total of 30 mg 57 Fe after a 5-d period. The stable isotope ratios in RBCs were determined in 14 th day, 28 th day, 60 th day, and 90 th day. The erythrocyte incorporation rate in children was calculated using the stable isotope ratios, blood volume and body iron mass.Results The percentage of erythrocyte 57 Fe incorporation increased starting 14 th day, reached a peak at 60 d(boys: 19.67% ± 0.56%, girls: 21.33% ± 0.59%) and then decreased. The erythrocyte incorporation rates of 57 Fe obtained for girls in 60 th day was significantly higher than those obtained for boys(P 0.0001).Conclusions The oral administration of 57 Fe to children can be used to obtain erythrocyte iron incorporation within 90 d. Prepubertal girls should begin to increase the intake of iron and further studies should pay more attention to the iron status in prepubertal children.     

中国北方人群恒齿中变形链球菌和细菌总数的定量检测

Background  Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the prime pathogen of dental caries. There are few reports that studied the relationship between S. mutans, bacteria and dental caries in permanent teeth when compared to those in primary teeth. This study aimed to detect S. mutans and bacteria of dental caries and non-caries groups in permanent teeth from a north China population by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and compare the relationship between the number of these bacteria and the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth.

Methods  Human saliva samples were collected from 142 subjects with permanent teeth. According to their dental tooth (DT), 142 subjects were divided into a dental caries group (DT ³1) and a non-caries group (DT=0). With specific primers for S. mutans and 16S rRNA, the total number of S. mutans and total bacteria of 142 saliva samples were detected by real-time PCR and statistically analyzed.

Results  There was no significant difference between the detection rates of S. mutans (P=0.118) and medians of S. mutans (P=0.115). The ratio of S. mutans to total bacteria in people with dental caries was significantly higher than in those without caries (P <0.001), but the total number of bacteria in people with dental caries was significantly lower than in those without caries (P <0.001).

Conclusions  S. mutans had different effects on caries in the permanent teeth of several individuals from a north China population. The ratios of S. mutans to total bacteria in saliva detected by real-time PCR with Sm479F/R and 16S RNA primers were closely associated with the prevalence of dental caries in the same population. These assays may be useful for the assessment of an individual’s risk of dental caries.

     

The epidemic tendency of dental caries prevalence of school students from 1991 to 2005 in China

The epidemic tendency of dental caries of school students over the past 15 years in China was analyzed in order to provide bases for prevention of dental caries.Data sets of boys and girls at the age of 7,9,12 years(deciduous caries)and 7,9,12,14,17 years(permanent caries)were collected from the series of Chinese National Surveillance on Students' Constitution and Health(CNSSCH)between 1991 to 2005,a survey that covers 30 provinces of and autonomous regions of China,with Tibet Autonomous Region and Taiwan P...     

Time-Lag Effect of Dietary Fiber and Fat Intake Ratio on Japanese Colon Cancer Mortality

The daily intake of total dietary fiber(TDF) was evaluated from data of the National Nutrition Survey(NNS)in Japan for 41 years since 1947.An interrelationship between the nutrient intake,including TDF,and the mortality from colon cancer in Japanese people was calculated by a simple correlation coefficient and time-series correlation coefficient. TDF intake per capita decreased rapidly from 27.4 g in 1947 to 15.8 g in 1963,and subsequently decreased by a lesser rate to 15.3g in 1987.Fat intake increased rapidly from 18.0 g in 1950 to 56.6 g in 1987.The age-adjusted mortality from colon cancer shows a significant positive correlation with both the intakes of animal protein and of total fat,and the fat energy ratio.A time-series analysis indicates that the mortality from colon cancer was negatively correlate-ed with TDF with a 15-27 year delay,the maximum correlation existing with a 23-year lag (r=-0.947).The TDF intake was less than 17.9g in 1965.At the same time ,the mortality from colon cancer increased rapidly.A fat/TDF ratio above 3.0 resulted in a rapid increase in colon cancer mortality. The non-adjusted mortality from colon cancer has much the same interrelationship with TDF and fat intake as the adjusted figures.It is suggested that the cause of the increased mortality from colon cancer in Japan is positively related to the increased intake of fat and protein.In addition,the decrease in TDF intake has accelerated the mortality of colon cancer after a delay of 23-24 years .The importance of fat/TDF as a nutritional criterion for the incidence of colon cancer needs to be better recognized.     

THE MAJOR MICROFLORA OF ENAMEL AND CEMENTAL CARIES

In a group of 32 dental plaque samples taken from both enamel and root surface cemental caries were studied to demonstrate the bacterial etiology of different type caries. The findings in this study indicate that the ma jor microflora of enamel caries is similar to that of cemental caries, and Streptococcus mutans is predominant species in microflora for two type caries, suggesting that this organism is associated not only with coronal enamel caries but also with root surface cemental caries. Actinomyces and lactobacillus are the secondary members in microflora of cemental caries.     

THE STATUS OF ERUPFION AND CARIES OF THE FIRST PERMANENT MOLAR IN CHILDHOOD

The first molar will play a key role in the formation of permanent dentition and also is easy to be caries. In this series, 7968 cases 4-6 yrs old children are investigated and the eruption and caries of first molar are analysed. The results are as follows: The eruption rate of first molar in 7968 cases 4-6 yrs old children is 22.13%. The mean number of molar erupted is 0.55+1.17. Both are in very signiflicant sexual difference. The eruption in girls is earlier than that in boys. The eruption rates are 1.01% in 4 yrs old group and 59.00% in 6 yrs old group. In the per centage of the molar erupted, (?) is 66.26% with symmetrical rate 69.31%, 6 is 33.74% with symmetrical rate 33.24%. The incidence rate of caries in 1763 cases 4-6 yrs old children with first molar erupted is 1.76% with dft 0.02±0.15. The dft in cases of caries is 1.26±0.63. There are two molars with caries of Degree IV in 5 yrs old group. The eruption and caries of the first molar in childhood are analysed. The importance of prevention dnd treatment of first permanent molar in childhood is indicated.     

DENTAL DISEASE OF NEOLITHIC AGE SKULLS EXCAVATED IN SHAANXI PROVINCE

Studying the teeth of the ancient.s helps acquaint us with the evolution of oral diseas.es. The Neolithic Age skeleton remains excavated in Baaji and Huaxian are the ea.rliest ones excavated in batches up to present in China. Of the 948 teeth studied, 186 (19.62To) are diseased teeth. The major dental diseases are caries and periodontoclasia. The caries rate is 3.3870 and periodont.oclasia rate 11.39To. Alveolar abscess caused by abrasion is l.69'/o. Premortem loss of teeth is 6.12To. There seems to be a close relationship be- tween diet and caries. Periodontocla.sia appears earlie{r than caries and does not obviously parallel the development of human society. Caries become common in China with the deve- lopment of agricultural cultivation s.ettlements and the use of grain a.s a dietary staple during the Neolithic Age Yangshao Culture 5,000-6,000 years ago．     

云南省昭通高氟区中年人群氟斑牙和龋病患病情况调查研究

目的调查云南省昭通高氟区35～44岁人群氟斑牙和龋病患病的流行情况,比较不同程度氟斑牙人群与正常人群患龋率及龋均的情况,探究不同程度氟斑牙龋病患病率、龋均之间的相关关系,为高氟区中年人的氟斑牙和龋病的防治提供理论依据.方法参考第三次全国口腔健康流行病学抽样调查的基本方法,龋病诊断标准及Dean氟牙症诊断及分类标准,抽取高氟区35～44岁中年人200名,调查其龋病和氟斑牙的患病情况,与正常人群组进行比较,记录分析结果.结果昭通高氟区35～44岁人群总患龋率为53%,氟斑牙患病率为100%,社区氟斑牙指数Fci为3.49,与正常组比较,轻度氟牙症龋病患病率及龋均均略低于正常人群,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;中度和重度氟牙症龋病患病率及龋均均高于正常人群,结果有统计学意义（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;重度氟牙症组、中度氟牙症组、轻度氟牙症组间循环比较患龋率和龋均,三组患龋率和龋均均差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.结论云南昭通高氟区中年人氟斑牙患病率极高,为氟斑牙重度流行区域;轻度氟牙症人群龋病患病率及龋均均略低于正常人群;中度组和重度组的患龋率及龋均高于于正常人群,结果有统计学意义;氟斑牙人群各分度间患龋率及龋均无差异.     

2006年呼和浩特市饮水型地方性氟中毒监测结果分析

目的：了解掌握呼和浩特市地方性氟中毒病情现状。方法：按照“2005年中央补助地方公共卫生专项资金地方性氟中毒调查项目实施方案”,对我市所涉及的高氟病区村检查8～12周岁儿童氟斑牙患病情况,儿童氟斑牙检查采用Dean氏法。水氟检测采用氟离子选择电极法。结果：在4个县239个村庄检查8～12周岁儿童8092人,检出氟斑牙患者2779人,检出率为34．34％,其中可疑患者1108人（检出率为13．69％）,极轻患者1113人（检出率为13．75％）,轻度患者436人（检出率为5。39％）,中度患者104人（检出率为1．29％）,重度患者18人（检出率为0．22％）。结论：儿童氟斑牙检出率大于30％,说明我地区氟中毒患病率较高,病情未被控制,防治措施没有到位,今后应采取对策改善现况,从而有效地控制地方性氟中毒的流行。     

高氟区龋病与氟牙症流行特点

目的探讨高氟区氟牙症与龋病的流行特点。方法用氟离子选择电极法、Dean氟牙症分类标准和WHO口腔健康调查表龋齿记分方法对河北省吴桥县高氟区的水氟浓度、氟牙症指数和龋病患病情况进行调查。结果在水氟浓度 4 .5～ 5 .4mg/L的重病区患龋率 5 0 .95 % ,社区氟牙症指数 (communitydentalfluorosisindex ,FCI) 3.0 2 ;在水氟浓度 1.1～ 1.5mg/L的轻病区患龋率为 2 1.98% ,FCI为 0 .5 9。高氟区 10～ 14岁儿童第 1恒磨牙牙合面患龋率 78.5 1% ,第 2恒磨牙牙合面患龋 91.78%。Dean氟牙症记分为 0 ,0 .5 ,1,2 ,3,4的人群患龋率分别为 10 .5 3% ,2 9.0 3% ,2 8.0 4 % ,2 5 .71% ,4 7.0 4 % ,70 .0 0 %。结论高氟区重病区患龋率明显高于轻病区患龋率 ;高氟区 10～ 14岁儿童第 2恒磨牙牙合面患龋率高于第 1恒磨牙 ;高氟区 10～ 14岁儿童随氟牙症记分的上升其患龋率呈上升趋势     

Appropriate uses of fluorides for children: guidelines from the Canadian Workshop on the Evaluation of Current Recommendations Concerning Fluorides.

OBJECTIVE: To prevent fluorosis caused by excessive fluoride ingestion by revising recommendations for fluoride intake by children. OPTIONS: Limiting fluoride ingestion from fluoridated water, fluoride supplements and fluoride dentifrices. OUTCOMES: Reduction in the prevalence of dental fluorosis and continued prevention of dental caries. EVIDENCE: Before the workshop, experts prepared comprehensive literature reviews of fluoride therapies, fluoride ingestion and the prevalence and causes of dental fluorosis. The papers, which were peer-reviewed, revised and circulated to the workshop participants, formed the basis of the workshop discussions. VALUES: Recommendations to limit fluoride intake were vigorously debated before being adopted as the consensus opinion of the workshop group. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS: Decrease in the prevalence of dental fluorosis with continuing preventive effects of fluoride use. The only significant cost would be in preparing new, low-concentration fluoride products for distribution. RECOMMENDATIONS: Fluoride supplementation should be limited to children 3 years of age and older in areas where there is less than 0.3 ppm of fluoride in the water supply. Children in all areas should use only a "pea-sized" amount of fluoride dentifrice no more than twice daily under the supervision of an adult. VALIDATION: These recommendations are almost identical to changes to recommendations for the use of fluoride supplements recently proposed by a group of European countries. SPONSORS: The workshop was organized by Dr. D. Christopher Clark, of the University of British Columbia, and Drs. Hardy Limeback and Ralph C. Burgess, of the University of Toronto, and funded by Proctor and Gamble Inc., Toronto, the Medical Research Council of Canada and Health Canada (formerly the Department of National Health and Welfare). The recommendations were formally adopted by the Canadian Dental Association in April 1993.     

河北省阳原县高氟区水氟含量和地方性氟中毒病情调查

目的了解河北省阳原县地方性氟中毒病区水氟含量以及人群氟中毒患病情况。方法选择阳原县地方性氟中毒病区南洼村和非病区东堡村为调查点,测定井水氟含量、儿童尿氟含量,并进行儿童氟斑牙患病率及人群残废型氟骨症情况调查。结果南洼村井水氟含量明显高于东堡村(P<0.01),井水氟含量范围为2.20～2.91mg/L,均超过《生活饮用水卫生规范》(2001),南洼村8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率为81.4%,其氟斑牙患病率和尿氟含量均明显高于东堡村(P<0.01);南洼村仍存在成人残废型氟骨症患者。结论阳原县地方性氟中毒病区南洼村井水氟含量超标严重,病区人群仍存在严重的氟中毒流行。     

常平镇学龄前儿童龋齿患病情况调查

目的调查常平镇幼儿园学龄前儿童龋齿的情况,旨在为开展龋齿防治工作提供科学依据。方法调查常平镇2011年3月7日～2012年3月7日49所幼儿园1000名2～6岁学龄前儿童发生龋齿的临床资料。结果所调查的1000名学龄前儿童中,患龋人数达680例,患龋率68．0％。不同性别患龋率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;此次调查共检出1280颗龋齿,中下颌前磨牙发生龋患率最高,达56．0％。不同年龄段患龋率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）．且随着年龄的增加,患龋率逐渐增加。结论对学龄前儿童龋齿患病情况调查,提示我们应加强儿童口腔卫生的宣教,培养儿童养成早晚刷牙等良好生活习惯,并定期进行口腔检查,早发现早治疗,把口腔保健工作纳人儿童保健范畴,深入开展口腔保健活动。     

2005年海南省12岁人群氟牙症抽样调查报告

目的:了解海南省12岁人群恒牙氟牙症流行状况,为口腔卫生保健工作提供依据。方法:采用多阶段分层等容量随机抽样方法,收集海南省海口市、三亚市等6个地区12岁在校学生776人,对其恒牙氟牙症状况进行流行病学调查,按照临床氟牙症的检查方法和标准,检查776人全口恒牙牙冠氟牙症情况,并对不同性别及城市、农村氟牙症检出情况进行比较。结果:12岁组人群氟牙症共检出42人(5.41%),氟牙症指数为0.09,不同性别及城乡之间氟牙症检出率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:海南省12岁组人群氟牙症患病率和氟牙症指数属于较低水平。     

中小学生斑釉和龋病与总摄氟量关系的研究

1986年我们调查了氟病区偃师县台沟村和对照区十八里河、河医大子弟学校共1649名7～17岁中小学生斑釉和龋病的发病率,同时测定这些地区的总摄氟量,并对这两种牙病与总摄氟量的关系进行了探讨。调查结果氟病区总摄氟量5.433mg/日,斑釉率94.35%,患龋率13.6%:而对照区总摄氟量和斑釉率均低,于前者,患龋率高于前者。结果表明斑釉率与总摄氟量成正比关系,患龋率与总摄氟量成反比关系。     

食盐氟的研究

本文以选择性离子电极加入法对市售19个样本中氟化物含量进行了测定,发现其含量与品种及加工过程有关,海盐与井盐含氟量在2.32～2.82ppm;矿盐与湖盐含氟量为1.14～1.98ppm,粗盐含氟量比精盐高1.19～1.39倍,经计算从食盐摄入的氟量占总摄入氟量的1.47～2.00％,作者建议在农村低氟地区可通过食盐加氟达到防龋的目的。     

氟化泡沫护龋在海口市幼儿园儿童龋病中的应用

目的：探究对海口市幼儿园儿童进行氟化泡沫护龋治疗龋齿病的效果。方法：本研究采取随机抽样的方法,抽取海口市幼儿园2013年9月新入园的1916名儿童作为研究对象,1010名儿童采用氟化泡沫和安慰剂作为研究组,906名儿童给予日常护牙处理和安慰剂作为参照组,观察两年疗程儿童防龋效果。结果：研究组儿童龋齿患病率18.15%（181/997）显著低于参照组33.58%（300/894）;护齿1年后,研究组新增龋齿患病率8.93%（89/997）显著低于参照组15.88%（142/894）;护齿2年后,研究组新增龋齿患病率9.23%（92/997）也显著低于参照组17.67%（158/894）。结论：海口市幼儿园氟化泡沫的护龋效果显著,可以有效降低儿童龋齿病发病率,降低新增龋齿患病率,临床应用价值高。