替莫唑胺壳聚糖微球的构建及对 C6细胞抑制作用的评价

目的：考察替莫唑胺壳聚糖微球的制备工艺,并对C6脑胶质瘤细胞的抑制作用进行了研究。方法：采用紫外分光光度法测定微球中替莫唑胺的含量,以壳聚糖为载体,采用乳化-化学交联法制备替莫唑胺壳聚糖微球;以替莫唑胺包封率为评价指标进行微球制备工艺的筛选;显微镜观察微球形态学特征;SRB法考察替莫唑胺壳聚糖微球体外抗肿瘤作用。结果：所制得微球形态圆整,粒径分布均匀,平均粒径为（217±1．19） nm,包封率为27．6±0．37％,对C6胶质瘤细胞具有显著的抑制作用。结论：本法制备替莫唑胺壳聚糖微球的工艺稳定,且对C6胶质瘤细胞具有显著的抑制作用。     

氨茶碱／壳聚糖／β-环糊精肺吸入微球的工艺研究

目的：研究喷雾干燥法制备氨茶碱/壳聚糖/β-环糊精微球的制备工艺。方法采用正交设计优化喷雾干燥法制备氨茶碱/壳聚糖/β-环糊精微球的制备条件,考察氨茶碱在β-环糊精溶液中的溶解度以及氨茶碱/壳聚糖/β-环糊精微球的载药量、包封率、产率、含水率和外观形态等特性。结果氨茶碱的溶解度随温度和β-环糊精溶液浓度的增加而增加;根据载药量氨茶碱/壳聚糖/β-环糊精微球喷雾干燥的最佳工艺条件为A1 B3 C1 D3,即进口温度为150℃,进料速度为8ml/min,空气流量为400L/h,壳聚糖分子量为130万;氨茶碱/壳聚糖/β-环糊精微球的载药量、包封率、产率和含水率分别为19．3％±0．5％,77．4％±0．6％,39．5％±1．0％,9．7％±0．7％;扫描电镜显示微球外观圆整,表面光滑或有少许皱褶;喷嘴直径为0．7mm时制得的微球粒径更小且较均一。结论采用正交设计优选了最佳制备工艺,其制得的氨茶碱/壳聚糖/β-环糊精微球具有较高的载药量、包封率、产率和较低的含水率,微球圆整,带少许皱褶,有望成为肺部吸入的理想药物载体。     

葛根素壳聚糖微球的制备及体外释药特性

目的：以脱乙酰壳聚糖为药物载体,制备了葛根素壳聚糖微球,考察葛根素壳聚糖微球在体外药物释放特性。方法以液体石蜡为油相,采用乳化-交联法制备葛根素壳聚糖微球,高效液相色谱法测定葛根素的含量。结果制备的葛根素壳聚糖微球形态圆整,大小均匀,表面光滑,平均粒径为9．56μm ,葛根素包封率为72．20％,平均载药量为17．82％。结论体外药物释放结果显示：以壳聚糖为载体,采用乳化-交联法制备的葛根素壳聚糖微球具有良好的缓释效果。     

牛血清白蛋白壳聚糖微球的研制

目的：探讨壳聚糖微球用于运载生物大分子药物的新方法。方法：采用Ｂｅｒｔｈｏｌｄ方法制备了壳聚糖微球,并用此微球包封牛清白蛋白（ＢＳＡ）,对ＢＳＡ壳聚糖微球的大小、形态、含量和体外释药进行了一系列研究。结果：微球粒径主要分布在３．２～７．５μｍ范围内,药物含量为１１．５７％,在磷酸盐缓冲溶液中具有显著的缓释作用。结论：本实验制备的壳聚糖微球可用于运载生物大分子活性物质。     

壳聚糖微球释药机制的研究

为了探讨壳聚糖缓释微球的释药机制，制备了碳铂壳聚糖缓释微球，并对制备的微球进行了释药机制的研究。结果：制备10％碳铂壳聚缓释微球的释药80％的时间为14d，形态学的观察显示初期壳聚糖缓微球球面光整，表面无结晶，在释药14d后98％的球形仍保持完整，证明壳聚糖缓释微球的刚性良好，扫描电子显微镜检查发现，微球的外壳首先脱落出现“脱皮现象”，然后药物晶体过溶渗作用在微球表面形成众多微孔，将包封在微球内部的药物逐渐释放。结论：壳聚糖缓释微球的控释能力极强，其包封的碳铂药物晶体是通过溶渗作用逐渐释放出微球的，在90％的药物释出后，微球仍保持完整，显示了微球具有更大的包封药物的能力。     

喷雾干燥法制备天麻素壳聚糖微球

目的 以壳聚糖为载体材料,制备鼻用天麻素壳聚糖微球,并考察微球的特性.方法 采用喷雾干燥法制备天麻素壳聚糖微球;在单因素考察基础上,以进风温度、蠕动泵速度、壳聚糖质量分数和天麻素∶壳聚糖的质量比为影响因素,以微球的收率和包封率为评价指标,采用L9(34)正交设计优化制备工艺,并对微球的包封率、载药量、收率、粒径及释放行为进行考察.结果 优化后的制备工艺和处方为:压缩空气流量(Q-flow)为40 m3/h,吸气机参数(Aspiration)为100％,壳聚糖质量分数为1％,蠕动泵速度(pump)为15％,天麻素∶壳聚糖的质量比为1∶3,进风温度为ll0℃.用优化工艺制得的天麻素微球光滑圆整,载药量为(23.10±0.38)％,包封率为(92.41±0.96)％,收率为(71.32±0.93)％,微球平均粒径为(5.38±1.09) μm;体外释放具有缓释特性.结论 喷雾干燥法制备天麻素壳聚糖微球简单快速,所得微球包封率高,粒径均匀,符合鼻腔给药的要求.     

5-氟尿嘧啶壳聚糖微球的制备

本文报道了采用两种不同的方法制备５－Ｆｕ壳聚糖微球,微球Ａ采用乳化交联法制备,微球Ｂ是首先制备成白蛋白微球,然后在其表面固定壳聚糖。研究了微球的一些基本特征,包括微球大小、形态与表面状态,结果表明微球Ａ及微球Ｂ粒径主要分布于３．５～６．５μｍ和０．６～２．８μｍ范围内,药物含量分别为１０．８６％和８．５２％,体外释放实验表明,在ｐＨ７．１磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,微球Ｂ具有显著的缓释作用,其释放特征符合Ｈ     

尼莫地平壳聚糖微球的制备及其体外释药特性的研究

目的 以壳聚糖为载体材料制备尼莫地平微球,并考察其体外释药特性。方法 以壳聚糖为载体,液体石蜡为油相,戊二醛为交联剂,span80为乳化剂,采用正交设计优化壳聚糖微球的制备工艺,用乳化交联法制备尼莫地平壳聚糖微球。模拟人体肠液的环境进行体外释药研究。结果 通过单因素考察和正交实验,筛选出尼莫地平壳聚糖微球的优化制备工艺和处方,所得微球形态圆整,大小均匀,表面光滑,平均粒径为9.56 μm,载药量为17.82%,包封率为52%。体外释药结果表明,一级动力学方程能较好的对其进行拟合。结论 尼莫地平壳聚糖微球的制备工艺稳定可行,所得壳聚糖微球有良好的缓释效果。     

肺靶向红霉素乳酸微球的研究

目的：用生物可降解材料聚乳酸（PDLLA）制备肺靶向红霉素缓释微球（ERY－PDLLA－MS）。方法：用正交设计优化微球制备工艺，用扫描电子显微镜观察微球表面形态，差示扫描热分析确证含药微球的形成。并对所制备的红霉素微球的粒径及其分布、载药量、包封率、工艺重现性、体外释药、稳定性及在体内各组织的分布进行了研究。结果：微球形态圆整，且药物确已被包裹在微球中，而非机械混合。微球的平均粒径为11．18μm，粒径在5－20μm占总数的94％以上，载药量为24．16％，包封率为63．54％，最佳工艺条件重现性良好，微球在4℃及25℃放置三个月各方面性质稳定，体外释药符合Higuchi方程Q=28.067 3.8515t^1/2(r=0.9834)，动物体内实验表明，红霉素微球混悬剂较普通注射 剂更聚集在肺组织。结论：微球制备工艺稳定，具有明显的缓释作用和肺靶向性。     

氨茶碱／壳聚糖／β-环糊精肺吸入缓释微球的特性研究

目的：制备氨茶碱/壳聚糖/β-环糊精肺吸入缓释微球,考察其特性。方法采用喷雾干燥法制备3种不同药物/载体比例的茶碱/壳聚糖/β-环糊精微球A,B,C,通过扫描电镜、激光粒度测定仪、红外光谱仪表征其理化性质,透析法研究其体外释放行为。结果最佳药物/载体比例（ TH∶CTS∶β-CD）为1∶3∶1;扫描电镜结果显示微球外观圆整,表面光滑或有皱折;微球A,B,C 50％的容积粒径为（4．97±0．03）μm,（4．90±0．45）μm,（6．43±0．08）μm,分布范围窄;载药量为35．70％±0．09％,21．09％±0．62％,13．33％±0．33％;包封率为88．79％±0．23％,91．40％±2．71％,85．16％±2．15％;产率为52．98％±1．05％,46．08％±0．13％,45．81％±0．04％;红外光谱结果显示茶碱与壳聚糖和β-环糊精高分子间发生氢键反应;体外释放结果证实茶碱/壳聚糖/β-环糊精微球具有缓释作用,并且与药物/载体比例及药物性质有关。结论喷雾干燥法能成功制备氨茶碱/壳聚糖/β-环糊精缓释微球,符合肺吸入粉雾剂的各项要求,该微球有望成为肺部给药的良好载体。     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

Dr.Zhang Ren''''s Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.     

Luo Lingjie''''s Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.     

猪肺磷脂注射液联合经鼻持续气道正压通气对呼吸衰竭早产儿的临床疗效及肌酸激酶同工酶活性的影响

目的 探讨猪肺磷脂注射液联合经鼻持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)对呼吸衰竭早产儿的临床疗效及肌酸激酶同工酶活性(CK-MB)的影响.方法 选取呼吸衰竭早产儿80例,分为观察组和对照组各40例.对照组采用NCPAP给氧治疗,观察组给予NCPAP给氧联合猪肺磷脂气管内给药.观察两组患儿治疗前及治疗12h、24 h后PaO2、PaCO2、血氧饱和度(SaO2)、pH的变化情况,检测治疗前及治疗5d后血清CK-MB水平;评估两组患儿的临床治疗效果.结果 两组患儿PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、pH比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中观察组治疗后的PaO2、SaO2、pH均高于对照组,PaCO2则低于对照组.两组的PaO2、SaO2、pH均随观察时间延长而升高(P＜0.05),PaCO2均随观察时间的延长而降低(P＜0.05).观察组治疗有效率为87.5％,显著高于对照组的70.0％ (P ＜0.05).治疗5d后两组患儿血清CK-MB水平均较前降低(P＜0.05),且观察组明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 猪肺磷脂注射液气管内给药联合NCPAP可以显著降低呼吸衰竭早产儿CK-MB的含量,提高治疗有效率,起到很好的呼吸循环支持作用.     

Survey and practice of reporting quality of randomized controlled clinical trials on traditional Chinese medicine

Evidence obtained from randomized controlled trials （RCTs） has been generally accepted as the gold standard in the evaluation of clinical effectiveness. Readers need to understand the trial design, implementation, results, analysis and interpretation, so as to fully Jnderstand the results of RCTs. Thus, the investigators of RCTs have to report these items in a complete, accurate and clear manner. Since 1998, we have conducted several evaluations on the reporting quality of RCTs published in Chinese journals on traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and results have shown that there is an urgent need for higher quality RCTs on TCM.     

TCM Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis by Tonifying the Kidney and Strengthening the Governor Vessel

Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic and progressive disorder with inflammation mainly involving the central axis joints. It mainly affects the cervical spine and the lumbosacral area, with the pathogenesis closely related to the kidney and the Governor Vessel (GV). TCM holds that the syndrome is deficiency in origin and excess in superficiality, which is due to insufficiency of the kidney, deficiency of GV, and blocking of the channels with the invasion of exogenous evil, leading to poor circulation of qi and blood and malnutrition of the bones, muscles and joints. The TCM method of tonifying the kidney and strengthening GV to regulate circulation of qi and blood and check the arthralgia pain should be adopted, with the Kidney-Tonifying and GV Strengthening Decoction (益肾强督汤) prescribed.     

IMPROVING P-gp EXPRESSION IN HUMAN MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN VITRO TRANSFECTED BY MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE-1 mRNA

CHEMOTHERAPY playsa greatrolein the treat- ment of malignanttumors,especiallyingynecolo- gicalones.But inanticancerchemotherapy,leuko-cytopeniaisfrequentlytheprimarydose-limitingsideeffect factor.Moreover,cancersarefrequentlychemoresistantbe-causeof overexpressionof P-glycoprotein(P-gp), which isencodedby multidrugresistancegene (MDR1 ) and detectableinup to50% ofhuman cancersand renderscellsresistancetoanticancerdrugs.The safetyand potentialtherapeuticbenefitof mdr1 gene transferredto h…