医教协同推进临床医学硕士专业学位研究生培养改革的实践与探索

我校积极进行临床医学硕士研究生培养模式改革创新,把住院医师规范化培训贯穿到临床医学硕士研究生培养过程中,开展临床医学硕士专业学位研究生培养与住院医师规范化培训有效衔接培养模式的综合改革。通过医教协同培养专业学位研究生,强化其临床实践能力的培养,为国家培养合格医师,提高了临床医学硕士专业学位研究生的培养质量。     

关于临床医学专业型硕士研究生培养与住院医师规范化培训并轨存在问题的探讨

临床医学专业本科生毕业后可作为住院医师直接进行规范化培训,也可以考取临床医学研究生,其中专业学位的硕士研究生在培养方式与培养目标均与住院医师规范化培训一致度很高,做好两种培养模式的衔接并轨,有助于丰富和拓宽医学教育的学科领域,有助于更好地规范和完善医学教育模式,提高人才培养效率与综合素质.然而近几年住院医师规范化培训与专业学位硕士研究生并轨政策实施后,仍存在专业学位硕士研究生科研时间不足、轮转科室培训与考核不规范、导师对住院医师规范化培训制度有抵触情绪,以及对学生不能充分指导等问题,因此还需要在医学教育实践中不断完善临床医学教育教学制度,加强落实医教协同,加强衔接模式的细化和深入,为培养高素质临床医学人才提供有利条件.     

临床医学专业学位研究生培养与住院医师规范化培训相结合的可行性探究

目前提高临床实践能力的继续教育有临床医学专业学位研究生培养与住院医师规范化培训两种,是我国医疗卫生事业人才培养工作的重要组成部分,但两者之间存在一定重复性,在相互认定和操作过程中也有一定区别。通过分析两者异同点,总结两种培养模式相衔接的思路,探究,临床医学专业学位研究生培养与住院医师规范化培训相结合的可行性,为完善我国临床能力规范化系统化培养提供依据。     

抓好临床医学专业学位人才培养新模式试点工作的探讨

为了探讨临床医学专业学位人才培养新模式实施过程中的关键瓶颈和解决方案,促进临床医学专业学位研究生培养与住院医师规范化培训的深度融合。作者研究了大量临床医学专业学位研究生培养和住院医师规范化培训的理论和实践经验,并结合自身实践,分析了临床医学专业学位人才培养新模式的关键瓶颈和解决方案。实行临床医学专业学位人才培养新模式的关键瓶颈在于培养过程中的质量保障,比须从完善制度建设、明确管理职责、加大投入力度、加强督导管理几个方面多管齐下,在实施过程中严格把握质量关,才能真正提高医学生的临床实践能力,实现临床医学专业学位研究生培养和卫生行业准入制度所规定的临床住院医师规范化培训的无缝对接。     

上海市某医院试点住院医师专业学位研究生对培养模式的满意度研究

上海市正式启动临床医学硕士专业学位研究生教育综合改革试点项目,2013年第一届学生毕业。目的：为了能够提高临床专业学位（住院医师）研究生的培养质量。方法：在第一届临床专业学位（住院医师）毕业研究生中进行问卷调查,与传统临床型研究生对于培养模式的满意度进行比较分析,探讨其对临床医学专业学位研究生与住院医师规范化培训结合的看法。结果：第一届学生对于临床轮转培养的各项内容的满意度要好于传统型研究生;对临床专业学位教育与住院医师规范化培训相结合有较高的评价。讨论：试点项目解决了临床医学专业学位研究生教育和现行《执业医师法》之间的冲突,解决了临床医学专业学位研究生教育与住院医师规范化培训之间存在的矛盾,但还存在一些亟需改进之处。数据还需追踪调查。     

专科医院研究生培养与住院医师规范化培训并轨实施的探讨

临床医学专业学位研究生培养和住院医师规范化培训是培养高水平临床医师的两个重要途径。通过分析两种培养途径的异同、存在问题和专科医院研究生培养的特点,提出了专科医院并轨实施临床医学专业学位研究生培养与住院医师规范化培训的思路、模式、计划和措施,为两种途径的并轨实施提供依据和保障。     

临床专业学位研究生（住院医师）与传统临床型研究生培养模式的比较分析

目的：探讨临床医学专业学位研究生与住院医师规范化培训结合的可能性,为临床医学硕士专业学位研究生教育改革试点提供参考依据.方法：通过文献查阅、医院调查、专家访谈等研究方法,对临床专业学位研究生（住院医师）培养模式与传统临床型研究生培养模式进行比较分析.结果：上海市试点的临床医学硕士专业学位研究生（住院医师）的培养方式有别于传统临床硕士专业学位研究生和长学制临床医学研究生,在传统型研究生数不断减少的同时,试点招生数比例增加,学科分布以全科医学比例最大.结论：临床型研究生与住院医师规范化培训同一化存在技术、社会和组织管理的可行性,也存在难点：（1）建立规范的住院医师培养制度还任重而道远;（2）轮转水平认定问题;（3）传统临床专业学位研究生培养与临床专业学位研究生（住院医师）模式共存仍需协调与统一.     

临床医学专业学位研究生培养与住院医师规范化培训的衔接

探讨临床医学专业学位研究生培养与住院医师规范化培训衔接的必要性和可行性,提出从规范考生专业背景、提高复试有效性、修订研究生培养方案、实行开放灵活的教学管理、转变导师选聘和激励机制、优化临床执业医师报考条件等方面,推进二者有效衔接,为全面提高临床医学人才培养质量提供对策。     

临床专业学位硕士研究生导师考核指标的制订与初步应用

住院医师规范化培训的核心内容是临床实践能力培养,同时也是专业学位研究生培养的主要内容。随着专业学位研究生培养与住院医师规范化培训并轨,专业学位研究生导师考核体系应纳入研究生临床技能培训质量指标。通过文献检索、专家咨询等方法合理设置指标结构、考核内容,确定权重,建立临床医学专业学位硕士研究生导师考核细则,引导专业学位研究生导师加强研究生临床技能培养,提高专业学位研究生培养质量。     

上海市住院医师规范化培训与临床医学专业学位硕士研究生培养并轨方案的初步研究

《上海市住院医师规范化培训实施办法》规定,从2010年起在全市范围内实施住院医师规范化培训制度,其中,住院医师规范化培训与临床医学专业学位硕士研究生培养并轨是该项工作的亮点和难点.本文从入学方式、培养过程和学位授予三个方面探讨了并轨的可行方案.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Notes for contributors to Journal of Nanjing Medical University

Journal of Nanjing Medical University (English Edition) JNMU, sponsored by Nanjing Medical University, was established in 1987. It is a bimonthly comprehensive English medical journal published locally and abroad.Since 2007, Journal of Nanjing Medical University (English Edition )was granted Elsevier the full publishing and distribution rights worldwide for the Electronic Edition, excluding the People's Republic of China.     

ANTI-PROLIFERATION EFFECT OF ORIDONIN ON HL-60 CELLS AND ITS MECHANISM

Objcetive To investigate the anti-proliferation effect of oridonin on leukemic HL-60 cells and its mechanism. Methods HL-60 cells in vitro in culture medium were given different concentrations of oridonin. The inhibitory rate of cells were measured by microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay, cell apoptotic rate was detected by flow cytometry (FCM), morphology of cell apoptosis was observed by hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining, and the activity of telomerase was detected using telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) PCR-ELISA before and after apoptosis occurred. Results Oridonin could decrease telomerase activity, inhibit growth of HL-60 cells, and cause apoptosis significantly. The suppression was both in time- and dose-dependent manner. Marked morphological changes of cell apoptosis including condensation of chromatin and nuclear fragmentation were observed clearly by hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining especially after cells were treated 48-60 hours by oridonin. Conclusions Oridonin has apparent anti-proliferation and apoptotic effects on HL-60 cells in vitro, decreasing telomerase activity of HL-60 cells may be one of its most important mechanisms. These results will provide strong laboratory evidence of oridonin for clinical treatment of acute leukemia.     

HOUSE DUST MITE ALLERGEN （Derp1 AND Blot5） LEVELS IN ASTHMATICS＇ HOME IN HONGKONG

Objective To measure Derpl and Blot5 allergen levels in asthmatics' homes in Hongkong.Methods Seventy houses were enrolled for a mite indoor environment study. Dust samples were obtained from two sites of each patients' house: bed and floor. Derpl and Blot5 levels were quantified by a two-site monoclonal antibody-based ELISA technique.Results The levels of Derpl allergens found in bed (geometric mean (GM) 3.43 μg/g of dust; 95%CI, 1.89-4.96 μg/g)and on the floor (GM 1.12 μg/g of dust; 95%CI, 0.71-1.53 μg/g) indicated significant differences (P=0.005). However, the levels of Blot5 allergens found in bed (GM 19.00 μg/g of dust; 95%CI, 0.89-38.90 μg/g) and on the floor (GM 6.14 μg/g of dust; 95%CI, 0.40-11.90 μg/g) showed no statistically significant difference. In addition, in regards to the exposure index for Derpl and Blot5 allergens found in bed and on the floor, 17.6% in bed and 8.6% on the floor had levels of Blot5 ≥ 10 μg/g of dust, higher than those obtained for Derp1 (7.2% and 0% in bed and on the floor respectively, P＜ 0.05); higher percentages in bed and on the floor (25.0% and 35.7%) were observed for levels of Blot5 =0 μg/g of dust as compared with Derpl in bed and on the floor (4.3% and 14.5% respectively, P＜ 0.05).Conclusions Derpl and Blot5 are the major allergens found in this regional study, Blot5 is a more potent allergen in Hongkong, probably reflecting the high level of exposure to Blomia tropicalis (Bt). Bt and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) allergens should be included for precise diagnosis and effective immuno-therapeutic treatment of mite allergy in Hongkong.     

Acute and mid-term results of pecutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Objective: To assess the acute and mid-term results of cardiac function improvements and left ventricular outflow tract gradient (LVOTG)changes in 30 patients displaying hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) treated with percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA). Methods: PTSMA was intended for 32 patients comprising of 13 women and 19men (average years being 54.1 ± 15.5) to be treated in accordance with the following inclusion criteria: The New York Heart As-sociation(NYHA) definition for cardiac functional class Ⅲ or Ⅳ , or class Ⅱ but for whom medical therapies were not tolerated or with syncope; intraventricular septal (IVS) and left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) hypertrophy asymmetrically associated with ratio of IVS to LVPW≥1.3 and LVOTG≥50 mm Hg at rest or ≥100 mm Hg at provocation (Valsalva maneuver). The target vessels were determined by coronary arteriography that demonstrated more than one septal branch and probatory balloon occlusion produced greater than 50% decrease of LVOTG. Once the target vessel established, the alcohol was administrated into septal ventricular via over-the-wire balloon. LVOTG was assessed by means of echocardiography measurements immediately after procedure and 3 months. Simultaneously, cardiac function class was also evaluated. Results: Two patients were abandoned prior to intervention due to inappropriate septal target vessels and DDD Pacemakers were chosed. Immediately after the procedure, resting LVOTG was reduced from 73.8 ± 35.5 to 16.6 ± 7.8 mmHg, at provocation LVOTG from 149.3 ± 42.5 to 61.9 ± 43.0 mmHg(P ＜0.0001 each) by echocardiography measurements. After 3 months, the mean New York Heart Association class was reduced from 2.8 ± 0.6 to 1.1 ± 1.0(P ＜ 0.0001) and the LVOTG also remained decrease(28.5 ± 6.4 mmHg at rest and 75.3 ± 11.6 mmHg at provocation). Conclusion: PTSMA is a promising nonsurgical technique for relief of symptoms and reduction of LVOTG in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.     

IMAGING DIAGNOSIS OF THORACOLUMBAR BURST FRACTURES

Objective To review imaging use in the diagnosis of thoracolumbar burst fractures and to determine the diagnostic value of different imaging methods. Methods One hundred and fourteen patients with 120 thoracolumbar burst fractures were retrospectively reviewed. Plain radiographs were available in all cases; CT scans and MRI were obtained in 96 and 74 cases, respectively. Results A total of 27 burst fractures were misdiagnosed as other types of fractures on radiographs alone, and accounted for 22.5% of all fractures. The results indicated that plain radiographs often fail to delineate the pathological features of thoracolumbar burst fractures, leading to delay in diagnosis. Conclusion In regard to thoracolumbar injury diagnosis, burst fractures should be differentiated from compression fractures. CT should be routinely indicated and MRI examination, when necessary, may be simultaneously considered.