A study on the relationship between acute pancreatitis and apoptosis of the acinar cells

Objective To investigate the relationship between the severity of acute pancreatitis and apoptosis of acinar cells. Methods The apoptotic ratio of acinar cells was measured in rat acute pancreatitis model by methods of in situ end labeling. Results There was almost no apoptotic acinar cells in the model of acute edematous pancreatitis. With the increase in the severity of the pancreatitis apoptotic cells were more and more common until to the kte stage of hemorrhageic and necrotic pancreatitis when the apoptotic ratio of acinar cells dwindled,meanwhile the necrotic acinar cell increased continuously. Conclusion In acute simple edematous pancreatitis apoptotic acinar cells is infrequently seen. In acute moderate hemorrhagic and necrotic pancreatitis the ratio is correlated positively with the severity of pancreatitis. In the late stage the ratio was correlated negatively with the severity of pancreatitis. 3 refs,3 figs,2 tabs.     

Effect of Chaiqin Chengqi Decoction(柴芩承气汤) on Cholecystokinin Receptor 1-Mediated Signal Transduction of Pancreatic Acinar Cells in Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis Rats

Objective:To investigate the effect of Chaiqin Chengqi Decoction(柴芩承气汤,CQCQD)on cholecystokinin receptor 1(CCKRI)-mediated signal transduction of pancreatic acinar cell in rats with acute necrotic pancreatitis(ANP).Methods:Twenty-seven Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups:the control group,the ANP group,and the CQCQD group(9 in each group).ANP rats were induced by two intraperitoneal injections of 8%L-arginine(pH=7.0,4.4 g/kg) over a 2-h period.Rats were treated with 1.5 mL/100 g body weight of CQCQD(CQCQD group) or physiological saline(control and ANP groups) at 2 h interval.And 6 h after induction,pancreatic tissues were collected for histopathological examination.Pancreatic acinar cells were isolated for determination of CCKR1 mRNA and protein expression,phospholipase C(PLC) and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate(IP3),and determination of fluorescence intensity(Fl)as a measure of intracellular calcium ion concentration[Ca~(2+)]_i.Results:The pancreatic histopathological score(6.2 + 1.1) and the levels of PLC(1,187.2 ±228.2 μg/mL) and IP3(872.2 ±88.4 μg/mL) of acinar cells in the ANP group were higher than those in the control(2.8 ±0.4,682.5 ±121.8 μg/mL,518.4 ±115.8 μg/mL)and the CQCQD(3.8 ±0.8,905.3 ±78.5 μg/mL,611.0 ±42.5 μg/mL) groups(P0.05).[Ca~(2+)]_i Fl for the ANP group(34.8 ±27.0) was higher than that in the control(5.1 ±2.2) and CQCQD(12.6 ±2.5) groups(P0.05).The expression of pancreatic acinar cell CCKR1 mRNA in the ANP group was up-regulated(expression ratio=1.761;P=0.024) compared with the control group.The expression of pancreatic acinar cell CCKR1 mRNA in the CQCQD group was down-regulated(expression ratio=0.311;P=0.035) compared with the ANP group.The ratio of gray values of the CCKR1 and B-actin in the ANP group(1.43 ±0.17) was higher than those in the control(0.70 ±0.15) and CQCQD(0.79 ±0.11) groups(P0.05).Conclusions:Pancreatic acinar cell calcium overload of ANP induced by L-arginine was related to the up-regulated expressions of pancreatic acinar cell CCKR1 mRNA and protein.CQCQD can down-regulate expressions of pancreatic acinar cell CCKR1 mRNA and protein to reduce the PLC and IP3 of pancreatic acinar cells,relieving the calcium overload and reducing the pathological changes in rats with ANP.     

Expressions of miR-22 and miR-135a in acute pancreatitis

This study examined the expressions of miR-22 and miR-135a in rats with acute edematous pancreatitis （AEP） and their target genes in order to shed light on the involvement of miR-22 and miR-135a in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis （AP）. The in vivo model of AEP was established by introperitoneal injection of L-arginine （150 mg/kg） in rats. The miRNA microarray analysis was used to detect the differential expression of miRNAs in pancreatic tissue in AEP and normal rats. The in vitro AEP model was established by inducing the rat pancreatic acinar cell line （AR42J） with 50 ng/mL re- combinant rat TNF-ct. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was employed to detect the expression of miR-22 and miR-135a in AR42J cells. Lentiviruses carrying the miRNA mimic and anti-miRNA oligonucleotide （AMO） of miR-22 and miR-135a were transfected into the AR42J cells. The AR42J cells transfected with vehicle served as control. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of activated cas- pase3 and flow cytometry analysis to detect the apoptosis of AR42J cells. Targets of miR-22 and miR-135a were predicted by using TargetScan, miRanda, and TarBase. Luciferase reporter assay and quantitative real-time RT-PCR were performed to confirm whether ErbB3 and Ptk2 were the target gene of miR-22 and miR-135a, respectively. The results showed that the expression levels of miR-22 and miR-135a were obviously increased in AEP group compared with the control group in in-vivo and in-vitro models. The expression levels of miR-22 and miR-135a were elevated conspicuously and the expression levels of their target genes were reduced significantly in AR42J cells transfected with Ienti- viruses carrying the miRNA mimic. The apoptosis rate was much higher in the TNF-ct-induced cells than in non-treated cells. The AR42J cells transfected with miRNA AMOs expressed lower level of miR-22 and miR-135a and had lower apoptosis rate, but the expression levels of ErbB3 and Ptk2 were increased obviously. It was concluded that the expression levels of miR-22 and miR-135a were elevated in AEP. Up-regulating the expression of miR-22 and miR-135a may promote the apoptosis of pancreatic acinar cells by repressing ErbB3 and Ptk2 expression in AEP.     

Relationship between the Apoptosis and Notch-1 Expression in Acute Pancreatitis

In order to investigate the expression of Notch-1 in rats with acute pancreatitis (AP) and its relation with apoptosis of pancreatic cells, mild AP (MAP) and severe AP (SAP) models were es-tablished by retrograde injection of different concentrations of sodium taurocholae into pancreatic duct. The apoptosis index and the expression of Notch-1 protein and mRNA were detected by using TUNEL, Western blot and real-time PCR in MAP and SAP at different time intervals. The results showed that in MAP group the apoptosis index was significantly elevated during 4 to 24 h after in-duction of pancreatitis, but there was no significant difference among different time intervals. In SAP group, the apoptosis index reached the peak at 4th h after induction of pancreatitis, then gradually de-clined. There was significant difference in apoptosis index between MAP and SAP groups. Starting from 4th after induction of pancreatitis, the expression of Notch-1 in both MAP and SAP group was increased at different time intervals, but that in SAP group was significantly higher than in MAP group (P<0.05). The expression of Notch in MAP and SAP groups reached the peak at 12th and 8th h respectively after induction of pancreatitis. It was concluded that there was significant difference in apoptosis index and the Notch-1 expression in different types of AP. The overexpression of Notch-1 could aggravate AP by inhibiting the apoptosis of pancreatic cells.     

Oncosis in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its relationship with apoptosis and microvessel density

Background Previous studies have shown that oncosis in malignant tumors might be related to cellular energy supply. The aim of this study was to detect oncosis in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma （ESCC）, and to investigate its relationship with apoptosis and microvessel density （MVD）. Methods ESCC specimens were obtained from 30 patients with ESCC after surgery. Transmission electron microscopy TUNEL, and immunohistochemistry were used to detect oncosis, apoptosis, and MVD. The relation of oncosis to apoptosis and MVD was analyzed by ANOVA, t test, and q test using SPSS 10.0. Results Transmission electron microscopy revealed both oncosis and apoptosis in the ECSS tissues. About 10% of the TUNEL-positive cells, which were considered apoptotic cells, showed the characteristics of oncosis. In the areas, where oncotic cells accumulated, apoptotic cells were rare; contrarily, where apoptotic cells gathered, oncotic cells were sparse. Compared with the tissues with a high MVD, the number of oncotic cells was increased and that of apoptotic cells was decreased in the tissues with a low MVD. Conclusions Cellular oncosis can be detected in human ESCC tissues. The distribution of oncotic cells presents a close relationship with cellular apoptosis and MVD. Oncosis might be induced by poor blood supply.     

Oxygen Glucose Deprivation Post-conditioning Protects Cortical Neurons against Oxygen-glucose Deprivation Injury: Role of HSP70 and Inhibition of Apoptosis简

In the present study, we examined the effect of oxygen glucose deprivation（OGD） post-conditioning（PostC） on neural cell apoptosis in OGD-PostC model and the protective effect on primary cortical neurons against OGD injury in vitro. Four-h OGD was induced by OGD by using a specialized and humidified chamber. To initiate OGD, culture medium was replaced with de-oxygenated and glucose-free extracellular solution-Locke＇s medium. After OGD treatment for 4 h, cells were then allowed to recover for 6 h or 20 h. Then lactate dehydrogenase（LDH） release assay, Western blotting and flow cytometry were used to detect cell death, protein levels and apoptotic cells, respectively. For the PostC treatment, three cycles of 15-min OGD, followed by 15 min normal cultivation, were applied immediately after injurious 4-h OGD. Cells were then allowed to recover for 6 h or 20 h, and cell death was assessed by LDH release assay. Apoptotic cells were flow cytometrically evaluated after 4-h OGD, followed by re-oxygenation for 20 h（O4/R20）. In addition, Western blotting was used to examine the expression of heat-shock protein 70（HSP70）, Bcl-2 and Bax. The ratio of Bcl-2 expression was（0.44±0.08）% and（0.76±0.10）%, and that of Bax expression was（0.51±0.05）% and（0.39±0.04）%, and that of HSP70 was（0.42±0.031）% and（0.72±0.045）% respectively in OGD group and PostC group. After O4/R6, the rate of neuron death in PostC group and OGD groups was（28.96±3.03）% and（37.02±4.47）%, respectively. Therefore, the PostC treatment could up-regulate the expression of HSP70 and Bcl-2, but down-regulate Bax expression. As compared with OGD group, OGD-induced neuron death and apoptosis were significantly decreased in PostC group（P0.05）. These findings suggest that PostC inhibited OGD-induced neuron death. This neuro-protective effect is likely achieved by anti-apoptotic mechanisms and is associated with over-expression of HSP70.     

Expression of EPO Receptor in Pancreatic Cells and Its Effect on Cell Apoptosis

In order to explore the expression of erythropoietin receptor （EPOR） in pancreatic cell line NIT-1 and its effect on cell apoptosis after binding with erythropoietin （EPO）, NIT-1 cells were cultured and expanded. The expression of EPOR was detected using electrophoresis. NIT-1 apoptosis was induced by cytokines and their effects on cell apoptosis and cell insulin secretion were assayed after binding of EPO to EPOR. The results showed that EPOR was expressed in NIT-1 cells. Recombinant human EPO （rHuEPO） had no effect on cell apoptosis but significantly inhibited apoptosis induced by cytokines, rHuEPO had no effect on cell insulin secretion but significantly improved insulin secretion inhibited by cytokines. From these findings, it was concluded that EPOR was expressed in NIT- 1 cells and EPO could protect NIT- 1 cells from apoptosis induced by cytokines.     

Nuclear matrix associated protein PML: an arsenic trioxide apoptosis therapeutic target protein in HepG2 cells

Objective To investigate arsenic trioxide(As2O3)-induced apoptosis and the effects on cell nuclear matrix related protein promyelocytic leukaemia(MPL).Methods HepG2 cells were cultured in MEM medium and treated with 0.5,2.5 and 10μmol/L As2O3 for either 24 h or 96 h at each concentration.In situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl trangferase(TdT) labeling (TUNEL)and DNA ladders were used to detect apoptosis.Confocal microscopy and Westem blotting were used to observe the expression of PML.Results The growth rates of HepG2 cells were slower in the As2O3 treated than the untreated control group.DNA ladder and TUNEL positive apoptotic cells could be detectedin As2O3 treated groups.The expression of PML decreased in HepG2 cells with 2 μmol/L As2O3 treatment,Confocal images demonstrated that the expression of PML protein in HepG2 cell nuclei decreased after treatment with 2μmol/L As2O3,and micropunctates characteristic of PML protein in HepG2 cell nuclei disappeared after treatment with 5μmol/L As2O3.Conclusions Our results show that arsenic trioxide can significantly inhlbit the growth of HepG2 cellsin vitro.As2O3 induces apoptosis in HepG2 tumor cells in a time and concentration dependent manner.As2O3 may degrade the PML protein in HepG2 cell nuclel.The decreased expression of PML in As2O3 treated tumor cells is most likely to be caused by apoptosis.Nuclear matrix associated protein PML could be the target of As2O3 therapy.     

PMN apoptosis and its relationship with the lung injury after chest impact trauma

Background Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN), one of the most important inflammatory cells, functions throughout the initiation, progression and resolution of inflammation. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between PMN apoptosis and the lung injury after chest impact trauma. Methods PMNs were purified from rabbits subjected to the chest impact trauma and their apoptosis, necrosis, survival and respiratory burst were detected by flow cytometry. Meanwhile, lactate dehydrogenase and (LDH) ［Ca2+］i were measured. Results The delayed apoptosis of PMNs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was observed from 2 hours to 12 hours after trauma, and viable cells increased. Respiratory burst of PMNs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was increased significantly from 2 hours with the peak at 8 hours. Meanwhile, lactate dehydrogenase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was higher than that in control (P&lt;0.05) from 4 hours to 24 hours, and intracellular free Ca2+ in PMN was increased temporarilly. Conclusions Retention of PMN in tissues and the abnormality in apoptotic pathway inevitably generate persistent activation of PMN and excessive release of toxic substances, resulting in tissue injury. The temporary increase of intracellular free Ca2+ may be responsible for the delayed apoptosis of PMN.     

重症急性胰腺炎急性期细胞因子及胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡的动态变化

目的 本研究通过重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）大鼠血清淀粉酶、TNFa、IL－6、胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡指数及胰腺组织学变化程度作用的动态观察，以进一步了解治疗SAP的作用机理。方法 用chetty法制做大鼠SAP模型，动态测定术后0h、24h、30h、36h各组血清TNFa、IL－6浓度，并取得胰组织做病理学检查；同时，应用TUNEL技术分析大鼠胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡的变化。结果 研究发现SAP组30、36h时血清TNFa、IL－6水平明显升高，腹水量明显增加，胰组织病变程度明显加重；胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡指数较SAP组胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡指数明显升高。结论 重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）胰酶及炎症介质的释放及胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡在其病情发展起一定的作用。     

白细胞介素-1受体拮抗剂在急性胰腺炎中作用及机制探讨

目的 从胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡的角度探讨白细胞介素-1受体拮抗剂（IL-1Ra）在急性胰腺炎中的作用及机制。方法 用牛磺胆酸钠建立大鼠急性坏死性胰腺炎模型,IL-1Ra腹腔注射诱导胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡,并应用细胞凋亡原位标记检测(TUNEL) 染色、免疫组化等技术检测胰腺细胞凋亡及Fas/FasL的蛋白表达。结果 干预组1、2、6、12 h胰腺细胞凋亡指数显著高于胰腺炎组相应时间点(均P <0.01);对照组见较弱的Fas的表达,干预组各时间点胰腺细胞Fas染色阳性率明显高于胰腺炎组(均P < 0.01) ;胰腺炎组、干预组中均没有见到胰腺腺泡细胞中FasL 表达,但是在间质中均可见浸润的炎性细胞FasL免疫组化染色阳性。结论 IL-1Ra减轻急性胰腺炎的机制可能不仅限于对炎症反应的抑制,它可能是通过上调凋亡调控基因Fas/ FasL系统的表达,诱导胰腺腺泡细胞的凋亡从而减轻胰腺炎的严重程度。     

经空肠注入大承气汤对急性胰腺炎大鼠细胞因子和胰腺细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察空肠内注人大承气汤对急性胰腺炎大鼠细胞因子、胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡的影响。方法将90只大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和对照组。建立急性胰腺炎模型,术后第2天检测各组外周血中自介素113（IL-1β）、白介素18（IL-18）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF—α）浓度,胰腺组织病理学积分和胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡指数的差异。结果急性胰腺炎大鼠模型应用大承气汤后,血清IL-1β、IL-18、TNF—α浓度水平均较模型组减低,胰腺组织病理学积分较模型组明显减低,胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡指数明显升高。结论空肠内注入大承气汤具有抑制急性胰腺炎大鼠炎症反应、促进胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡的作用。     

白细胞介素1受体拮抗剂诱导急性胰腺炎大鼠胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡机制的研究

目的:从胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡的角度探讨白细胞介素1受体拮抗剂(IL-1Ra)干预急性胰腺炎的可能机制。方法:72只SD大鼠,随机分为胰腺炎组、IL-1Ra干预组、对照组,每组24只,各组造模后在1,2,6和12 h 4个时间点分别检测6只大鼠。干预组分别于制模前12,6,2 h及制模时各注射IL-1Ra 1 mg/100 mg体质量,胰腺炎组仅同时注射等量生理盐水。应用细胞凋亡原位标记(TUNEL)染色、免疫组化技术等检测胰腺细胞凋亡及凋亡调控基因Bax,Bcl-2,Fas,FasL的蛋白表达。结果:干预组1,2,6和12 h胰腺细胞凋亡指数显著高于胰腺炎组相应时间点(均P<0.01);对照组见较弱的Bax、Fas的表达,干预组各时间点胰腺细胞Bax、Fas染色阳性率明显高于胰腺炎组(均P<0.01);对照组未见Bcl-2表达,干预组各时间点胰腺细胞Bcl-2染色阳性率与胰腺炎组相比无显著差异性(均P>0.05);胰腺炎组、干预组中均没有见到胰腺腺泡细胞中FasL表达,但是在间质中均可见浸润的炎性细胞FasL免疫组化染色阳性。结论:IL-1Ra干预急性胰腺炎的机制可能不仅限于对炎症反应的抑制,它可能是通过上调凋亡调控基因Bax和Fas/FasL系统的表达,诱导胰腺腺泡细胞的凋亡从而减轻胰腺炎的严重程度。     

生长抑素对大鼠坏死性胰腺炎腺泡细胞凋亡的影响

目的: 研究生长抑素对急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡的影响.方法: 将90只SD大鼠随机分为3组:假手术组、坏死组和生长抑素治疗组,用改良十二指肠闭襻法诱导急性坏死性胰腺炎模型.分别切取3组大鼠的胰腺标本行病理组织学检查,荧光显微镜下观察细胞凋亡及流式细胞光度术定量观察凋亡情况.结果: 坏死组组凋亡少见,以细胞坏死为主;生长抑素治疗后可减轻胰腺腺泡细胞的坏死,增加其凋亡的发生.结论: 胰腺炎腺泡细胞中存在细胞凋亡现象,细胞凋亡与坏死呈负相关,生长抑素可减轻胰腺炎病理损害促进其凋亡发生.     

Fas和FasL在急性胰腺炎中的共表达及其与凋亡的关系

目的探讨凋亡调控基因Fas、FasL在大鼠急性胰腺炎中的表达及其与腺泡细胞凋亡的关系。方法通过胰胆管内逆行注射不同浓度的牛磺胆酸钠，建立不同严重程度的急性胰腺炎模型，用RT-PCR、免疫组化法检测胰腺组织Fas、FasL mRNA及蛋白的表达，原位末端标记法检测各组大鼠胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡。结果在正常的胰腺腺泡细胞中即存在着Fas、FasL mRNA及蛋白的表达，且呈现共区域化特点，凋亡细胞极少。在炎症程度较轻的胰腺组织，Fas和FasL mRNA的表达水平显著提高．腺泡细胞凋亡指数亦明显提高，随胰腺炎症程度的加重，Fas和FasL mRNA的表达逐渐下降．腺泡细胞凋亡指数亦逐渐下降。结论Fas／FasL系统可能参与了正常胰腺组织的细胞更新和自稳；是介导急性胰腺炎时腺泡细胞凋亡的一个重要途径。     

细胞凋亡在大鼠急性胰腺炎发病机制的探讨

目的：探讨胰腺腺细胞凋亡和急性胰腺炎发病机制之间的关系。方法：用Chetty法制作大鼠的ANP模型，术后动态测定对照组、ANP组及大黄素 治疗组血淀粉酶，并取胰组织作病理检查，同时用TUNEL法分析腺泡凋亡情况。结果：血清淀粉酶在0h三组间无差别；24h治疗组、ANP组与对照组间有显著差异（P＜0．01）；36h治疗组与ANP组之间无显著差异（P＞0．05）；二组与对照之间有显著差异（P＜0．01）；胰腺组织变化及细胞凋亡在0h三组间无差别；24h治疗组、ANP组与对照组间有显著差异（P＜0．01）；30h及36h治疗组与ANP组之间有显著差异（P＜0．01）。结论：胰腺腺细胞凋亡参与急性胰腺炎的发病过程，且与其病情严重程度呈负相关，表明细胞凋亡在AP的发生和发展过程中起着一定作用。     

生长抑素联合生长激素对重症急性胰腺炎胰腺细胞凋亡的影响

目的研究生长抑素联合生长激素对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）胰腺细胞凋亡的影响。方法选用30只Wistar大鼠,随机分为对照组、生长抑素组、生长抑素联合生长激素治疗组（简称联合组）,每组10只,胆胰管逆行注射牛黄胆酸钠制备大鼠重症急性胰腺炎模型。测血清淀粉酶值,免疫组化分析Caspase-3的表达,TUNEL技术检测胰腺细胞的凋亡,并对胰腺组织进行病理学评分。结果与对照组比较,生长抑素组的血清淀粉酶、Caspase-3的平均灰度值和病理学评分较低（P〈0.05）,胰腺细胞的凋亡指数较高（P〈0.05）;与生长抑素组比较,联合组的血清淀粉酶、Caspase-3的平均灰度值和病理学评分较低（P〈0.05）,胰腺细胞的凋亡指数较高（P〈0.05）;凋亡指数与病理学评分呈负相关（r=-0.812,P〈0.001）。结论生长抑素联合生长激素可能通过上调Caspase-3的表达来促进胰腺细胞凋亡,减轻胰腺组织病理损伤,且优于单一应用生长抑素。     

大黄素对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠腺泡细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨大黄素对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠腺泡细胞凋亡的影响.方法:SD大鼠30只,随机分为对照组、胰腺炎组和大黄素组,5%牛磺胆酸钠1 ml/kg制作大鼠重症急性胰腺炎模型,大黄素组为模型制作完成时及3 h后腹腔内注射大黄素2.5 mg/kg,观察12 h后各组大鼠血清淀粉酶、IL-6和腺泡细胞凋亡情况.结果:大黄素组血清淀粉酶、IL-6值低于胰腺炎组(P<0.01),细胞凋亡指数增加(P<0.01),病理损害减轻.结论:大黄素促进重症急性胰腺炎大鼠腺泡细胞凋亡,减少淀粉酶和IL-6释放,减轻胰腺病理损害.