外泌体的功能研究与死亡原因推断

外泌体是细胞经过"内吞-融合-外排"等一系列调控过程而形成的细胞外纳米级小囊泡.近些年来研究发现,外泌体中含有大量物质,包括蛋白质,mRNA和microRNA,同时外泌体还可以在细胞间进行穿梭,可能成为细胞间分子信号传递的一种方式[1]。本文就不同类型的细胞分泌的外泌体的功能进行整理及评述。     

外泌体在心血管疾病中的研究进展

外泌体是细胞激活或损伤释放到细胞外液中的一种囊泡状物质,其内部装载了多种蛋白质、脂质和mRNA/microRNA,在机体细胞间的通讯过程中起着重要作用。前期关于外泌体的研究大多集中在肿瘤的发病机制、诊断和治疗领域,而近年来外泌体在心血管系统疾病中的作用也越来越受到关注。目前,外泌体在糖尿病心肌病、心肌梗死、动脉粥样硬化、心力衰竭等疾病中取得了较多进展,可能成为临床心血管疾病治疗的一个潜在的新方向。     

外泌体在肿瘤转移调控中的研究进展

恶性肿瘤是当今时代威胁人类健康的头号杀手。肿瘤转移是恶性肿瘤的主要特征,是癌症治疗失败和癌症患者死亡的首要原因,其分子机制复杂,涉及多步骤、多阶段、多基因的变化。外泌体是由活细胞分泌的纳米级囊泡小体,其内含有丰富的蛋白质、miRNA、lncRNA等成分,可在细胞间转运从而调节细胞的生物学功能。研究显示外泌体与肿瘤的转移密切相关,可通过促进肿瘤血管生成,影响肿瘤转移前微环境形成,调节机体免疫功能等方式调控肿瘤转移。本文将从外泌体主要成分入手对外泌体在肿瘤转移调控中的最新研究进展进行综述。     

外泌体源性microRNA在疾病诊疗中的研究进展

外泌体是一种纳米级别的生物膜结构,由机体的多种细胞分泌,广泛分布于唾液、血浆、乳汁等体液中。外泌体中有蛋白质、mRNA、microRNA、细胞因子、转录因子受体等多种生物活性物质。microRNA是短链非编码RNA,在转录后水平调节基因的表达,广泛参与个体发育、细胞增殖凋亡等生命活动。外泌体源性microRNA具有生物学特性和靶向特异性,不仅可作为肿瘤、神经退行性病变、重大精神疾病的分子诊断标志物,甚至有潜力成为上述疾病的新治疗靶点。     

外泌体在肿瘤诊疗中的研究进展

外泌体是一种由活细胞分泌的,直径为30～150 nm的具有双层膜结构的生物活性囊泡。其携带了分泌细胞包含的生物活性物质,如核酸、蛋白质和脂类等。外泌体不仅能介导细胞间的物质交换、信号转导和信息交流,而且在人体各种生理病理过程中发挥着重要作用。肿瘤来源的外泌体是调控肿瘤发生、发展、侵袭转移和免疫逃逸的重要机制。在提倡个体化诊疗的精准医疗时代,对肿瘤外泌体的研究和分析对于肿瘤的早期诊断、治疗及预后评价有着重要意义。该文就外泌体在肿瘤发生发展及个体化诊疗方面的应用进展进行综述。     

外泌体在中枢神经细胞间的信息交流作用及在神经退行性疾病中的功能

外泌体（exosomes）是由细胞分泌直径 40~100 nm的纳米级囊泡状结构,本质为一种脂质双分子囊泡,其主要组成部分及内容物为蛋白质、核酸、脂质等生物活性分子。不管在生理还是病理状态下,外泌体可由绝大多数细胞持续分泌,并且存在于几乎所有体液中,是信息交流和物质交换的重要方式。文章阐明了外泌体的一般特性,详细介绍了外泌体在细胞中的信息交流方式以及在中枢神经细胞间的信息交流作用,探讨了外泌体作为分子标记的作用,特别是在神经退行性疾病中的作用,说明了外泌体在中枢神经系统疾病药物治疗和基因治疗中的应用。     

外泌体在乳腺癌中的研究进展

外泌体是一类由自体细胞分泌的纳米级囊泡样小体,参与细胞及内环境之间的物质运输和信号传递。外泌体可以通过在肿瘤细胞和细胞外基质间运输细胞内的核酸、蛋白和脂类等物质,影响肿瘤的发生和发展,甚至可以影响肿瘤的治疗。不同类型的肿瘤细胞分泌的外泌体,在肿瘤的发生过程中发挥着不同的作用。近来,与乳腺癌相关的外泌体逐渐成为一项新的研究热点,并发现乳腺癌细胞可以刺激分泌某些特定类型的外泌体,并有望成为早期乳腺癌筛查的新型生物学标志。外泌体传递的核酸、蛋白质等物质在乳腺癌的发生、转移和治疗耐药中起到了重要作用。同时外泌体也可以将抗肿瘤药物转运出乳腺癌细胞导致耐药。但外泌体作为肿瘤药物载体时,表现出极低的免疫原性和生物毒性,将为今后的肿瘤靶向治疗提供可行的技术基础。     

细胞外囊泡成像方法最新研究进展

目的 细胞外囊泡包括外泌体和微囊泡,是由细胞分泌的具有磷脂双分子层结构的纳米小泡。细胞外囊泡作为蛋白质、mRNA、miRNA、脂质等信息物质在细胞间转运的载体,是细胞与细胞间通讯的重要媒介。目前各种可视化成像方法已经用于研究细胞外囊泡特性及其在生理病理进程中的作用,然而,受限于细胞外囊泡纳米级的大小和高度异质性的特点,人们对其生物学特征和功能认知仍然十分有限。本文从细胞外囊泡起源、分离、动态观测等不同阶段出发,着重论述了细胞外囊泡成像方法,讨论不同策略的优势与不足。我们提出了单细胞、单囊泡水平的研究是今后细胞外囊泡研究的前沿方向。     

外泌体介导的microRNA在结直肠癌中的研究进展

外泌体(Exosome)是一种由多种细胞主动分泌的大小均一的囊性小泡,能将内含的特异生物活性分子如脂质、蛋白质、mRNA和microRNA等运送至相应的靶细胞,进而介导细胞间物质转导和信息交流。microRNAs(miRNAs)是一种不编码蛋白质的短小RNA单链分子,往往在转录后水平发挥调节作用,参与细胞生长、发育、增殖、分化和凋亡,其中若干miRNAs间接或直接参与结直肠癌发生发展过程,可用于临床诊断和治疗等方面。本文就外泌体的生物特性、外泌体源性miRNA分子结构以及与结直肠癌的关系等方面逐一进行综述。     

肾细胞外泌体的研究进展

外泌体(Exosomes)是一种细胞分泌的,携带大量活性物质,传递细胞间通信的纳米囊泡.肾细胞外泌体参与肾脏再生、修复及肾小管细胞间交流,调控骨细胞生长,在肾病的进展、控制及肾肿瘤中扮演重要角色,有作为肾脏疾病靶向治疗剂的潜力.尿液外泌体含有慢性肾病、糖尿病肾病、肾纤维化及肾肿瘤等潜在的标志物.肾脏作为机体重要器官,其外泌体(包括尿外泌体)的研究方兴未艾,现对其研究进展做一总结.     

Acupuncture Treatment of Vomiting

CASE HISTORY A female patient, 46 years old, head of the foreign affairs department of a certain university in Beijing, paid her first visit on October 9, 2006, with the chief complaint of vomiting for one month. She got vomiting after meals in early September. Before that, she had discomfortable sensation in the stomach due to angry with others, but she didn't pay much attention. Later, it developed into vomiting after eating. After the vomiting, the discomfort would be relieved, but with slight hypodynamia. She was once diagnosed as having 'neurogenic vomiting'. Having taken some western and Chinese drugs, the above symptoms were a little bit improved, but she would have nausea upon eating and with regurgitation. Because of the fear for vomiting, she did not dare to have food intake, with body weight reduction of 6 kilos in one month.     

Qiu Baoguo''''s Experience in Treating Consumptive Syndromes after Radio-Chemotherapies

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the important modern medical therapies for malignant tumors,yet they can also bring about serious local and systemic toxic side reactions so to decrease the patient;'s life quality,manifested by a series of consumptive symptoms.Having engaged in the combined work of Chinese and western medicine for nearly 50 years,the research fellow Qiu Baoguo in Henan Provincial Academy of TCM has developed his unique views on the TCM study of consumptive syndromes.The author of this essay had once the fortune tO follow Dr.Qiu in clinic,and specially would like to introduce in the following Dr.Qiu's experience in treating consumptive syndromes after radio-chemotherapies for patients with malignant tumor.     

Insomnia Due to Deficiency of Both the Heart and Spleen Treated by Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Chinese Tuina

OBJECTIVE: To observe therapeutic effects of the comprehensive therapy of acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina for treatment of insomnia due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen. METHODS: 92 cases were divided randomly into the treatment group (treated by acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina) and the control group (treated by acupuncture-moxibustion). RESULTS: The therapeutic effect of the treatment group was obviously superior to that of the control group (the CHI2 test showed P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive therapy of acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina can give marked therapeutic effects for treatment of insomnia due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen.     

Analysis of CK-19,PDX-1,Nestin,Ngn3 in different donor islet purity in rats

Objective: To investigate if there are the CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin, Ngn3 positive cells in the donor islets of different purity in rats. Methods: Thirty male adult SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. Islets were isolated using digestion by ductal injection of collagenase. Group Ⅰ (n=10): Separating cell preparations were not purified, Group Ⅱ(n=10): Islet sediment was purified with 25% Ficoll400 ,Group Ⅲ (n=10): Islet sediment was purified with 25% and 11% Ficoll-400. The levels of protein of CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin and Ngn3 were detected by immunohistochemistry and the mRNA of CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin, Ngn3 was amplified by RT-PCR. Results: After two different purification methods applied, three islet preparations of different purities were obtained. The difference of islet purity was significant among various groups (P＜0.05). Compared with group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ,the protein and mRNA of CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin,Ngn3 were both higher in group Ⅰ; group Ⅲ was poorly expressed. Conclusions: The three different islet purity donor islet have different CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin, Ngn3 positive cells within them, indicating that there are some islet stem cells in the purified donor islet.     

A preliminary screening study on the associated proteins in human psoriasis vulgaris by serum proteomics technologies

Objective：To investigate the optimum screening conditions of associated proteins in human psoriasis vulgaris by serum proteomics technique, and to screen the different expression proteins related with psoriasis vulgaris. Methods：Serum samples of peripheral blood were collected from newly diagnosed psoriasis vulgaris patients in the clinic, and 20 matched healthy persons. Serum albumin IgG was removed by filtering with ProteoExtract Albumin/IgG. After comparative proteomics analysis the different protein spots were identified using 2-DE and MS. Results ：Electrophoresis figures with high resolution and reproducibility were obtained. Three different expression proteins were found only in the serum from psoriasis vulgaris patients, while nine other different proteins expressing from healthy volunteers. Conclusion：The protein expression was different in the serum between the psoriasis vulgaris patients and healthy volunteers. It was hoped that we could find the biomarkers related to psoriasis vulgaris by using proteomics.     

A CASE OF HUGE GASTRIC DISOPYROBEZOAR

PYTOBEZOARS are common bezoars in gastrontestinal tract, commonly seen in stomach and mall intestine,1but huge disopyrobezoars are     

Acupuncture Treatment of Chest Bi Syndrome

CASE HISTORY A male,a retired officer of 61 years old,paid his first visit on May 12,2006.The patient stated that 2 weeks before he suddenly got paroxysmal precordial choking pain,with irregular attacks.Each attack would last several seconds to several minutes.The attack was accompanied with heavy oppressed sensation in the precordial region,palpitation,lassitude,and in severe cases,sweating,which was once diagnosed by a hospital as'coronary heart disease'.Recalling the case history,the patient said that several days before he got angry with others because of some affairs in work,and he was not so used to the life pattern since he had just retired from his busy working post.At usual times,he was quick tempered and peevish.In recent days,he had poor appetite,and loose stool.     

Instructions to Contributors

The English edition of Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine is edited and published by the Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Press.Original scientific papers of advanced clinical and experimental medicine in the field of complementary/alternative medicine or integrative medicine are expected.     

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<正>As culture is the soul of a nation,the three books,"History of Chinese Philosophy,""History of Chinese Culture"and"History of Chinese Science and Technology"have demonstrated the superiority of our great Chinese culture,and its significant impact in the field of international culture.Both core value and practical value of the Chinese culture are very clear,reflected in the views of universe,nature,life,health,disease,and therapy and related considerations,concepts,and technical methods.