Congenital choledochal cysts in adults: twenty-five-year experience

Background Choledochal cyst is rare in western countries. The relatively high incidence of coexistent hepatobiliary disease increases the difficulty of the surgical management of choledochal cyst. Here we analyze the diagnosis and treatment of congenital bile duct cyst in 122 Chinese adults. Methods The clinical data of 122 patients with congenital choledochal cysts admitted from 1981 to 2006 were analyzed. Results Clinical symptoms in most cases were nonspecific, resulting in delayed diagnosis. Sixty-one patients (50%) had coexistent pancreatobiliary disease. Among the 122 patients, 119 patients underwent ultrasonic examination; ERCP/MRCP was performed in 63 cases and CT in 102 cases. Abnormal pancreatobiliary duct junction was found in 48 patients. Sixteen patients had malignant lesions in the bile duct, arising in 11 of them from incomplete choledochal cyst that underwent various operations including cystenterostomy or cystojejunostomy. There was significant difference between the patients who underwent incomplete cyst resection and complete cyst resection in malignancy rate of bile duct (Chi square test, P= 0.000; odds ratio, 7.800; 95 % confidence interval, 2.450 to 24.836). Conclusions ERCP, CT and MRCP had proved their great values in the classification of the disease. Cyst excision with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy is recommended as the treatment of choice for patients with type I or type IV cysts. For type V cyst (Caroli’s disease) with recurrent cholangitis, liver transplantation should be considered.     

Clinical diagnosis and surgical treatment of pancreatic and／or duodenal injuries

Objective: To investigate the points of the clinical diagnosis and surgical treatment for pancreatic and/or duodenal injuries. Methods: Clinical data of 30 patients who suffered from pancreatic and/or duodenal injuries were reviewed. Results: There were 29 cases who received surgical management. Of the 30 cases, 22 cases were cured, seven cases died, and postoperative complications occurred in 16 cases. The cure rate was 73.3%. Conclusion: Pancreatic and/or duodenal injuries are severe abdominal injuries and difficult to treat. The mortality and complication rate are high. The keys to successful treatments for pancreatic and/or duodenal injuries are early diagnosis, careful exploration and proper operational management.     

Diagnosis and treatment of trauma of hepatic portal bile duct

Objective To investigate the diagnosis and treatment of trauma of hepatic portal bile duct. Methods Eight cases of trauma of the hepatic portal bile duct were reviewed. All short-term splits were treated with repair plus drainage with supporting tube. In 7 cases, there were combined injuries of 2 or more than 2 organs. The combined injuries were respectively treated. Long-term complication of bile duct stenosis was managed with internal drainage. Results Five cases were found during operation. Of these 5 patients, 3 were with the traumatic split less than 50% diameter and 2 with that more than 50% diameter. After repair,1 of the former 3 died and 2 remained in good condition. However, 1 of the latter 2 died and 1 was reoperated on due to bile duct stricture after the repair. Other 3 cases were found due to postoperative bile leakage. They were treated with internal drainage and good results achieved. Conclusion It is difficult to make a definite diagnosis of traumatic injury of hepatic protal bile duct     

Surgical Treatment of Iatrogenic Bile Duct Lesions

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects being affected by the classification of iatrogenic bile duct injury and strictures, the timing of reconstruction, risk factors and biliary reconstruction technique on the prognosis of patients with biliary reconstruction. Methods This retrospective study was undertaken on 94 patients who underwent biliary reconstruction. According to the timing of the final reconstruction they were divided into 3 groups： diagnosed intraoperatively; discovered early after procedure; biliary tract strictured after the previous draining or repairs. Outcomes were graded as excellent, good, and poor. Results There was no peri-operative death. 22 of the 31 cases for iatrogenic biliary injury were discovered during the operation because inadequate visualization of the cystic duct-common hepatic and bile duct junction. During the foUow-up （3-15years） 75 of the 94 patients （79.8%） had excellent results. 13 （13.8%） had good results. Both of excellent and good results were 93.6%. Six （6.4%） had poor results. Four patients among the poor group were died. Conclusion The most important to reduce the incidence of iatrogenic bile duct injury is to recognize adequately the cystic duct, common hepatic and bile duct junction, to be familiar with their anatomical changing and congenital anomalies. The classification of iatrogenic bile duct injury and strictures, the timing and technique of biliary reconstruction influence the therapeutic effects.     

Findings of cholangiopancreatography in pseudotumorous pancreatitis.

The cholangiopancreatographic findings in 22 patients with pseudotumorous panereatitis (PTP) were evaluated on the basis of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). All patients were found with a focal mass in the pancreas based on the findings of ultrasound and / or CT. However, only one patient had been diagnosed correctly as suffering from chronic pancreatitis by ERCP. Normal pancreatic duct was found in 4 patients. There were five patients having abnormal pancreatic ducts, but findings of ERCP could not provide definite diagnosis. In the remaining 12 patients the abnormalities of pancreatic and / or bile ducts were strikingly similar to those found in pancreatic carcinoma. Double duct sign was also seen in one patient. All these 12 patients were incorrectly diagnosed as having pancreatic carcinoma. It is concluded that ERCP / PTC has little value in detecting PTP.     

Clinical significance of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography utilizing half-Fourier acquisition single-shot fast spin-echo in diagnosing bile duct diseases

Objective: To investigate the clinical significance of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography(MRCP) utilizing half-Fourier acquisition single-shot fast spin-echo (HASTE) in the diagnosis of bile duct diseases.Methods: Forty-three patients with obstructive jaundice and 4 without were enrolled in this study. The underlying dis-eases included bile duct calculi(13 cases), chronic cholangitis (14 cases) malignant tumors (18 cases) and congeni-tal biliary cysts (2 cases). All patients underwent examinations with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MRCP,and 39 were also examined with B-type ultrasonography, 33 with CT and 25 with ERCP and PTC. Three-dimensionalimage reconstruction was performed using volume-rendered technique (VRE) on the basis of the data obtained byMRCP. Results: The biliary calculi were displayed as circular filling defects in MRCP images, with the proximal endof dilated bile duct taking the form of the mouth of a cup. The bile duct of patients with chronic cholangitis showed dis-tal     

Clinical efficacy and safety of selective trans-cystic intraoperative cholangiography in primary suture following three-port laparoscopic common bile duct exploration

Background  Intra-operative cholangiography has been shown to be a sensitive and specific method of demonstrating bile duct stones. This study investigated the feasibility, safety, and clinical value of selective trans-cystic intra-operative cholangiography in primary suture following three-port laparoscopic common bile duct exploration, and identified the factors that positively predict the presence of common bile duct stones.

Methods  From January 2008 to January 2011, 252 of 1013 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy received selective trans-cystic intra-operative cholangiography and primary suture following three-port laparoscopic common bile duct exploration. Their clinical data were analyzed retrospectively.

Results  All operations were successful and none was converted to open surgery. The intra-operative cholangiography time was (8.3±2.5) minutes, and the operative duration was (105.4±23.1) minutes. According to selective intra-operative cholangiography, the positive predictive values of current jaundice, small gallstones (<0.5 cm) and dilated cystic duct (>0.3 cm), dilated common bile duct (>0.8 cm), history of jaundice or gallstone pancreatitis, abnormal liver function test, and preoperative demonstration of suspected common bile duct stones on imaging were 87%, 25%, 42%, 15%, 32%, and 75% for common bile duct stones, respectively. Patients with several factors suggestive of common bile duct stones yielded higher numbers of positive cholangiograms. Unexpected stones were found in 13 patients (5.2%) by intra-operative cholangiography. The post-operative hospital stay was (4.7±2.2) days. Post-operative bile leakage occurred in two cases, and these patients recovered by simple drainage for 3–7 days without re-operation. Of the 761 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy alone, 5 (0.7%) presented with a retained common bile duct stone requiring intervention. The median follow-up was 12 months, and only one patient who once suffered from bile leakage presented with obstructive jaundice due to bile duct stenosis 6 months postoperatively. The other patients recovered without any serious complications.

Conclusions  Selective intra-operative cholangiography yields acceptably high positive results. It is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive approach in patients with suspected choledocholithiasis and primary suture following three-port laparoscopic common bile duct exploration.

     

Multiple biliary adenomas in extrahepatic bile duct： a case report and literature review

Biliary adenoma is uncommon benign neoplasm of the biliary system, of unknown aetiology and account for approximately 0.1%-2% of all gastrointestinal benign tumors. Most of patients are asymptomatic; a few patients have mild jaundice or abdominal discomfort. To our knowledge, there were only a few cases ofbiliary papillomatosis reported in the previous literatures, which only showed, solitary tumor in bile duct. We presented a rare case with multiple biliary adenomas in extrahepatic bile duct confirmed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （ERCP） and histopathology. After 3 months follow-up, the patient remained asymptomatic     

Surgical Complications from Biliary Tract Surgery

Objective Cholecystectomy is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in general surgery. However, bile duct injury is a rare but one of the most common complications. The injuries are usually encountered when comparatively inexperienced surgeons are operating who are not familiar with the anatomy. These injuries some times present variably after the primary surgery. The timely detection and appropriate management affects the morbidity and mortality of the operation. Methods This is a study of 5 cases of iatrogenic bile duct injury managed at the Department of Surgery First Hospital, Xi＇an Jiaotong University. This study includes all the cases that underwent both the open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy and persistent injury to the biliary tract and were treated accordingly. Results Five cases were found to have various types of bile duct injuries. Four of them are female and one was male, and their average age was 52 years （youngest 22 and oldest was 64）. In two cases the injury occurred during LC and converted to OC surgery, while remaining three cases underwent open cholecystectomy. All the patients were operated and appropriate procedures were performed. Conclusion In case of IBDI it is necessary to perform the operation under the supervision of experienced surgeon who is specialized in the repair of bile duct injuries, and it is also necessary to detect     

Treatment for 63 cases of the elderly with choledocholith by duodenoscope

Objective To explore the effect of duodenoscope in the treatment for the elderly cases.Method Retrospective analysis of the treatment by duodenoscope for 63 elderly patients (all aged over 80 years old) with high risk choledocholith from Jan 2006 to Dec 2010.Results All of the 63 cases obtained a success in the endoscopic operation.The operative time was within 15~60 min.Endoscopic stone extraction was performed on 21 cases,bile duct plastic stent in 35,of them 2 cases had the second operation because their stones were too big.In 2 cases of 9 who suffered from acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis (AOSC),plastic stents were placed.In the rest 7 cases,nasobiliary drainages (NBD) were inserted,on 4 of the 7 cases,stone extraction were performed 5-7 days later,in 3 of the 7 cases,stents were inserted for the second time,of the 3 cases,2 were found blood oozing on the surface of wound after EST (endoscopic sphicterectomy),the bleeding was stopped by local spray of noradrenaline,no hematorrhea or perforation occurred.Postoperative choledochitis was found in 1 case,to whom anti inflammatory therapy was applied.Pancreatitis was found in 3 cases,blood amylase increasing in 12,who were cured with fast,pancreatic secretion inhibition and anti inflammatory drugs.One patient died of acute left heart failure (ALHF),no death from the bile duct diseases or concerned were found.Conclusion Although many basal diseases of the elderly increase the risks in the endoscopic treatment,it proves to be practical for it has less complications,high security and definite curative results.     

内镜下乳头括约肌切开术治疗胆胰疾病59例报告

目的：探讨内镜下治疗胆胰疾病的价值。方法：经临床确诊或逆行胰胆管造影诊断明确的胆管结石、急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎、恶性胆道梗阻、Oddi括约肌功能障碍、重症胰腺炎、慢性胰腺炎等患59例，进行乳头括约肌切开、网篮取石、鼻胆管引流、胆道塑料内支架引流等治疗。结果：成功59例(100％)，痊愈50例(84．7％)，好转8例(13．6％)，无严重并发症和死亡。结论：内镜治疗胆胰疾病效果好、并发症少、痛苦小、费用低，值得推广应用。     

超声内镜对胰胆疾病的诊断价值

目的：探讨超声内镜（ＥＵＳ）对胰胆疾病的诊断价值。方法；对３０例慢性胰腺炎，５０例胰腺癌，１４例十二指肠壶腹癌，９例胆总管癌，３０例胆管结石，８例先天性胆总管囊肿及２例胆总管蛔虫进行ＥＵＳ检查，并与腹部超声（ＵＳ）、ＣＴ及ＥＲＣＰ检查结果进行比较。     

Application of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreaticobiliary disease

Pancreaticobiliarydiseaseiscommonineasterncountries.Clinicaldiagnosisis"lainlybasedonimagingfindings.Endoscopicretrogradecholangiopancreatography(ERCP)playsanimportantroleindiagnosingthediseases,especiallyinthediagnosisanddifferenciatlonofpancreticobiliarylithiasls,pancreaticobiliarymalignanttumorandchronicpancreaticdisease.SinceendoscopicpapillotomywasintroducedInthemiddleof1970s,physicianshavebeenabletomakeartincisionattheduodenalpapilla,andremovebileductstoneswithendoscope,avoidinglaproto…     

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic sphincterotomy--a Singapore experience

We performed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP) on 200 patients over a four and a half year period. The duct of interest was successfully cannulated in 173 cases (87%). The most common indications were obstructive jaundice, cholangitis, chronic upper abdominal pain and suspected pancreatic disease. The commonest findings were cholelithiasis and malignant strictures of the common bile duct (CBD). Forty seven patients (27%) had normal examinations. Sixty-two of 87 (71%) patients with choledocholithiasis underwent endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES). The success rate for active stone extraction was 82% (27/33) while 64% (14/22) of patients managed expectantly cleared their CBD stones spontaneously after ES. The immediate complication rate of ES was 13% and included pancreatitis, stone impaction, cholangitis and bleeding. There was no complications amongst patients who underwent ERCP alone and no mortality in this series. Twenty three patients (26%) with choledocholithiasis proceeded to surgery because the stones were considered too large to remove endoscopically. One patient had endoscopic stone removal without prior ES while another had a permanent stent inserted for drainage. We conclude that ERCP and ES are useful and safe modalities in the assessment of biliary tract diseases and the treatment of choledocholithiasis.     

ERCP联合MRI在诊断胰胆管疾病中临床价值

目的探讨ERCP联合MRI在诊断胰胆管疾病中的临床价值。方法选取我院2015年1月-2016年1月期间收治的90例胰胆管疾病患者,均行ERCP与MRI检查,所有患者经过手术、活检及病理证实为胆总管结石45例、胰腺癌20例、胆管癌并梗阻12例、慢性胰腺炎8例、胆道蛔虫感染5例,临床表现为黄疸、反复上腹部疼痛、恶心呕吐。结果 ERCP对胆总管结石、胰腺癌、胆管癌并梗阻、慢性胰腺炎、胆道蛔虫感染诊断准确率依次为95.56%、100%、75.00%、87.50%、100%,MRI诊断准确率依次为86.67%、85.00%、75.00%、87.50%、80.00%,ERCP对胰胆管疾病的诊断准确率略高于MRI诊断准确率,但比较无统计学意义(P0.05);ERCP与MRI胰胆管疾病的影像特征表现不同。结论 ERCP与MRI对诊断诊断胰胆管疾病有较高的一致性,二者联合应用可大大提高诊断疾病准确率,并可根据影像特点互补诊断。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影在胆道术后并发症的治疗价值

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)对胆道术后并发症的治疗价值。方法胆道术后出现各种并发症患者63例,经过ERCP检查明确病因后,对胆管结石者行括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)或乳头气囊扩张术(endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation,EPBD)取石;对乳头炎性狭窄者行EST或EPBD治疗;对乳头旁憩室压迫肝胰壶腹者行EPBD治疗;对乳头肿瘤和胆管肿瘤者行内镜胆管内支架引流(endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage,ERBD)或内镜鼻胆管引流(endoscopic nose-bile drainage,ENBD);胆管中段狭窄行ERBD;对术后胆瘘者行ENBD治疗。结果61例(96.82%)ERCP成功;未发现胆管内异常3例;胆总管内结石34例,31例内镜下取石成功;乳头炎性狭窄5例,经EST或EPBD治疗1次成功;胆管中段狭窄7例,均行ERBD成功;3例乳头肿瘤和3例胆管肿瘤患者经ERBD或ENBD后黄疸明显减退;胆囊切除术后胆瘘2例,行ENBD后治愈,避免再次手术。总的并发症发生率为6.35%。结论ERCP能明确胆道术后的并发症并能有效地进行相应的内镜治疗。     

ERCP在62例PCS诊断和治疗中的应用

目的探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)在胆囊切除术后综合征(PCS)病因诊断和治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析该院2004年至2011年收治的PCS且行ERCP的62例患者的临床资料。结果全组胆道显影60例(96.77%),PCS病因分别为胆总管结石39例(62.90%),残留胆囊管过长并发结石7例(11.29%),十二指肠乳头狭窄/Oddi′s括约肌功能障碍6例(9.68%),十二指肠乳头旁憩室/憩室内乳头4例(6.45%),胆总管良性狭窄2例(3.23%),十二指肠乳头肿瘤1例(1.61%)。全组接受治疗性ERCP患者50例(80.65%),内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)取石41例次,内镜鼻胆管引流术(ENBD)15例次,EST 4例次,内镜胆道支架内引流术(ERBD)2例次,内镜十二指肠乳头球囊扩张术(EPBD)2例次。未发生内镜操作相关的严重并发症。接受内镜治疗的50例中,随访46例(92.00%),随访时间3～12个月,临床症状完全缓解43例(93.48%)。结论诊断性ERCP是明确PCS病因的重要手段,治疗性ERCP是适应指征的PCS患者的首选治疗方法。     

ERCP治疗在胆道术后早期并发症处理中的临床价值

目的 探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)及其相关治疗对胆道术后患者早期并发症的临床价值.方法 胆道术后早期出现各种并发症患者206例,经ERCP检查、明确病因后,对胆总管残余结石、胆总管下端狭窄患者行括约肌切开术或乳头球囊扩张术,对胆总管中段狭窄、术后胆瘘患者行内镜下胆道内支架引流或鼻胆管引流.结果 201例ERC...     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术诊治胆胰疾病1378例回顾分析

目的 探讨内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)在诊治胆胰疾病中的价值.方法 对2003年9月-2011年2月我科应用ERCP诊治的1 378例病例资料进行回顾性分析.结果 治疗性ERCP由2003年的13例(13.6%)上升到2011年的236例(86.7%).1 378例中,造影成功率93.32%; 治疗性ERCP693例次,占总ERCP例次的50.29%.并发出血占4.09%,术后胰腺炎占8.54%.结论 ERCP是胆胰疾病的重要诊治手段,特别是对于无手术机会的恶性胆胰管梗阻患者,能延长生存期,改善生活质量;对于肝移植术后并发症的治疗,能避免再次移植.     

影像学检查对肝门胆管狭窄的临床诊断价值

目的探讨分析肝门胆管狭窄常见病因并评价影像学检查对肝门胆管狭窄的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析1998—2007年北京军区总医院143例资料完整的肝门胆管狭窄患者病因及超声(US)、逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)、经皮肝穿胆道造影(PTC)、磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)诊断结果,评价各影像检查对肝门胆管狭窄适应证及诊断价值。结果肝门胆管狭窄中恶性肿瘤占84.62%,良性病占15.38%。肝门胆管癌占72.73%,胆囊癌占6.98%,肝细胞癌并发门静脉癌栓2.80%,大肠癌肝门转移2.10%。良性狭窄以损伤性胆管、胆管囊肿、硬化性胆管炎、胆管结石及Mirizzi综合征多见。US、ERCP、PTC及MRI+MRCP诊断肝门胆管狭窄的准确率分别为84.62%、92.71%、100.00%、100.00%。结论现代影像学检查在鉴别肝门胆管狭窄良恶性病变方面具有重要的诊断价值,对其良恶性病灶可切除性进行准确的术前判断。