支架法胃肠吻合术的猪动物模型实验研究

Background  Gastrojejunostomy is one of the most frequently used procedures for general surgeons. The creation of anastomosis between various parts of the gastrointestinal tract is a basic technical component and major task in the daily practice of almost all gastrointestinal procedures. This research evaluated a new procedure of making gastrointestinal anastomosis with stent.

Methods  Twenty experimental mini-pigs were randomized into two groups. In stent anastomosis group (SA), the anastomoses were constructed with a poly-levolactic acid stent. In hand-sewn group (HA), the anastomoses were performed with a single-layer continuous suture. Abdominal X-ray with intraluminal contrast was performed on the 10th postoperative day. Five pigs of each group were sacrificed on the postoperative days 3 and 14 to determine anastomotic bursting pressure in situ, hydroxyproline concentration, and histopathological evaluation of the anastomotic sites.

Results  There was no intraoperative morbidity or mortality. The median time needed for the sutured anastomosis was (21.7±2.3) minutes and for the stent anastomosis was (11.9±1.9) minutes (P <0.001). Abdominal X-ray with intraluminal contrast demonstrated normal gas distribution and showed no evidence of leakage or obstruction. Macroscopic appearance at the longitudinal opening of anastomosis was always good in both groups. The median anastomotic bursting pressure was (18.2±1.6) kPa in SA group on postoperative day 3, compared with (11.7±3.2) kPa in HA group (P=0.003). The anastomotic bursting pressure on day 14 was not significantly different between SA group ((27.1±2.6) kPa) and HA group ((28.3±1.7) kPa) (P=0.388). The hydroxyproline concentrations were not significantly different.

Conclusions  The stent anastomosis was not considered to be more difficult than a sutured anastomosis. This method is proved to be safe and feasible compared with the traditional hand-sewn method in the porcine model. The method increases early anastomotic strength in this study.

     

Effect and cost of perioperative use of antibiotics in coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized controlled study

Background  Bacterial infections remain a serious complication following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of a guideline for the appropriate use of antibiotics in CABG during the perioperative period.

Methods  Six hundred and fourteen hospitalized patients who had undergone CABG from January to June 2006 were randomly allocated to an intervention group and a control group. The data on the hospital stay, days of antibiotic used, types of prophylactic antibiotics used, surgical wound infection and pulmonary infection and antibiotic costs for the patients were compared.

Results  The postoperative hospitalization days of the intervention group were significantly fewer than that for the control group (P <0.05). The time of antibiotic use and post-infection treatment time were also significantly less in the intervention group than in the control group (P <0.05). The average hospital daily cost and total cost of antibiotics were less in the intervention group than in the control group (P <0.05). Compared with the control group, prophylactic antibiotic use in the intervention group was more reasonable.

Conclusions  The guideline for the appropriate use of antibiotics in CABG during the perioperative period is effective strategies for reducing antibiotic costs, the time of antibiotic use and post-infection treatment time without compromising the patients’ clinical outcome.

     

Evaluation of respiratory dysfunction in a pig model of severe acute dichlorvos poisoning

Background  Respiratory failure is the main cause of death in acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. In this study, a pulse-induced contour cardiac output monitor was used to evaluate the respiratory status in a pig model of acute dichlorvos poisoning.

Methods  Twenty female pigs were randomly allocated to dichlorvos (n=7), atropine (n=7), and control (n=6) groups. In the dichlorvos group, pigs were administered 80% emulsifiable dichlorvos (100 mg/kg) via a gastric tube. In the atropine group, pigs were similarly administered dichlorvos, and 0.5 hours later, atropine was injected to attain and maintain atropinization. The control group was administered saline solution. Arterial blood gas was measured at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours post-injection. The extravascular lung water index and pulmonary vascular permeability index were recorded by the pulse-induced contour cardiac output monitor. At termination of the study, the animals were euthanized, the lung wet-to-dry weight ratio was determined, and histopathology was observed.

Results  In the dichlorvos group, the extravascular lung water index and pulmonary vascular permeability index were substantially increased from 0.5 hours and were particularly high within 1 hour. In the atropine group, these indices increased initially, but decreased from the 1-hour mark. The control group exhibited no obvious changes. In both the dichlorvos and atropine groups, the extravascular lung water index was negatively correlated with partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspiration oxygen (PO₂/FiO₂) and positively correlated with the pulmonary vascular permeability index. Compared with the control group, the lung wet-to-dry weight ratio markedly increased and the histopathological findings obviously changed in the dichlorvos group, but only mildly increased and changed, respectively, in the atropine group.

Conclusion  The extravascular lung water index is an appropriate and valuable parameter for assessment of respiratory function in acute dichlorvos poisoning.

     

Effects of shenmai injection on pulmonary aquaporin 1 in rats following traumatic brain injury

Background  Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) has involved in fluid transport in diverse pulmonary edema diseases. Our study aimed to explore the dynamic changes of AQP1 in pulmonary water metabolism in rats following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the protective effect provided by shenmai injection.

Methods  Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats weighting 280–300 g were randomly divided into three groups: the normal control group, the model group and the shenmai injection (SMI) group. One piece skull was taken away without injuring cerebral tissue in normal control group, while rats in model group and SMI group were subject to free fall injury in the cerebral hemisphere. Rats in model group received intraperitoneal normal sodium (15 ml/kg) at one hour post-injury and the same dose of shenmai injection instead in SMI group, respectively. The expression of AQP1 was detected by immunohistochemical analysis and semi-quantitative RT-PCR at 0 hour, 10 hours, 72 hours and 120 hours after TBI. Arterial blood gas analysis and lung wet to dry were also measured.

Results  AQP1 was mainly presented in the capillary endothelium and slightly alveolar epithelial cells in three groups, but the expression of AQP1 in the normal control group was positive and tenuous, weakly positive in the model and SMI groups, respectively. Compared with normal control group, AQP1 mRNA levels were down regulated in the model and SMI groups at 10 hours, 72 hours and 120 hours (P <0.05). While AQP1 mRNA levels in the SMI group was up-regulated than that in the model group (P <0.05). Lung wet to dry weight ratio (W/D) in the model and SMI groups at 10 hours were higher than that in normal control group (P <0.05). Compared with normal control group, PaO₂ was markedly lower in the model and SMI groups (P <0.05), but there were no statistically significant differences between model and SMI groups (P >0.05).

Conclusions  The decreased AQP1 expression may be involved in the increased lung water content and dysfunction of pulmonary water metabolism following TBI. The treatment with SMI could improve water metabolism by promoting AQP1 expression.

     

Characteristics and efficacy of modified adenomyomectomy in the treatment of uterine adenomyoma

Background  Adenomyoma is a very serious disease which influence the quality of life and leads to the infertility, and hysterectomy at the end. Unfortunetly, we still have no effective way to treat this kind of diseases. This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy and surgical characteristics of modified adenomyomectomy.

Methods  This is a retrospective study and the subjects were collected in the past 5 years. We divided the subjects by the two different surgical procedures. Cases of adenomyoma patients who underwent conservative surgery, modified adenomyomectomy or wedge resection of the adenomyoma lesion were distributed to two groups retrospectively. Surgical characteristics, symptom relief, and recurrence were analysed in each group.

Results  General characteristics, including operation time, blood loss, and postoperative complication were similar in both groups. In the modified adenomyometomy group, the median follow-up time was 27.6 months and the rate of relief of dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia symptoms were 91.2% and 40.0%, respectively. In the wedge resection group, the rate of reliefe of dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia symptoms were 88.9% and 50.0%, respectively. Patients in both groups had statistically significant symptom relief, but there was no statistical difference between them. During the following time, ultrasonography relapse rate in modified modified adenomyomectomy group is significantly lower than the wedge resection group 15.0% vs. 69.2% (P <0.001). The relapse rate, in terms of symptoms, was 5.0% in the modified adenomyomectomy group, which was similar to the relapse rate in the wedge resection group. In terms of reproductive outcome, 33.3% of the patients with infertility complications in the modified adenomyomectomy group became pregnant. Among them, the rate of pregnancy by assisted reproductive techniques was 45.5%, which was significantly higher than the rate of natural pregnancy, 23.1% (P =0.039).

Conclusion  Modified adenomyomectomy appears to be a safe and effective operative method that shows advantages in reducing the rate of relapse after surgery.

     

Alemtuzumab induction therapy in highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients

Background  Immunosuppression for immunologically high-risk kidney transplant patients usually involves antithymocyte globulin induction with triple drug maintenance therapy. Alemtuzumab, a humanized anti-CD52 antibody, was expected to be a promising induction therapy agent for kidney transplantation. However, currently no consensus is available about its efficacy and safety. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab as immune induction therapy in highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients.

Methods  In this prospective, open-label, randomized, controlled trial, we enrolled 23 highly immunological risk patients (panel reactive antibody >20%). They were divided into two groups: alemtuzumab group (trial group) and anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) group (control group). Patients in the alemtuzumab group received intravenous alemtuzumab (15 mg) as a single dose before reperfusion. At the 24th hour post-operation, another dosage of alemtuzumab (15 mg) was given. The control group received a bolus of rabbit ATG (9 mg/kg), which was given 2 hours before kidney transplantation and lasted until the removal of vascular clamps when the anastomoses were completed. Maintenance immunosuppression in both groups comprised standard triple therapy consisting of tacrolimus, prednisone, and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Acute rejection (AR) and infection episodes were recorded, and kidney function was monitored during a 2-year follow-up. χ² test, t test and Kaplan-Meier analysis were performed with SPSS17.0 software.

Results  Median follow-up was 338 days. In both the alemtuzumab group and ATG group, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen values in surviving recipients were similar (P >0.05). White blood cell counts were significantly reduced in the alemtuzumab group for the most time points up to 6 months (P <0.05). One patient receiving alemtuzumab died for acute myocardial infarction at the 65th day post-operation. Two ATG patients died for severe pulmonary infection or cardiac and pulmonary failure. Cumulative 2-year graft survival rate was 90.9% in the alemtuzumab group and 81.8% in ATG group (P >0.05) respectively. There was one graft failure in the alemtuzumab group and two graft failures in ATG group, with all graft failures at tributed to rejection episodes. The alemtuzumab group had a 2-year cumulative freedom from rejection rate of 81.8%, compared with 72.7% for the ATG group (P >0.05).

Conclusion  Alemtuzumab induction therapy for highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients is an effective and safe protocol yielding an acceptable acute rejection rate.

     

Reperfusion of the rat brain tissues following acute ischemia: the correlation among diffusion-weighted imaging, histopathology, and aquaporin-4 expression

Background  Although some studies have reported that aquaporin-4 (AQP4) plays a role in the post-ischemic edema formation and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), little is known about the AQP4 expression in stage of the reperfusion following acute cerebral ischemia, as well as the correlation between histopathology and DWI. The aim of the study was to investigate the correlation among DWI, histopathology and the AQP4 expression in the reperfused rat brain tissues following acute ischemia.

Methods  Seventy Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control group (group A), and several occluded and reperfusion groups. They had their middle cerebral artery unilaterally occluded (MCAO) for 30 minutes (group B) followed by 30 minutes (group D) or 60 minutes (group E) of reperfusion, or 60 minutes of MCAO (group C) followed by 30 minutes (group F), or 60 minutes (group G) of reperfusion (n=10 for each group). All rats underwent DWI scanning. The relative apparent diffusion coefficient (rADC) value of each rat was calculated. All the rats were sacrificed and the cerebral ischemic tissues were examined for histopathology. Real-time fluro-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western-blotting were performed. The amount of AQP4 mRNA (Ex^－ΔΔCt) and AQP4 protein (Q) was statistically analyzed. The correlation between rADC values and AQP4 mRNA expression was analyzed with the Pearson correlation test.

Results  In all the reperfusion groups, the areas of hyper-intensity signal in DWI were decreased, and the rADC value increased and the AQP4 expression decreased significantly compared with the occluded group (t=26.89, t=18.26, P <0.01). There was a negative correlation between AQP4 mRNA expression and rADC values (r=-0.72, P <0.01). A mixed edema, composed of cerebral intracelluar edema and vasogenic brain edema, was observed in all the reperfusion groups. It was more prevalent in groups D and F than in the groups E and G. With the reperfusion time postponed, the cerebral intracelluar edema of the rat was significantly mitigated, but the vasogenic brain edema was not significantly changed.

Conclusions  There is a close correlation between AQP4 expression and the cerebral intracellular edema. The change of ADC values may indirectly reflect the level of the AQP4 expression. DWI may become a promising, noninvasive imaging modality to predict early stroke and reperfusion injury.

     

Two mechanical methods for thromboembolism prophylaxis after gynaecological pelvic surgery: a prospective, randomised study

Background  Venous thromboembolism is known to be an important social and health care problem because of its high incidence among patients who undergo surgery. Studies on the mechanical prophylaxis of thromboembolism after gynaecological pelvic surgery are few. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of mechanical thromboembolism prophylaxis after gynaecological pelvic surgery using a combination of graduated compression stockings (GCS) and intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) or GCS alone.

Methods  The study was performed on 108 patients who were randomly assigned to two groups. The first group received GCS before the operation and IPC during the operation (IPC+GCS group). The second group received GCS before the operation (GCS group). To analyze the effect of the preventive measures and the laboratory examination on the incidence of thrombosis and to compare the safety of these measures, the incidence of adverse reactions was assessed.

Results  The morbidity associated with DVT was 4.8% (5/104) in the IPC+GCS group and 12.5% (14/112) in the GCS group. There were significant statistical differences between the two groups. There were no adverse effects in either group.

Conclusions  The therapeutic combination of GCS and IPC was more effective than GCS alone for thrombosis prevention in high-risk patients undergoing gynaecological pelvic surgery, and there were no adverse effects in either group.(No. ChiCTR-PRC-10000935).

     

经胃与经结肠内镜联合猪输卵管切除术及肝脏活检术

目的 比较经胃(口)和经结肠(肛)双内镜联合与经胃单内镜切除猪输卵管及肝脏活检的可行性和安全性.方法 采用雌性小型猪2头,分别通过经胃单路径内镜(单臂)和经结肠与经胃联合双路径内镜(双臂)完成输卵管切除术和肝脏活检术.在全麻下清洗、消毒胃和结肠管腔.双路径方法:用针式切开刀穿刺切透结肠前壁,用扩张球囊扩大切口,将内镜送入腹腔.在此内镜监视下,观察另一条内镜经胃进入腹腔.二镜相互配合,分别完成左侧输卵管切除术和肝脏活检术.单路径方法:经胃路径内镜独立完成输卵管切除术及肝脏活检术.术后胃及结肠切口分别用止血夹和尼龙绳套环闭合.动物复苏后,不限饮食,饲养14 d后剖腹探查.术中及术后连续应用抗生素3 d.结果 与单一路径相比,双路径完成输卵管切除术及肝脏活检术更方便、容易,二镜可以相互配合完成复杂操作.动物苏醒后很快就可正常饮水和进食,生活状态良好.14 d后内镜检查见胃壁和结肠壁切口愈合良好.开腹探查见胃壁外切口与大网膜少许粘连.分离开大网膜后,见胃壁浆膜层愈合良好.肝脏活检处和胃壁轻微粘连,其他脏器未见异常.输卵管切除部位与膀胱少许粘连.浆膜面结肠切口愈合良好,无任何粘连.无腹水和脓肿.结论 经胃与经结肠双内镜联合切除猪输卵管和肝脏活检是安全可行的,比单路径内镜可能更有优势.     

NOTES经胃入路诊断不明原因腹水的临床研究

目的 探讨经自然腔道内镜外科(NOTES)经胃入路对不明原因腹水的病因诊断的临床价值.方法 回顾该院2015年11月至2016年7月采用经胃入路NOTES诊断12例不明原因腹水患者进行腹腔探查及腹膜活检的临床资料,通过对术后有无并发症发生及疾病诊断率进行分析统计,评估该手术风险及临床应用价值.结果 通过腹腔探查、腹膜活检后病理学证实,确诊率达100%,其中结核性腹膜炎8例(66.7%)、肝硬化2例(16.7%)、腹膜间皮瘤1例(8.3%)、转移性腹膜癌1例(8.3%);术后出现腹痛2例,其中1例中性粒细胞比值升高,症状及实验室指标异常持续时间均未超过24 h,发生率为8.3%;无术后腹腔感染、切口出血、穿刺口瘘等并发症发生.结论 NOTES经胃入路腹腔探查及腹膜活检诊断不明原因腹水,具有创伤小、并发症少、术后恢复快等优势,具有重要的临床应用价值.     

经自然腔道腹腔内镜检查在腹膜转移癌诊断中的应用

目的 评价经自然腔道内镜手术(NOTES)在腹膜转移癌诊断中的价值.方法 回顾性分析2007年4月至2010年10月收治的32例经病理活检确诊的腹膜转移癌患者的临床资料,胃肠镜、影像学、腹水细胞学和经胃腹腔内镜检查结果.结果 32例患者经消化内镜检查发现消化道肿瘤9例(28.1%),经影像学检查疑诊卵巢占位性病变8例(25.O%)、胰腺癌2例(6.3%)、原发性肝癌2例(6.3%)、胆管细胞癌1例(3.1%),但均未确诊有腹膜转移癌.腹水细胞学检阳性6例(18.8%).经胃腹腔内镜检查及病理活检后均确诊腹膜转移癌.32例腹膜转移癌患者的经胃腹腔内镜下腹膜病变表现为5型:(1)肿块型3例(9.4%):局部腹膜壁层单个或多个直径≥2 cm的肿物;(2)结节型5例(15.6%):腹膜壁层多个大小不等的结节性病变;(3)溃疡型1例(3.1%):腹膜壁层溃疡性病变;(4)网膜包裹型1例(3.1%):网膜挛缩,与肠管粘连,包裹肠管使之成为饼状;(5)混合型22例(68.8%):同时存在2种或2种以上类型.结论 经胃腹腔内镜检查及组织活检对确诊腹膜转移癌及其内镜表现类型具有重要价值.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the value of peritoneoscopy via natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery(NOTES)in the diagnosis of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis.Methods A total of 32 patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis were diagnosed by histological examination of biopsies at our hospital from April 2007 to October 2010.Their data of clinical manifestations,gastroscopy,colonoscopy,abdominal ultrasonography,abdominal computed tomography,magnetic resonance imaging,ascitic cytology and transgastric peritoneoscopy via NOTES were analyzed retrospectively.Results Among them,gastrointestinal cancers were diagnosed by digestive endoscopy in 9 cases(28.1%).And ovarian lesions in 8 cases(25.0%),pancreatic cancer in 2 cases(6.3%),primary liver cancer in 2 cases(6.3%)and bile duct carcinoma in 1 case(3.1%)were suspected according to imaging examinations.No peritoneal carcinomatosis was found by digestive endoscopy or imaging examinations.Ascitic cytology was positive in 6 cases(18.8%).Peritoneal carcinomatosis was diagnosed by transgastric peritoneoscopy via NOTES with histological examination of biopsies in all patients.Their findings of transgastric peritoneoscopy via NOTES were divided into 5 types,i.e.,mass type(n=3,9.4%),nodular type(n=5,15.6%),ulcerative type (n=1,3.1%),omentum-embracing type(n=1,3.1%)and mixture type(n=22,68.8%).Conclusion Transgastric peritoneoscopy via NOTES with histological examination of biopsies has important value in the pathologic diagnosis and the endoscopic typing of peritoneal carcinomatosis.     

中药灌洗联合经阴道瘘皮瓣修补术对直肠阴道瘘患者生活质量的影响

目的：观察中药灌洗联合经阴道瘘皮瓣修补术对直肠阴道瘘（ RVF）患者生活质量的影响。方法取我院收治的直肠阴道瘘患者50例,依据治疗方案不同分为治疗组与对照组,各25例,2组均采用经阴道瘘皮瓣修补术治疗,术前常规阴道、直肠准备;治疗组于术前5d给予本院自拟中药灌洗方（苦参、蛇床子、白鲜皮等）,1次/d;2组术后均给予常规处置,对比2组1次手术修补成功率,并采用诺丁汉健康调查问卷（ NHP ）评价患者术后生活质量改善情况。结果术后NHP评分治疗组患者生活质量改善优于对照组（ P﹤0.05）。结论中药灌洗联合经阴道瘘皮瓣修补术可有效提高RVF患者术后生活质量。     

维生素E烟酸酯对豚鼠非乙醇性脂肪性肝炎的影响

目的:建立豚鼠非乙醇性脂肪性肝炎(nonalcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)模型及观察维生素E(Vit.E)烟酸酯对该模型的影响.方法:将20只豚鼠随机分为对照组、模型1组(4 wk)、模型2组(8 wk)、治疗组,分别给予高脂高糖饮食及Vit.E烟酸酯(20 mg/d),处死后测定其体质量、肝指数、血清ALT,AST,TC和TG含量,并观察豚鼠肝组织病理变化.结果:肝指数在对照组、模型1组、模型2组依次增高,治疗组与模型2组无显著差异.血清ALT在各组无显著差异,AST在模型组有显著增高,TC,TG在模型1组大幅度升高(P＜0.05,P＞0.05),TC在模型2组有所下降,但仍高于对照组(P＜0.05),TG在模型2组与对照组无差异,模型2组与治疗组在ALT,AST,TC和TG上均无显著差异.病理显示肝脏脂肪变性及炎症活动、坏死及纤维化在对照组、模型1组、模型2组依次加剧,但治疗组与模型2组间无显著差异.结论:本实验成功地复制了NASH的豚鼠模型,Vit.E烟酸酯对豚鼠NASH的影响在本实验中不明显.     

胃癌根治切除并温热低渗液腹腔灌洗的疗效分析

目的：评价胃癌根治切除并用温热、低渗液或低渗液加洗必泰腹腔灌洗的疗效与适应证。方法：将1986年1月至1995年12月间施行胃癌根治切除术500例患者分成3组。A组：根治术并用43℃蒸馏水4000ml腹腔灌洗10min,共198例;B组：根治术并用43℃蒸馏水4000ml 醋酸洗必泰0.6g,腹腔灌洗4min,共89例;C组：根治术关腹前应用生理盐水4000ml,腹腔清洗4min,共213例。结果：A组与B组疗效相同,二者合在一起计算称灌洗组。各期病例术后1、3年生存率3组间差异无显著意义;全组5年生存率,灌洗组为63.8%,对照组为51.2%。而且有效病例多为灌洗组中期（Ⅱ、ⅢA期）病例。结论：胃癌根治术,关腹前采用本疗法行腹腔灌洗,对Ⅱ期、ⅢA期病例有良好效果。     

老年胃癌患者术中氟尿嘧啶胃周注射联合一次性低渗温热腹腔化疗的疗效观察

目的 评价老年胃癌患者根治术中氟尿嘧啶胃周及胃床组织注射联合一次性低渗温热腹腔化疗的疗效.方法 71例Ⅲ期老年胃癌患者在行D2胃癌根治术中,41例（治疗组）在胃周及胃床组织用氟尿嘧啶直接注射联合一次性低渗温热腹腔化疗,38例（对照组）仅用蒸馏水反复冲洗腹腔,未行化疗.比较两组腹腔游离癌细胞检出率及第1、2年术后复发率.结果 治疗组灌洗液中癌细胞检出率为4.88%（2/41）,对照组为23.68（9/38）（P〈0.05）.治疗组术后1、2年复发率为9.76%（4/41）及19.51%（8/41）;对照组分别为31.58%（12/38）及42.11%（16/38）.差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）.结论 氟尿嘧啶胃周及胃床组织直接注射联合一次性低渗温热腹腔化疗简单、安全,能减少腹腔游离癌细胞,降低术后腹腔复发率.     

Comparison of peritoneal free gastric cancer cells＇ detecting rates between laparoscopically assisted and open radical gastrectomy

Objective： To compare laparoscopic gastrectomy and conventional surgery on the dissemination and seeding of tumor cells. Methods：Intraoperative peritoneal lavage cytologic examination was performed in 65 patients with gastric cancer, during laparoscopic gastrectomy （n = 34） and conventional surgery （n = 31）. Cytology was examined twice, immediately after opening the peritoneal cavity and just before closing the abdomen. Saline was poured into the peritoneal cavity, and 100 ml fluid was retrieved after irrigation. Laparoscopic instruments were lavaged after surgery with 100 ml saline. Carbon dioxide （COz） was derived through the trocar side orifice after pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic gastrectomy and filtered through 100 ml saline. Cytologic examination of the filtrate was performed after the filtration process. Results： The incidence of positive cytology during laparoscopic surgery was 32.26% in the preoperative lavage and 22.58% in the postoperative lavage. The incidence of positive cytology during conventional surgery was 41.18% before lavage and 26.47% after lavage. Only one positive cytology was detected in the CO2 filtrate gas. The incidence of positive cytology in the lavage of the instruments during laparoscopic surgery was 6.45 %. Conclusion： During gastric laparoscopic surgery, CO2 pneumoperitoneum does not affect tumor cell dissemination and seeding. In this study, laparoscopic techniques used in gastric cancer surgery were not associated with a higher risk for intraperitoneal dissemination of cancer cells than the conventional surgery.     

The Effect of Itraconazole on the Vaginal Candidiasis under Different Immunity Conditions in Mice

To study the effect of itraconazole on the vaginal candidiasis caused by Candida under different immunity conditions, the fungal vaginitis model was established in female ICR mice by in- travaginal inoculation of suspension of C. albicans after the animal had been pretreated with estradiol or dexamethasone. Mice were divided at random into different groups and then treated with itracona- zole or IFN-γ given by gastrogavage. The burden of the fungus in the vaginal lavage fluids in the mice of the different groups was measured dynamically at different time points after the beginning of the drug treatment. The difference in the effect of itraconazole on the vaginal candidiasis between normal immune system group (group A) and control group (group D) was statistically significant (P<0.01). The difference in the efficacy of itraconazole among immunosuppressed group (group E), immuno-regulated group (group F) and the control group (group G) was statistically significant (P<0.01). But on the 5th, 6th, 7th, 9th, 11th day after the inoculation the average level of colony forming unit (CFU) of groups A, E and F showed no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). It is concluded that the efficacy of itraconazole in the treatment of the vaginal candidiasis under different immunity conditions (groups A, E and F) in mice were all good, but there was no difference in the anti-fungal effect of itraconazole among the three groups.     

经阴道NOTES在妇科手术中的临床应用进展

经自然腔道内镜手术（natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES）是指不经体表切口,利用内镜通过人体自然孔道进入体内进行手术,女性具有阴道这一天然通道,绝大多数NOTES通过经阴道途径完成。经阴道NOTES可应用于卵巢及输卵管手术、子宫肌瘤剔除术、子宫切除手术、恶性肿瘤手术及盆底手术。具有体表无瘢痕、对机体干扰少、标本易取出、减轻术者疲劳、手术安全性提高等优势。但也存在子宫直肠凹陷状态判断困难,操作空间有限、学习曲线长等问题。经阴道NOTES是安全可行的,未来应用前景广阔。