Insulin Resistance and Hypertension

The insulin sensitivity in hypertensive patients with normal glucose tolerance (NGT),impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and the insulin resistance (IR) under the disorder or grucose metabolism and hypertension were studied.by glucose tolerance test and insulin release test,insulin sensitivity index (ISI) and the ratio of area under glucose tolerance curve (AUCG) to area under insulin release curve (AUC1) were calculated and analyzed.The results showed that ISI was decreased to varying degrees in the patients with hypertension,the mildest in the group of NGT with hypertension,followed by the group of IGT without hypertension,the group of IGT with hypertension and DM(P=0).There was very significant difference in the ratio of AUCG/AUC1 between the hypertensive patients with NGT and controls (P=0).It was concluded that a significant IR existed during the development of IGT both in hypertension and nonhypertension.The increase of total insulin secretion (AUC1) was associated with nonhypertension simultaneously.IR of the hypertensive patients even existed in NGT and was worsened with the deterioration of glucose metabolism disorder,but the AUC1 in the HT group changed slightly.A relative deficiency of insulin secretion of dysfunction of β-cell of islet existed in IGT and DM of the hypertensive patients.     

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and conventional insulin therapy in the treatment of children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes: long term follow-up

Background It has been indicated that autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation （AHST） is a promising treatment to adults with type 1 diabetes, however, the application of AHST therapy to children with type 1 diabetes still needs more data. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical effect of immune intervention combined with AHST and conventional insulin therapy in the treatment of children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Methods This 1：2 matched case-control study was comprised of 42 children who were newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in the Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Children＇s Hospital from 2009-2010. The case group included 14 patients, who were treated with AHST within the first 3 months after being diagnosed with diabetes at request of their parents during 2009-2010. The control group included 28 patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes at the same period of hospitalization. We compared the baseline and follow-up data of them, including ketoacidosis onset, clinical variables （glycosylated hemoglobin （HbAlc）, insulin dosage and serum C-peptide）. Results The clinical characteristics of the patients was comparable between the case group and the control group. At 6-12 months （（10.7±4.2） months） after AHST treatment, we found 11 patients in the case group did not stop the insulin therapy, three cases stopped insulin treatment for 2, 3 and 11 months, respectively. No diabetic ketoacidosis （DKA） occurred after transplantation in all the patients in the case group. HbAlc in the control group was significant lower than that in the case group （P 〈0.01）, while the insulin dosage and serum C-peptide were not significant different between the two groups （P 〉0.05）. In order to eliminate the honeymoon effect, we performed final follow-up at the 3-5 years （（4.2±1.8） years） after AHST treatment, and found that HbAlc in the control group was still lower than that in the case group （P 〈0.01）; however, the insulin dosage and serum C     

Effect of short term intensive multitherapy on carotid intima- media thickness in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background Controlling plasma glucose levels, blood pressure and lipid levels is proven to reduce the risk of vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This has prompted intensive multitherapy targeted at several macrovascular risk factors. Carotid intima-media thickness （cIMT） is a reliable measure of early atherosclerosis. We sought to determine whether a 6-month intensive mutiltherapy program resulted in better goal attainment than usual care and its effect on the development of cIMT among patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods The study randomly assigned 220 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus to intensive or traditional therapy groups. The clinical parameters, such as fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, blood pressure, body weight and insulin were assessed at the baseline and after the 6-month therapy, cIMT of the patients was also obtained.
Results The average levels of fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin Alc, total cholesterol （TC） and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C） in the intensive group were significantly lower than those in the control group at the end of 6-month treatment. By 6 months, a higher proportion of patients in the intensive therapy group than in the control group attained goals for fasting plasma glucose （FPG）, TC, LDL-C and hemoglobin Alc. With intensive multherapy the level of carotid intima-media thickness in the intensive therapy group was lower than that in the control group （（0.88±0.26） mm vs （0.96±0.22） mm, P 〈0.01）.
Conclusions The evidence from this clinical trial demonstrates that intensive glucose, lipid and blood pressure control in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes is associated with diabetic macrovascular benefits. Intensive multitherapy allows more patients to achieve aims of control and may reduce macrovascular complications and delay disease progression.     

Interaction of sleep quality and sleep duration on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background Copious evidence from epidemiological and laboratory studies has revealed that sleep status is associated with glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, thus increasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to reveal the interaction of sleep quality and sleep quantity on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods From May 2013 to May 2014, a total of 551 type 2 diabetes patients in Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital were enrolled. Blood samples were taken to measure glycosylated hemoglobin （HbAlc）, and all the patients completed the Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index （PSQI） questionnaire to evaluate their sleep status. ＂Good sleep quality＂ was defined as PQSI 〈5, ＂average sleep quality＂ was defined as PQSI 6-8, and ＂poor sleep quality＂ was defined as PQSI 〉8. Poor glycemic control was defined as HbAlc 〉7%. Sleep quantity was categorized as 〈6, 6-8, and 〉8 hours/ night. Short sleep time was defined as sleep duration 〈6 hours/night. Results In the poor glycemic control group, the rate of patients who had insufficient sleep was much higher than that in the other group （X2=11.16, P=0.037）. The rate of poor sleep quality in poor glycemic control group was much greater than that in the average control group （X2=9.79, P=-0.007）. After adjusted by gender, age, body mass index, and disease duration, the adjusted PSQI score＇s OR was 1.048 （95% CI 1.007-1.092, P=0.023） for HbAlc level. The sleep duration＇s OR was 0.464 （95% CI 0.236-0.912, P=0.026） for HbAlc level. One-way analysis of variance showed that the poor sleep quality group had the highest homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance （P 〈0.01）. Conclusions Inadequate sleep, in both quality and quantity, should be regarded as a plausible risk factor for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Poor sleep might bring much more serious insulin resistance and could be the reason for bad glycemic control. A good night＇s sleep sho     

Chronic intermittent hypoxia from pedo-stage decreases glucose transporter 4 expression in adipose tissue and causes insulin resistance

Background The persistence of sleep disordered breathing （SDB） symptoms after tonsil and/or adenoid （T＆A） surgery are common in children with obstructive sleep apnea （OSA）. We tested the hypothesis that disturbances of glucose transporters （GLUTs） in intraabdominal adipose tissue caused by chronic intermittent hypoxia （CIH） from the pedo-period could facilitate the appearance of periphery insulin resistance in Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats. We tested the hypothesis that the changes of GLUTs in adipose tissue may be one of the reasons for persistent SDB among clinical OSA children after T＆A surgery. Methods Thirty 21-day-old SD rats were randomly divided into a CIH group, a chronic continuous hypoxia （CCH） group and a normal oxygen group （control group） and exposed for 40 days. The changes of weight, fasting blood glucose and fasting blood insulin levels were measured. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp techniques were used to measure insulin resistance in each animal. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting were used to measure GLUT mRNA and proteins in intraabdominal adipose tissue. Additional intraabdomial white adipose tissue （WAT） was also processed into paraffin sections and directly observed for GLUTs1-4 expression. Results When compared with control group, CIH increased blood fasting insulin levels, （245.07±53.89） pg/ml vs. （168.63±38.70） pg/ml, P=-0.038, and decreased the mean glucose infusion rate （GIR）, （7.25±1.29） mg·kg^-1·min^-1 vs. （13.34±1.54） mg·kg^-1·min^-1, P 〈0.001. GLUT-4 mRNA and protein expression was significantly reduced after CIH compared with CCH or normal oxygen rats, 0.002±0.002 vs. 0.039±0.009, P 〈0.001; 0.642±0.073 vs. 1.000±0.103, P=0.035. Conclusions CIH in young rats could induce insulin resistance via adverse effects on glycometabolism. These findings emphasize the importance of early detection and treatment of insulin insensitivity in obese childhood OSA.     

Appropriate insulin initiation dosage for insulin-naive type 2 diabetes outpatients receiving insulin monotherapy or in combination with metformin and/or pioglitazone

Background Few studies have given suggestions on appropriate initiation insulin dosage when combined with oral antidiabetic drugs （OADs）. This research was to investigate appropriate initiation insulin doses for insulin-naive type 2diabetes patients with different combinations and the relationship between insulin dosage and relevant factors.Methods This was a randomized, open-label, treat to target study. The target was 20% decrease of both fasting plasma glucose （FPG） and 2 hours post-breakfast blood glucose （P2hBG）. One hundred and forty-seven insulin-naive Chinese patients recruited were randomiy assigned to 3 groups： group A, patients received insulin monotherapy; group B, received insulin plus metformin （0.5 g, tid） and group C, received insulin plus metformin （0.5 g, tid） and pioglitazone （15 mg, qd）.Results Both the time of getting 20% reduction of FPG and P2hBG showed significant differences among the three groups. The time was shortest in Group C. The insulin doses needed to achieve glucose reduction of 20% in three treatment groups were （0.40±0.04） U·kg-1·d-1 for Group A, （0.37±0.04） U·kg-1·d-1 for Group B, and （0.35±0.03） U·kg-1·d-1 for Group C, respectively. Multiple linear stepwise regression analysis showed that insulin doses correlated with body weight, FPG, diabetes duration, age and history of sulfonylurea treatment. The standardized regression coefficients were 0.871, 0.322, 0.089, 0.067 and 0.063 （with all P ＜0.05）.Conclusions To achieve blood glucose＇s reduction of 20% within safety context, initial insulin doses were recommended as the following： 0.40 U·kg-1·d-1 for insulin mono-therapy, 0.37 U·kg-1·d-1 for insulin plus metformin treatment, and 0.35 U·kg-1.d-1 for insulin plus metformin and pioglitazone treatment in Chinese type 2 diabetes outpatients. Body weight is found the most closely related factor to the insulin dosage.     

Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery in Early Evaluation of First Time Spontaneous Pneumothorax： A Retrospective Study

Objective To analyze the differences in efficacy and costs in treating first time spontaneous pneumothorax by conservative therapy （pleural drainage or observation） and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery （VATS）. Methods 59 Patients with first time spontaneous pneumothorax were retrospectively divided by either a continuous tube thoracostomy with/without negative pressure absorption （group 1,n=31） or VATS （group 2, n=28） after placement of the first chest tube for 48-72 hours. Patients in group 1 with additional intervention failed were divided subsequently randomly to VATS group （n=5） or thoracotomy group （n=10）. Study end points included duration and costs of hospitalization. Results： Patients in group 2 had shorter duration of tube drainage （4.56 1.74, versus 7.63 4±3.46 days, p〈 0.05）, shorter total hospital days （7.84±3.86 versus 10.96±4.27 days, p〈0.05） compared to patients in group 1. Hospital costs were higher in group 2 than that in group 1 （￥15.365±4.478 versus ￥8.894±6.423, p〈0.05）. There was no mortality in either group. No patient of group 2 was required to convert to thoracotomy group. 15 patients of group 1 with prolonged tube placement failed, and this subset was divided to VATS group （n=5） or thoracotomy group （n=10）. No significant difference in clinical outcome was found between with two subgroups. Conclusion： Intent to treat with early VATS for first time spontaneous pneumothorax decreases the duration of tube drainage, the length of hospital days and potentially reducing hospital costs if disposable Endo-devices were not used in VATS.     

Fufang Cangzhu Tang for Treatment of Senile Obesity or Overweight Complicated with Impaired Glucose Tolerance——A Clinical Observation in 32 Cases

To observe the therapeutic effect of Fufang Cangzhu Tang （复方苍术汤 Composite Atractylodes Decoction） on senile obesity or overweight with impaired glucose tolerance （IGT）. Methods： 32 cases of senile obesity or overweight with IGT were treated with Composite Atractylodes Decoction, with another 30 cases treated with dimethyldiguanide as the controls. Changes of body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist hip circumference ratio （WHR）, glucose tolerance, fast serum insulin and blood lipid before and after treatment were compared. Results： After treatment, the body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference and WHR, glucose tolerance, fast serum insulin and blood lipid in the Composite Atractylodes Decoction treatment group decreased significantly （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）, with no significant difference as compared with the control group （P〉0.05）. Conclusion： Composite Atractylodes Decoction can obviously decrease the body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, WHR, glucose tolerance, fast serum insulin and blood lipid in the senile patients with obesity or overweight with impaired glucose tolerance.     

Effect of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (黄连解毒汤) on glucose transporter 4 expression in adipose and skeletal muscle tissues of insulin resistant rats

Objective： To investigate the effects of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction （黄连解毒汤, HLJDD） on glucose transporter 4 （GLUT4） protein expressions in insulin-resistant murine target tissues. Methods： The experimental male Wistar rats were established into insulin resistant models by injecting streptozotocin （STZ 30 mg/kg） via caudal vein and feeding them with high fat high caloric diet, and randomly divided into the model group, the aspirin group and the HLJDD group. Besides, a normal group was set up for control. Changes of body weight （BW）, levels of serum fasting blood glucose （FBG）, serum fasting insulin （FINS） and oral glucose tolerance test （OGTT） were routinely determined. The expression of GLUT4 protein in adipose and skeletal muscle tissues before and after insulin stimulation was determined with Western blot. Results： In the HLJDD group after treatment, BW and FBG got decreased, OGTT improved, and the expression and translocation of GLUT4 protein elevated obviously, either before or after insulin stimulation, as compared with those in the model group, showing significant differences respectively. Conclusion： The mechanism of improving insulin resistance by HLJDD is probably associated with its effect in elevating GLUT4 protein expression and translocation in adipose and skeletal muscle tissues of insulin resistant rats.     

The influence of admission glucose on epicardial and microvascular flow after primary angioplasty

Background Patients with elevated admission glucose levels may be at increased risk of death after myocardial infarction, independent of other baseline risk factors and more severe coronary artery disease. However, data regarding admission glucose and epicardial and microvascular flow after primary angioplasty is limited. Methods Angioplasty was performed in 308 ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction patients. Patients were divided into 3 groups on the basis of admission glucose level： group 1, 〈7.8 mmol/L; group 2, （7.8 - 11.0） mmol/L; and group 3, ≥ 11.0 mmol/L. Results Compared with group 1, patients in group 2 and group 3 were more often female and older. Triglycerides （TG） in group 3 were significantly higher than group 1. At angiography, they more frequently had 2-vessel or 3-vessel disease. In the infarct-related artery, there was no relationship between hyperglycemia and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction （TIMI） 3 flow after percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） （89.7%, 86.0% and 86.3%, P=NS）. However, corrected TIMI frame count （CTFC） in group 2 and group 3 were more than group 1. TIMI myocardial perfusion grade （TMPG） 0-1 grade among patients with hyperglycemia after PCI were more frequent （30.9% and 29.0% vs 17.3%, P〈0.05）. There was less frequent complete ST-segment resolution （STR） and early T wave inversion among patients with hyperglycemia after PCI. Conclusion Elevated admission glucose levels in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients treated with primary PCI are independently associated with impaired microvascular flow. Abnormal microvascular flow may contribute at least in part to the poor outcomes observed in patients with elevated admission glucose.     

非诺贝特改善伴高甘油三酯糖代谢异常患者急性 胰岛素分泌反应

 【目的】 观察微粒化非诺贝特对伴高甘油三酯(TG)糖代谢异常患者急性胰岛素分泌反应和胰岛素抵抗的改善作用&;#65377; 【方法】 53例入选者为按2:1随机分为非诺贝特组[36例,其中空腹血糖调节受损(IFG) 3例,糖耐量减低(IGT) 19例,IFG合并IGT 6例,2型糖尿病T2DM 8例]和对照组(17例,其中IFG 1例,IGT 9例,IFG合并IGT 4例,T2DM 3例),为期3月&;#65377;治疗前后测血糖&;#65380;血脂&;#65380;游离脂肪酸(FFA),行静脉葡萄糖耐量试验(IVGTT)&;#65377;计算IVGTT中急性胰岛素分泌反应(AIR)和胰岛素分泌峰值(CINS,MAX)与空腹胰岛素(FINS)比值&;#65380;差值(CINS,MAX / FINS&;#65380; ΔCINS)&;#65377;计算HOMA IR&;#65377; 【结果】 非诺贝特组治疗后血TG&;#65380;低密度脂蛋白胆固醇&;#65380;FFA明显下降,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著升高,腰围明显减小;对照组上述指标无改变&;#65377;非诺贝特组ΔCINS&;#65380; CINS,MAX / FINS 治疗后均增加(分别是808 ± 473 pmol/L比660 ± 472 pmol/L和中位数8.4比5.3,P < 0.000 1);AIR显著改善(5 585 ± 3 441 比4 444 ± 3 642 pmol&;#8226;L-1&;#8226;min-1,P < 0.000 1);FINS&;#65380;HOMA IR显著下降(108 ± 65 pmol/L比166 ± 115 pmol/L,P = 0.002;3.8 ± 2.3 比6.0 ± 4.2,P = 0.001)&;#65377;对照组3月后复查CINS,MAX / FINS&;#65380;ΔCINS&;#65380;AIR降低(4.6比7.0,P = 0.01;641 ± 286 pmol/L比720 ± 321 pmol/L,P = 0.039;4 313 ± 1 943 pmol&;#8226;L-1&;#8226;min-1比5 362 ± 2 861 pmol&;#8226;L-1&;#8226;min-1,P = 0.024),HOMA IR增加(7.8 ± 4.2比5.6 ± 3.2,P < 0.000 1)&;#65377;AIR改善与TG&;#65380;FFA下降显著相关(r = 0.41,0.36,P = 0.002, 0.014)&;#65377;【结论】 非诺贝特短期调脂治疗可显著改善糖代谢异常的高TG血症患者血脂谱,降低FFA水平,减小腰围,改善急性胰岛素分泌反应,减轻胰岛素抵抗;非诺贝特对胰岛素分泌功能的改善作用和减轻脂毒性相关&;#65377;     

新诊断2型糖尿病患者两种短期胰岛素强化治疗的比较

目的比较两种短期胰岛素强化治疗对新诊断的2型糖尿病患者血糖控制和胰岛β细胞功能的影响。方法新诊断的空腹血糖（FPG）≥10．0mmol／L、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）≥8．0％的2型糖尿病患者68例，行持续皮下注射胰岛素（持续皮下组，36例）或每日多次皮下注射胰岛素（多次皮下组，32例）治疗，强化控制血糖达标后，比较两组胰岛素日用量，治疗前后体重指数、稳态模型计算的胰岛素分泌功能指数（HOMA-β）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）和胰岛素曲线下面积。结果两组血糖控制达标时间差异无统计学意义；治疗前后体重指数差异无统计学意义；最大胰岛素日用量持续皮下组（0．53±0．06）U·kg^-1·d^-1，多次皮下组（0．71±0．04）U·kg^-1·d^-1（t=11．100，P〈0．01）；两组治疗前后HOMA—β及胰岛素曲线下面积差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），组间比较差异无统计学意义；两组治疗前后及组间HOMA-IR比较差异均无统计学意义。两组均无严重低血糖发生，中等程度低血糖发生率持续皮下组为0．34％（13／3806人次），皮下多次组为1．09％（44／4045人次）。结论新诊断的2型糖尿病患者，皮下多次与持续注射胰岛素治疗可以短期内有效控制血糖，显著改善胰岛β细胞功能而不增加胰岛素抵抗。持续注射给药所用胰岛素量小、中等程度低血糖发生率低。     

两种胰岛素强化治疗方法对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的:观察胰岛素泵连续皮下输注(CSII)和多次皮下注射治疗(MSII)对伴明显高血糖的初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响。方法:新诊断的伴明显高血糖的2型糖尿病患者(空腹血糖>12 mmol/L和/或2 h血糖>14 mmol/L)30例,分别予以2周的CSII和MSII,检测治疗前后患者的空腹和餐后2 h血糖、胰岛素水平以及静脉葡萄糖耐量(IVGTT)试验的胰岛素分泌,得出IVGTT中血浆胰岛素的峰值(AIR)、β细胞功能(Homaβ)和胰岛素抵抗(Homa IR),评价胰岛β细胞功能的变化。结果:CSII组治疗前后AIR、Homaβ有显著性差异(P<0.01),Homa IR无显著性差异(P>0.05);MSII组治疗前后AIR、Homaβ和Homa IR均无显著性差异(P>0.05);两组治疗前空腹和餐后2 h血糖、胰岛素水平、AIR、Homaβ和Homa IR均无显著性差异(P>0.05);治疗后AIR和Homaβ有显著性差异(P<0.01),Homa IR无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:CSII强化治疗能显著改善伴明显高血糖的初诊2型糖尿病患者的胰岛β细胞功能。     

短期持续皮下胰岛素输注治疗对初诊2型糖尿病疗效的影响因素分析

目的探讨短期持续皮下胰岛素输注(CSII)治疗对初诊2型糖尿病血糖控制的影响因素。方法对138例空腹血糖>11.1mmol/L的初诊2型糖尿病患者进行2周CSII强化治疗,初始胰岛素全日量为0.5U/kg。以指尖空腹血糖(FBG)<6.1mmol/L和餐后2h血糖<8.0mmol/L为血糖控制目标,根据血糖调整胰岛素基础输注量及追加量,比较血糖控制达标组与未达标组患者临床特征、血糖水平和静脉葡萄糖耐量试验时胰岛素曲线下面积(AUC)和Homaβ等。结果经2周CSII治疗,126例(91.3%)患者用泵期间血糖控制达标,12例(8.7%)未达标。与达标组相比,未达标组治疗前FBG较高(16mmol/L±5mmol/L比13mmol/L±4mmol/L)、胰岛素β细胞分泌指数(Homaβ)值较低(17±10比36±25),ΔAUC(治疗后AUC-治疗前AUC)较低,治疗期胰岛素用量较大。结论更严重的高血糖和胰岛β细胞功能低下可能是初诊2型糖尿病患者短期CSII强化治疗血糖控制欠佳的主要原因。     

胰岛素泵持续输注诺和锐强化治疗2型糖尿病并继发性磺脲类药物失效的疗效研究

目的观察胰岛素泵持续皮下输注诺和锐强化治疗2型糖尿病并继发性磺脲类药物失效的疗效。方法选择100例2型糖尿病并继发性磺脲类药物失效患者,将其随机分为胰岛素泵持续皮下输注（CSII）诺和锐组（CSII组）和每日常规2次胰岛素皮下注射组（MSII组）,各50例。两组患者均给予糖尿病教育、饮食控制及适量运动。MSII组患者每天早晚餐前30min皮下注射诺和灵30R,共治疗4周;CSII组给予CSII治疗,输注的胰岛素为诺和锐。比较治疗前后两组患者的血糖（三餐前、三餐后2h、睡前、凌晨2：00血糖）、胰岛素用量、血糖达标时间、住院时间及低血糖发生率。结果治疗后CSII组患者三餐后2h血糖、胰岛素用量、血糖达标时间及住院时间分别为（7．8&#177;1．2）mmol／L、（0．58&#177;0．14）u&#183;kg^-1&#183;d^-1、（3．2&#177;1．9）d和（10．4&#177;2．6）d,MSII组分另4为（9．0&#177;1．4）mmol／L、（0．74&#177;0．17）u&#183;kg^-1&#183;d^-1、（7．7&#177;2．9）d和（12．9&#177;3．5）d,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。治疗中CSII组无低血糖发生,MSII组有4例发生低血糖。结论胰岛素泵持续输注诺和锐强化治疗2型糖尿病并继发性磺脲类药物失效的临床疗效显著优于MSII。     

新诊断2型糖尿病患者β细胞功能分析

目的了解新诊断2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能改变。方法检测352例新诊断2型糖尿病患者空腹血糖、胰岛素及胰岛素原,行静脉葡萄糖耐量试验,评价胰岛素曲线下面积(AUC)、胰岛素急性分泌时相(AIR)及稳态模型β细胞功能指数(Homa β)及胰岛素抵抗指数(HomaIR)。结果糖尿病患者 AUC 较正常者明显减低(834.2 pmol/L vs 7934.7 pmol/L,中位数,P<0.001);AIR 缺失(-33.7 pmol/L vs 6962.0 pmol/L,P<0.001)。分层分析显示当患者空腹血糖>7.0 mmol/L 时其 AIR 即明显减弱(317.3 pmol/L),大于9.0 mmol/L 时消失。糖尿病患者 Homa β约为正常者的30%(3.7±0.9 vs 5.9±0.9,P<0.001),空腹胰岛素原(PI)及其与胰岛素比值(PI/I)显著升高(22.6 pmol/L±14.7 pmol/L vs 11.5 pmol/L±7.1 pmol/L,P<0.001;30.1%±20.5%vs12.1%±9.6%,P<0.001)。结论新诊断2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能受损主要表现在 AIR 缺失和 AUC 显著下降,Homa β明显降低,以及胰岛素分泌质量下降。     

胰岛素强化治疗对新诊断2型DM胰岛素第一时相分泌的影响

目的通过观察新诊断2型糖尿病患者分别接受持续性皮下胰岛素输注（CSII）和多次皮下注射胰岛素（MSII）治疗前后,观察CSII和MSII对恢复胰岛素第一时相分泌有无差异。方法新诊断的2型糖尿病患者随机分别接受CSII和MSII治疗,治疗前后均测IvGTT各点胰岛素,并得出AIR。结果CSII组治疗前后AIR有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;MSII组治疗前后AIR无显著性差异（P〉0．05）;两组治疗后,AIR有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论新诊断的2型糖尿病患者短期应用CSII,可以恢复或部分恢复糖刺激的胰岛素第一时相分泌,而MSII无此作用。     

动态血糖监测联合胰岛素泵在60岁及以上糖尿病患者治疗中的应用

目的了解60岁及以上老年糖尿病患者联合应用动态血糖监测系统（CGMS）和胰岛素泵治疗的降糖疗效。方法将100例糖尿病患者分为CGMS组和对照组（各50例）,CGMS组佩戴3d CGMS同时使用胰岛素泵降糖治疗,根据CGMS监测结果调整胰岛素剂量;对照组行手指法测血糖（SMBG）,同时使用胰岛素泵降糖治疗,根据SMBG每日8次连续3d的监测结果调整胰岛素剂量。治疗2周后两组患者均用CGMS观察血糖控制情况。结果CGMS组患者24h平均血糖、平均血糖波动幅度（MAGE）均小于对照组[（6.6±2.3）mmol／L与（7.5±2.1）mmol／L,（3.9±0.9）mmol／L与（5.1±0.6）mmol／L,均P〈0.05];胰岛素用量低于对照组[（0.64±0.21）U／kg与（0.82±0.41）U／kg,P〈0.05];低血糖发生持续时间短于对照组[（20±3）min与（40±9）min,P〈0.05]。结论CGMS联合胰岛素泵治疗可以降低血糖,减少血糖波动,减少胰岛素用量,防止低血糖发生。     

DPP-4抑制剂对胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病患者血糖波动的影响

目的 探讨西格列汀对门冬胰岛素30控制不佳的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血糖波动性的影响.方法 选择广东医科大学附属中山医院2014年1月1日至2014年12月31日门冬胰岛素30控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者90例,随机分为三组:单纯持续皮下胰岛素注射治疗组(CSII组),阿卡波糖联合CSII组(CSII+ Aca组),西格列汀联合CSII组(CSII+ Sig组).每组各30例,强化治疗2周,最后3d行72 h动态血糖监测(CGMS),观察24 h内平均血糖(24 h MBG)、最大血糖波动幅度(LAGE)、1日内平均血糖波动幅度(MAGE)、餐后血糖尖峰值(PGS)、餐后血糖达峰时间(△t)、餐后血糖漂移幅度(PPGE),餐后血糖漂移时间(T总).治疗结束时比较胰岛素用量之差(△胰岛素)、低血糖发生率、血糖达标率、血糖谱.结果 治疗2周后,CSII+ Sig组和CSII+ Aca组的日内血糖波动指标(24 h MBG、LAGE及MAGE)及餐后血糖波动指标(PGS≧△t、PPGE、T总)均显著低于CSII组(P＜0.05);而CSII+ Sig组与CSII+ Aca组之间血糖波动指标的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).治疗后比较3组△胰岛素、低血糖发生率、血糖达标率,CSII+ Sig组均偏低(P＜0.05).结论 短期CSII治疗联合应用西格列汀,其降糖效果不低于联合应用阿卡波糖,能平稳降糖,减轻该类患者全天血糖波动,有效减少△胰岛素,低血糖发生率更低.     

不同糖耐量个体胰岛β细胞功能观察及评价

目的评价正常糖耐量（NGT）、糖调节受损（IGR）、新诊断2型糖尿病（T2DM）个体胰岛β细胞功能及其相关指标的适用性。方法178例入选者行口服和静脉葡萄糖耐量试验。检测胰岛素生成指数（ΔI30/ΔG30）、胰岛素急性分泌时相（AIR）、β细胞功能指数（HOMA β）、空腹胰岛素原（FPI）及胰岛素原／胰岛素（PI／I）比值反映胰岛素分泌功能。结果IGR组的ΔI30／ΔG30、AIR较NGT组分别下降了38％、39％,HOMA β轻度下降（19％）;T2DM组的胰岛β细胞功能降低更明显,其中AIR下降84％,ΔI30／ΔG30下降70％、HOMA β下降62％。T2DM组FPI和PI／I比值也比NGT组明显升高（24．4pmol／L±18．0pmol／L or 10．9pmol／L±6．7pmol／L;14．7％±10．5％or10．0％±6．5％,P〈0．05）。ΔI30／ΔG30和AIR相关性好（r=0．75,P〈0．001）。结论IGR患者主要表现胰岛素分泌时相缺陷和HOMA β降低,至糖尿病阶段则伴有胰岛素分泌质量下降。ΔI30／ΔG30和AIR均可准确反映IGR患者胰岛β细胞功能,而在新诊断2型糖尿病患者中AIR更适用,若应用ΔI30／ΔG30须校正胰岛素抵抗。