经导管主动脉瓣置换术的现状与发展趋势

目前,尽管严重主动脉狭窄的治疗指南仍以外科手术置换(surgical aortic valve replacement,SAVR)为治疗标 准,但随着大血管外科技术的不断发展,经导管主动脉瓣置换术(transcatheter aortic valve implantation,TAVI)逐渐成为 高危和禁忌SAVR患者的常规治疗措施。近年来各瓣膜厂商,包括国内医药公司,对瓣膜技术极力地推进,使得TAVI 技术取得了显著成效,加上其并发症也得到了有效控制,TAVI有望在治疗主动脉狭窄乃至关闭不全上取代传统术 式,应用前景可观。     

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation versus surgical aortic valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis: a meta analysis

Background Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has emerged as the treatment choice for non-operable patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS) and may be a good alternative to sur...     

First transcatheter aortic valve implantation for severe pure aortic regurgitation in Asia

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has become the standard of care for inoperable patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS), and an alternative to open aortic valve replacement for patients at high surgical risk. TAVI has also been performed in several groups of patients with off-label indications such as severe bicuspid AS, and as a valve-in-valve therapy for a degenerated surgical bioprosthesis. Although TAVI with CoreValve® prosthesis is technically challenging, and global experience in the procedure is limited, the procedure could be a treatment option for well-selected patients with severe pure aortic regurgitation (AR). Herein, we report Asia''s first case of TAVI for severe pure AR in a patient who was at extreme surgical risk, with good clinical outcome at six months.     

超声心动图在主动脉瓣反流患者经心尖主动脉瓣植入术中的应用

目的 探讨超声心动图在主动脉瓣反流患者经心尖主动脉瓣植入(transcatheter aortic valve implantation, TAVI)术前、术中及术后的作用。方法 31例中-重度单纯主动脉瓣反流或以主动脉瓣反流为主的外科开胸手术高风险患者行经心尖TAVI术。术前经胸超声心动图（transthoracic echocardiograghy,TTE）评估主动脉瓣反流程度、测量主动脉根部相关指标、左室收缩功能;术中介入操作前经食管超声心动图 (transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)再次准确评估,瓣膜植入过程中TEE联合X光造影指导人工瓣膜植入、监测并发症,术后即刻评估有无瓣周反流及程度;术后1周、1月TTE随访人工瓣膜血流动力学参数、有无相关并发症、左室收缩功能。结果 31例患者中,29例成功完成经心尖TAVI术。术后微量或无瓣周反流23例,轻度瓣周反流6例。左室舒张期内径、左室质量指数术后1周较术前显著减小,术后1月进一步减小（ P均<0.05),左室大小基本恢复正常;左室射血分数术后1周较术前降低（ P<0.05),术后1月恢复至术前水平。结论 经心尖TAVI术对于外科开胸手术高风险的主动脉瓣反流患者是一种安全有效的治疗方式,超声心动图在TAVI术前筛查及测量、术中监测、引导和术后随访中起着不可或缺的作用。     

One-year results of transcatheter aortic valve implantation as an alternative treatment for severe aortic stenosis in high-risk patients

BackgroundAortic valve replacement (AVR) remains the gold standard treatment for symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS). For the past 10 years, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has been applied in patients with high surgical mortality and morbidity risks. The preliminary results of our TAVI patients are presented in this study.MethodsTen high-risk patients with severe AS, for AVR, were referred and accepted for TAVI in the 6 month period from May 2010 to October 2010. The patient age, logistic EuroSCORE, femoral arterial diameter, aorta annulus size, aorta valve area (AVA), mean aortic pressure gradient (MPG), as well as coronary angiography results were all collected. Six patients were treated via the transapical approach in March 2010, whereas the other four were treated with the transfemoral approach, according to their femoral artery diameter and arterial quality. This study focuses on the immediate, 1 month, 3 month, and 1 year results of TAVI.ResultsThe average age of the 10 patients receiving TAVI was 81.5 years. The mean calculated EuroSCORE was 28.3 ± 7.9%. The mean AVA was 0.61 ± 0.19 cm². The MPG was 48 ± 16 mmHg. The surgical technical success achieved 100%. There was no reported moderate to severe postoperative paravalvular aortic regurgitation, permanent complete atrioventricular block, major access site complication, or embolic stroke. Chronic renal failure, which necessitated permanent hemodialysis, developed in 10% of the patients. One acute myocardial infarction and one case of pneumonia developed postoperatively. The AVA was increased by 251%, whereas the MPG was decreased by 80% at the 3 month follow-up. The 30-day mortality rate was 10%. The all-cause 1-year mortality rate was 20%.ConclusionThis new technique and device requires greater caution and needs more practice to accumulate sufficient experience. The studied patients were very fragile, due to old age and multiple comorbidities. Our results are similar to findings of multicenter trials. With careful patient screening and selection, TAVI can be a promising treatment for high-risk severe AS patients.     

经主动脉途径植入主动脉支架瓣膜一例报道

经导管主动脉瓣植入术（TAVI）是治疗主动脉瓣狭窄患者的新技术,适用于无法外科手术和外科高风险的主动脉瓣狭窄患者,其常规植入途径为股动脉和心尖。该文介绍1例92岁高龄患者,经股动脉途径植入主动脉瓣失败后,改由经主动脉途径植入的成功经验。     

Procedural results and 30-day clinical events analysis following Edwards transcatheter aortic valve implantation in 48 consecutive patients: initial experience

Background  Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a rapidly evolving strategy for therapy of aortic stenosis. We presented the procedural results and analyzed the death causes of 30-day mortality and clinical events in patients who underwent TAVI with Edwards prosthetic valves in University Hospital of Caen, France.

Methods  The patients with severe aortic stenosis but at high surgical risk or inoperable were considered as candidates for TAVI. Forty-eight patients undergoing TAVI from July 2010 to September 2011 were enrolled in this registry. The Edwards prosthetic valves were solely used in this clinical trial.

Results  Overall 48 patients underwent TAVI, 28 of which accepted TAVI by trans-femoral (TF) approaches, 20 by trans-apical approaches (TA). The aortic valve area (AVA) was (0.70±0.23) cm², left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was (57.4±17.6)%, Log EuroSCORE was (19.2±15.8)%, mean gradient was (47.0±16.6) mmHg. There were no significant differences between TF and TA groups in all these baseline parameters. Device success rate was 95.8%, and procedural success rate was 93.7% in total. Procedural mortality was 6.7% (3/48): two deaths in TA group (10%), and one death in TF group (3.6%). Forty-six Edwards valves were implanted: 10 Edwards Sapien and 36 Edwards XT. Procedure-related complications included cardiac tamponade in 2 cases (4.2%), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in 1 case (2.1%), permanent pacemaker implantation in 1 case (2.1%), life-threatening and major bleeding in 3 cases; access site related major complication in 1 case, AKI stage 3 in 3 cases (6.3%), minor stroke in 1 case (2.1%). Thirty-day survival rate was 89.6%. There were 5 deaths in total (10.4%): 4 in TA group (20%) and 1 in TF group (3.6%).

Conclusion  The procedural success rate and 30-day mortality were acceptable in these high risk patients with Edwards prosthetic valves in the first 48 TAVI.

     

经导管主动脉瓣膜植入术的可选瓣膜植入途径

经导管主动脉瓣膜植入术（TAVI）是介入方法治疗严重主动脉瓣狭窄的一种新技术,经过十余年的发展,TAVI的效果与中期存活率与外科手术治疗效果相当。随着输送装置、支架瓣膜的改进,TAVI的适应证扩大,安全性、有效性进一步提升。本文将TAVI术中瓣膜植入途径的现状作一介绍。     

二维超声心动图评价经导管主动脉瓣置入术后早期左心形态及收缩功能

目的 利用二维超声心动图监测并分析经导管主动脉瓣置入术（TAVI）术后早期患者心脏形态及功能状态。方法 选择2017年12月至2019年12月在我院心血管外科就诊并行TAVI的33例患者,收集患者年龄、性别、NYHA心功能分级、既往心脏外科手术史、美国胸外科医师学会（STS）评分、手术入路、并发疾病等基本资料,以及术前和术后早期（0~2个月）超声心动图检查数据。结果 33例患者中重度主动脉瓣狭窄（SAS）组20例,重度主动脉瓣反流（SAR）组8例,SAS合并SAR组（合并组）5例。术后早期SAS组1例患者2次因心律失常加重心力衰竭再次住院治疗,4例患者出现微量瓣周漏,1例患者出现大量瓣周漏;SAR组1例患者出现中度瓣周漏;合并组1例患者出现轻度瓣周漏。与术前相比,术后早期33例患者总体左心室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）、左心房容积（LAV）、最大主动脉瓣跨瓣压差（AVPG_max）均下降（P均<0.01）,主动脉瓣有效瓣口面积（AVA）增加（P<0.01）,左心室射血分数（LVEF）、室间隔厚度（IVST）、后壁厚度（PWT）均未发生明显变化（P均>0.05）;SAS组LVEF升高（P<0.05）,LAV、AVPG_max均下降（P<0.05,P<0.01）,AVA增加（P<0.01）;SAR组LVEDV、LAV均下降（P均<0.01）,IVST增加（P<0.05）;合并组LVEDV、LAV、AVPG_max均下降（P均<0.05）,AVA增加（P<0.01）。结论 对于SAS、SAR和SAS合并SAR患者,TAVI术后早期心脏逆重构、收缩功能均有不同程度改善。单纯SAR及合并SAS的高危患者可从TAVI获益。     

经导管主动脉瓣膜植入与常规主动脉瓣膜置换手术在多风险因素主动脉瓣狭窄患者中的应用

［摘要］ 目的评价经导管主动脉瓣膜植入（transcatheter aortic valve implantation,TAVI）与常规主动脉瓣膜置换在高风险因素患者中应用的安全性及效果。 方法选择主动脉瓣狭窄患者80例,按手术方式分为常规组47例、小切口组18例和TAVI组15例。常规组采用常规开胸主动脉瓣膜置换手术,小切口组采用胸骨上段小切口主动脉瓣膜置换手术,TAVI组采用全身麻醉非体外循环下TAVI。比较3组患者手术效果及并发症发生情况。 结果小切口组24 h引流量明显少于常规组（P＜0.01）。常规组和小切口组阻断时间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。小切口组手术时间、呼吸机辅助通气时间、重症监护室（intensive care unit,ICU）停留时间短于常规组,术中出血量少于常规组（P＜0.01）;TAVI组手术时间、呼吸机辅助通气时间、ICU停留时间短于常规组和小切口组,术中出血量少于常规组和小切口组,平均动脉压（mean artery pressure,MAP)变化值大于常规组和小切口组,住院费用多于常规组和小切口组（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。3组并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。 结论TAVI手术在治疗高风险因素的患者中较常规主动脉瓣膜置换手术安全性高,创伤小,并发症少,恢复快,值得临床推广应用。     

Congenital quadricuspid aortic valve: analysis of 11 surgical cases

Background  Congenital quadricuspid aortic valve is rarely seen during aortic valve replacement (AVR). The diagnosis and treatment of the disease were reported in 11 cases.

Methods  Eleven patients (nine men and two women, mean age 33.4 years) with quadricuspid aortic valve were retrospectively evaluated. Medical records, echocardiograms and surgical treatment were reviewed.

Results  In accordance with the Hurwitz and Roberts classification, the patients were classified as type A (n=2), type B (n=7), type F (n=1) and type G (n=1). Three patients were associated with other heart diseases, including infective endocarditis and mitral prolaps, left superior vena cava, aortic aneurysm. All had aortic regurgitation (AR) except two with aortic stenosis (AS), detected by color-flow Doppler echocardiography. The congenital quadricuspid aortic valve deformity in seven patients was diagnosed by echocardiography. All patients underwent successful aortic valve replacement.

Conclusion  Quadricuspid aortic valve is a rare cause of aortic insufficiency, while echocardiography plays an important role in diagnosing the disease. Aortic valve replacement is the major therapy for the disease.

     

先天性主动脉瓣二叶畸形的外科治疗

目的 总结先天性主动脉瓣二叶畸形患者的临床特点及外科治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月-2010年12月我科行外科手术治疗的先天性主动脉瓣二叶畸形患者34例,年龄23-78(51.0±12.4)岁,其中男性28例(82.3%),女性6例(17.6%).单纯主动脉瓣狭窄10例(29.4%),主动脉瓣狭窄伴关闭不全19例(55.8%),单纯主动脉瓣关闭不全5例(14.7%).合并主动脉根部扩张30例(88.2%),合并感染性心内膜炎6例(17.6%).行单纯主动脉瓣置换术32例,行Bentall 术1例,主动脉瓣置换+ 升主动脉置换术1例.其中21例植入机械瓣,13例植入生物瓣.结果 无死亡及其他严重并发症.术后超声心动图示升主动脉内径((45.4±5.9)mm vs(40.9±6.5)mm,P<0.05)及左室舒张末内径(LVEDD)((56.9±15.5)mm vs 年44.3±9.0)mm,P<0.05)较术前明显减小.结论 先天性主动脉瓣二叶畸形合并主动脉根部扩张要根据病情行不同方式手术.     

经导管主动脉瓣置换术中瓣中瓣技术的应用进展

 随着社会老龄化的进展,主动脉瓣疾病的患病率显著上升。目前经导管主动脉瓣置换术（transcatheter aortic valve replacement,TAVR）已成为中高危主动脉狭窄患者的首选治疗方案,且其在主动脉瓣反流患者中的应用不断增加。受到个体解剖结构、血流动力学及不同瓣膜特点的影响,部分患者在TAVR术中接受首个瓣膜植入后的效果欠佳。经导管瓣中瓣置入术在TAVR初次效果不佳患者中的应用不断增加,且多项临床研究显示其即刻效果及短中期随访效果良好。本文就TAVR术中需要瓣中瓣置入的危险因素、瓣中瓣技术的预后及技术难点作一综述。     

经皮导管内主动脉瓣置入术的麻醉管理

经皮导管内主动脉瓣置入术的迅速发展给麻醉医师带来了巨大的挑战,伴随着人工合成瓣膜技术逐步优化、操作者经验日渐丰富,成为越来越多外科手术高风险的主动脉狭窄患者的新选择。麻醉管理也越来越复杂且精细,需要麻醉医师掌握更多相关新知识、新技术,现就其麻醉方法的选择及其特殊性加以综述。     

Perspective on transcatheter aortic valve implantation: past， present， and future

It is well recognized that any disruptive innovation in medicine looks at first unfeasible and unacceptable.It has been the case for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) as the project appeared totally unrealistic in the early 1990s.It is quite thrilling,therefore,to observe the current expansion of this technology worldwide,20 years after the birth of the concept and 10 years after the first-in-man TAVIprocedure performed in Rouen on April 16,2002.To date,more than 80 000 patients have benefitted from TAVIworldwide and the number is consistently increasing.     

钙化性主动脉瓣疾病发病机制及临床诊治研究进展

随着人口的老龄化和风湿热发病率的降低,钙化性主动脉瓣疾病(calcific aortic valve disease,CAVD)的发病率在我国呈逐年上升的趋势,已成为老年人最常见的心脏瓣膜病.CAVD以往被视为是一种与瓣膜退行性变、钙盐沉积相关的被动过程,但最新研究发现CAVD的发生实际是一个涉及内皮损伤、脂质浸润、慢性炎症、基质重塑、细胞分化、进展性钙化及新生血管形成等复杂变化的主动过程,一些基因的变异在其发生发展中也扮演重要角色.CAVD的临床诊治措施目前也取得了一系列进展,包括一些延缓或阻断CAVD进展干预靶点的发现以及经导管主动脉瓣置换术(transcatheter aortic valve implantation,TAVI)的临床应用,都为防治CAVD提供了新思路.本文主要就CAVD发病机制的最新研究进展进行综述,并展望了CAVD未来的诊治方向.     

经股动脉球囊扩张式主动脉瓣置换术的初步经验

目的探讨经股动脉球囊扩张式主动脉瓣置换术治疗严重主动脉瓣狭窄患者的可行性。方法选取3例严重主动脉瓣钙化狭窄的患者,术前评估无法耐受传统开放手术,行经股动脉球扩式主动脉瓣置换术。结果 3例均经股动脉完成,其中1例经心尖穿刺辅助完成。3例手术全部成功,术后患者主动脉瓣功能显著改善,无并发症,无死亡。结论经股动脉球扩式主动脉瓣置换术可用于国人严重主动脉瓣狭窄患者,但在术前准备与评估、术中操作等方面提出了更高的要求。     

50岁以上的主动脉瓣病变患者的外科治疗:附73例报告

目的对73名50岁以上的中老年患者进行回顾性分析,探讨该人群先天性二叶主动脉瓣畸形发病特点、外科治疗策略及术后并发症情况。方法 2009年1月～2011年9月收治73名50岁以上的中老年主动脉瓣病变患者,其中男性45人,女性28人,年龄51～75岁,平均年龄为(61.8±0.7)岁。患者中1例行Bentall术,1例行Wheat术,其余全部接受了主动脉瓣置换手术,同时行主动脉瓣,二尖瓣双瓣置换术7例,合并行二尖瓣成形术6例,三尖瓣Devega环缩术11例,冠状动脉搭桥术8例,主动脉-左室隧道修补术1例,左房血栓取出术1例,射频消融术1例。结果患者围手术期死亡2例。手术体外循环时间为78～217 min,平均(131.9±6.0)mln;阻断时间56～158 min,平均(88.2±4.8)min。ICU时间为(23.0～647.4)h,平均(97.9±10.5)h。术后并发症包括5例低心排综合征;4例术后出血行再次开胸止血术;术后伤口清创4例;1例术后急性肾功能衰竭需行血液透析。术后左心室舒张末期内径较术前有明显减小[(52.6±1.7)mm vs(43.2±1.0)mm,P=0.001],手术前后左室射血分数无明显变化[(62.2±2.5)vs(65.5±1.3),P=0.257]。结论完善的术前检查、充分的术前风险因素评估、围术期的早期干预、手术策略制定上考虑患者耐受程度、预防手术并发症对降低手术死亡率是非常必要的。通过以上处理,可以将中老年二叶主动脉瓣膜置换术的手术风险降低到与同期瓣膜置换手术相似或者更低的水平。     

退行性主动脉瓣病变合并冠心病的外科处理

目的探讨退行性主动脉瓣病变合并冠心病的手术时机及外科处理特点.方法选择退行性主动脉瓣病变合并冠心病患者进行主动脉瓣置换(AVR)及冠状动脉搭桥术(CABG)28例,其中严重主动脉瓣病变[严重狭窄或(和)严重关闭不全]合并不同程度冠心病24例,中度主动脉瓣病变[中度狭窄或(和)中度关闭不全]合并严重冠心病4例.手术均在低温体外循环下进行,置换生物瓣25枚,双叶机械瓣3枚,平均搭桥2.3±1.2支,术中放置主动脉气囊反搏(IABP)4例.结果围手术期死亡者3例,开胸止血者1例,延迟关胸者1例.术后瓣周漏保守治疗1例,其他均无严重并发症.随访6～35个月,心功能明显改善,心肌无缺血表现.术后病理诊断所有主动脉瓣均为退行性改变.结论退行性主动脉瓣病变合并冠心病有特殊的病理改变及手术处理方法,掌握好同时行主动脉瓣置换及冠状动脉搭桥手术时机亦十分重要.     

Current treatment status in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis and outcome of long term follow-up at advanced age: a Chinese single center study

Background  Surgical aortic valve replacement is the standard treatment for patients with severe aortic stenosis, but some registries have indicated that 30% to 60% of these patients are not treated surgically, usually due to advanced age and/or comorbidities. This single center study in China investigated the current treatment status in the patients with severe aortic stenosis and evaluated the long term clinical outcome in advanced age patients whether or not undergoing aortic valve replacement. 

Methods  Clinical data of 867 consecutive patients with severe aortic stenosis between January 2000 and December 2006 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients ≥65 years old were followed up by telephone or information from medical records. The primary end-point was all-cause mortality.

Results  The patients’ average age was (52±19) years (range, 1–91 years), and 34% were women. The percentages of the patients aged <15 years, between 15 and 34 years, between 35 and 54 years, between 55 and 64 years, between 65 and 74 years, and ≥75 years who underwent surgical aortic valve replacement were 82.3%, 87.2%, 88.8%, 78.2%, 65.3% and 22.2% respectively. In the patients (n=256) ≥65 years old, 43.4% had New York Heart Association class III and IV symptoms, 39.1% had hypertension, 33.2% had coronary heart disease, and 3.1% had stroke. In the patients not undergoing aortic valve replacement, 1.6% had renal insufficiency, 4.7% had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2.0% had critical hematopathy, and 0.4% had mammary cancer. A total of 186 (72.7%) patients finished the follow-up, and the average duration of the follow-up was (60±26) months. In the patients between 65 and 74 years old, the total deaths and cardiac deaths in the patients undergoing aortic valve replacement decreased significantly compared with those with conservative treatment (10.3% vs. 53.7%, P <0.001 and 6.3% vs. 50.7%, P<0.001). Similarly, in the patients ≥75 years old, there was a significant difference between patients who had surgery and those who had conservative treatment in the total deaths and cardiac deaths (21.4% vs. 63.3%, P=0.007 and 14.3% vs. 46.9%, P=0.033). The total deaths in the patients aged between 65 and 74 years were significantly fewer compared with ≥75 years old patients (25.4% vs. 54.0%, P <0.001). Cox regression revealed that aortic valve replacement was the only independent predictor of mortality (HR 0.183; 95% CI, 0.101–0.332, P <0.001).

Conclusions  This single centre study showed that surgical aortic valve replacement was still the standard treatment for the patients with severe aortic stenosis and had a satisfying prognosis. However, the high risk patients with advanced age and comorbidities usually selected conservative treatment and had an unfavorable prognosis.