经食道超声心动图用于坐位神经外科手术的临床研究

目的观察经食道超声心动图(TEE)对卵圆孔未闭(PFO)判断的准确性及坐位神经外科手术中利用TEE对静脉空气栓塞(VAE)和反常空气栓塞(PAE)监测的有效性。方法 8例拟行坐位神经外科手术的患者术前行经胸心脏超声心动图和TEE,无PFO者行坐位手术。术中TEE双维四腔心界面和心房上腔静脉界面监测VAE和PAE及卵圆孔状态和中心静脉导管尖端的位置,采用Grade分级法行VAE和PAE分级,术中持续行胸前多普勒超声(PCD)、有创动脉血压、中心静脉压(CVP)、呼气末二氧化碳分压(PetCO2)监测。结果术前心脏超声对比观察中TEE发现1例PFO。7例患者坐位手术中TEE监测到VAE者6例(85.7%);监测到PAE者2例(28.6%),Grade级别为1,其VAEGrade级别为3,其中1例发现卵圆孔重新开放导致PAE的发生,另1例主动脉PAE发生在右房VAE消失后的手术过程中;PCD有明确信号者5例(5/7),1例PCD信号可疑;血压明显下降发生在VAEGrade3级的2例患者中,PetCO2下降≥5mmHg者5例(71.4%),术中抽吸到空气栓子的患者5例。结论 TEE是术前筛选PFO更敏感的手段,TEE在坐位手术中可以定量监测VAE和PAE的性质和严重程度。TEE应作为神经外科坐位手术必要的监测手段。     

经食管超声在经导管Amplatzer间隔封堵器修补房间隔缺损中的应用价值

目的:旨在评价经食管超声心动图(TEE)在行Amplatzer间隔封堵器(ASO)经导管修补继发孔型房间隔缺损术中的应用价值。方法:选择继发孔型房间隔缺损患者62例,年龄10～55岁。超声检查用于①术前筛选;②术中采用经食管超声心动图进行封堵术中引导和监测;③术后复查,观察封堵器的位置、周围结构的关系、有无残余分流等。结果:本组患者采用TTE、TEE和球囊X线影像(房间隔缺损最大伸展径)3种测量方法。其结果显示:TTE测值(19.1±5.8)mm与术中球囊测值(25.1±6.4)mm之间存在显著性统计学差异(P<0.001);TEE测值(23.5±6.2)mm与术中球囊测值之间不存在统计学差异(P>0.05)。62例患者均在TEE引导和监测下成功地完成ASD封堵。CDFI显示其中61例,封堵器释放后即无左向右分流;1例上腔静脉型ASD患者,靠上腔静脉端有2mm残余分流。术后即刻、24h、1个月、3个月、6个月、1年行TTE或TEE检查,62例患者封堵器位置稳定、无移位,未影响周围瓣膜的功能及静脉的回流。1例上腔静脉型ASD患者,1年后靠上腔静脉端仍有2mm的残余分流;余61例无左向右分流。结论:在经导管Amplatzer间隔封堵器修补ASD术中,TEE可准确地引导和监测封堵器的放置,评估手术疗效。同时,TEE在ASD封堵术中的应用是安全、可行、患者完全可以耐受的。     

中心静脉导管准确定位在坐位神经外科手术中的应用

目的利用心内心电图引导中心静脉导管准确定位,观察坐位手术中吸除气体栓子的效果。方法13例坐位手术患者,利用中心静脉导管导引钢丝作为心内电极,拾取心内心电信号,通过观察心电图波形判断导管尖端的位置,与手术后X线胸片比较,对比特异度。监测到气体栓子时抽吸中心静脉导管,观察有无气体以及气体的量。结果利用心电图原理放置导管的准确率与手术后胸片对照特异度为100%;13例中有7例监测到气体栓子,气体抽吸的成功率为100%,抽吸到的气体量0.5~20mL。结论利用心电图波形引导可准确定位中心静脉导管尖端位置,并能有效吸除栓塞气体。     

cTTE与cTCD同步试验对卵圆孔未闭的诊断价值

目的 探讨卵圆孔未闭的先心病患者采用经胸部超声心动图造影(cTTE)、经颅多普勒超声造影技术(cTCD)进行联合筛查的应用价值。方法 选取某医院2019年3月至2022年6月经临床初步诊断高度怀疑为卵圆孔未闭的先心病患者103例作为研究对象,所有患者均经过食道心电图(TEE)检查证实病情,患者均在本院接受了cTTE与cTCD筛查;统计分析两种方式对卵圆孔未闭先心病患者右向左分流的诊断情况,并以TEE作为判断金标准计算cTTE与cTCD单用及联合应用在诊断卵圆孔未闭先心病方面的价值。结果 在经TEE检查最终确诊卵圆孔未闭的先心病患者70例中,cTCD诊断卵圆孔未闭患者65例,其中准确诊断56例、误诊9例,检出固有型右向左分流卵圆孔未闭患者24例、激发型右向左分流卵圆孔未闭患者41例,cTCD诊断的固有型右向左分流患者分级高于激发型右向左分流(Z=-1.991,P=0.046<0.05);cTTE诊断卵圆孔未闭患者66例,其中准确诊断61例、误诊5例,检出固有型右向左分流卵圆孔未闭患者30例、激发型右向左分流卵圆孔未闭患者36例,cTTE诊断的固有型与激发型右向左分流患者微泡数量分级...     

经食管超声心动图在肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓手术治疗中的应用

目的 探讨术中经食管超声心动图(TEE)在肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓诊治中的应用价值。方法 选取2017年1月至2021年1月在河北医科大学第二医院收治的10例肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓患者,术中应用TEE定位癌栓位置,确定下腔静脉阻断点,统计术中癌栓脱落率、癌栓切除完整度、出血量等指标,评价TEE在肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓手术中的应用价值。结果 10例患者全部顺利完成手术,其中开放手术8例,腹腔镜手术2例。TEE显示癌栓清晰,均完整切除癌栓,术中均未发生癌栓脱落,术中平均出血量(520.0±193.2)ml(300～800 ml)。TEE发现2例术前诊断为Ⅲ级癌栓的患者降为Ⅱ级,1例术前诊断为Ⅰ级癌栓的患者升为Ⅱ级,1例术前未发现癌栓末端漂浮小癌栓的患者,经TEE辅助及时调整阻断位置,避免漂浮小癌栓脱落。结论 TEE可以精确判断并动态监测下腔静脉癌栓位置及形态,为外科手术提供重要参考依据,在肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓手术中具有重要的临床应用价值。     

经食管超声心动图在房间隔缺损一站式杂交术中的临床应用

目的:评价经食管超声心动图(TEE)在房间隔缺损(ASD)一站式杂交术中的临床应用。方法:27例ASD患者,术前经检查均适合一站式杂交手术治疗,术中经TEE测量ASD最大直径,与术前经胸测量ASD直径比较,指导封堵器封堵、释放等手术过程,并观察有无残余分流及封堵器是否影响周围结构功能。结果:27例ASD患者,缺损直径范围26～38 mm。麻醉手术时间60～130 min,平均70 min,患者全部一次性封堵成功,经TEE反复检查无残余分流,各瓣膜开放及闭合不受影响,上、下腔静脉回流正常。结论:TEE在一站式杂交术中能准确估测ASD直径,指导封堵过程,监测有无并发症发生,在ASD一站式杂交术中具有重要指导作用。     

TEE在卵圆孔未闭诊断及介入封堵术中的应用研究

目的探究经食道超声心动图(TEE)在卵圆孔未闭诊断及介入封堵术中的应用效果。方法选取2017年8月至2019年12月本院接收的40例疑似卵圆孔未闭患者为研究对象,术前患者均行TEE检查、经胸超声心动图(TTE)检查,在确诊后使用TEE引导进行介入封堵术,观察记录TEE、TTE检查结果以及TEE引导介入封堵术的术后疗效。结果40例患者中,TEE诊断出30例,TTE诊断出15例,TEE检出率明显高于TTE(P<0.05);30例卵圆孔未闭中均有明显偏头痛或脑卒中病史,仅15例患者接受封介入封堵术,患者术后3个月的头痛影响测定(HIT-6)评分低于术前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论TEE能有效诊断出卵圆孔未闭,检出率高于TTE,能为手术提供可靠的参考数据,确保介入封堵术顺利完成。     

c-TEE在诊断卵圆孔未闭中的应用价值

目的:探讨经食道超声心动图声学造影(contrast transesophageal echocardiography,c-TEE)在诊断卵圆孔未闭(parent foramen ovale,PFO)中的应用价值。方法:选择我院64名因头晕头痛、偏头痛、短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)、不明原因脑卒中就诊的疑似PFO的患者为研究对象,经胸超声心动图发泡试验(contrasttransthoracic echocardiography,c-TTE)为Ⅱ～Ⅲ级,所有患者为进一步诊治均行经食道超声(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)检查,TEE观察房间隔卵圆孔处无分流信号者进一步行c-TEE检查。结果:64名患者中PFO 61例,小房间隔缺损(atrial septal defect,ASD)2例,疑似肺动静脉瘘(pulmonary arteriovenous fistula,PAVF)1例后经CTA证实。61例PFO患者中TEE观察到分流信号者43例,占总数70.5%,TEE未观察到分流信号而c-TEE观察到微气泡经卵圆孔缝隙到达左房者18例。结论:c-TEE是TEE的有利补充,可提高PFO分流的检出率;c-TEE能较好地鉴别PFO与PAVF,为不明原因头晕头痛、脑卒中患者得到合理治疗提供了客观依据。     

经食管超声心动图在经胸小切口卵圆孔未闭封堵术的应用

目的回顾性分析经食管超声心动图在经胸小切口卵圆孔未闭封堵术中的应用。方法入选患者15例,年龄21-63(42.5±11.6)岁,PFO大小1.9-3.6(2.5±0.5)mm。术前经胸超声心动图或经食管超声心动图检查确诊为卵圆孔未闭。经胸小切口在TEE引导下,行PFO封堵术,并即刻评价封堵效果。结果 15例手术均成功完成封堵,TEE显示封堵器位置稳定,无残余分流及并发症。结论 TEE引导的经胸小切口卵圆孔未闭封堵术操作简单直观,容易被术者掌握,能够直视封堵器的释放,即时评价封堵效果,有较大的临床应用价值。     

经食道超声心动图在运用腔静脉内阻断技术实施微创三尖瓣再次手术中的应用

目的探讨经食道超声心动图（TEE）在运用腔静脉内阻断技术实施微创三尖瓣再次手术中的应用价值。方法2002年12月一2012年6月，经右胸前外侧切口，运用腔静脉腔内阻断技术在体外循环心脏不停跳下实施微创三尖瓣再次手术46例，其中男性27例，女性19例；年龄13～67岁。术中运用TEE全程监测配合整个手术，主要包括指导和评价腔静脉插管的位置、球囊阻断效果，以及评估术前、术后瓣膜反流及心功能情况。结果在TEE引导下运用腔静脉内阻断技术，46例患者均顺利实施了微创三尖瓣再次手术。在建立体外循环时，所有患者上、下腔静脉插管顺利，无再次插管病例；有2例患者TEE显示腔静脉首次阻断不完全，在TEE指引下重新调整插管球囊的位置和大小至阻断完全。46例患者平均手术时间（161±52）min，平均建立体外循环时间（手术开始至体外循环开始时间）（55±15）min，平均体外循环时间（58±23）min。术中TEE显示所有患者三尖瓣启闭功能良好，无明显残余反流，无瓣周漏。全组患者均成功治愈出院。结论运用腔静脉内阻断技术实施微创三尖瓣再次手术时，TEE可安全、可靠地引导和监测手术，具有重要的临床应用价值。     

Transesophageal echocardiography guided cannulation for peripheral cardiopulmonary bypass during robotic cardiac surgery

Background  Minimally invasive cardiac surgery and closed chest cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) techniques continue to evolve. Previous reports have demonstrated the benefits of fluoroscopy guided cannulation for endovascular CPB during port access cardiac surgery. However, few data are available on the role of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) guided cannulation for peripheral CPB during robotic cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate TEE guided cannulation for peripheral CPB during robotic cardiac surgery.

Methods  We performed a retrospective analysis of intraoperative data of 129 consecutive patients underwent robotic cardiac surgical procedures requiring peripheral CPB from September 2007 to August 2011, which was established using femoral arterial inflow and kinetic venous drainage by way of the femoral vein and right internal jugular vein and a transthoracic aortic cross clamp. TEE was used to guide cannulation of the inferior vena cava (IVC), superior vena cava (SVC), and ascending aorta (AAO). The success rate and the complication rate of TEE guided cannulation for peripheral CPB were evaluated and compared with the results of fluoroscopy guided cannulation in a historical control group.

Results  One hundred and twenty-nine consecutive patients underwent robotic cardiac surgical procedures requiring peripheral CPB. There were 67 female (51.9%) and 62 male (48.1%) patients, ranging in age from 13 to 70 years (mean (43.94 ± 13.82) years) and body surface area 1.32 to 2.39 m² (mean (1.71 ± 0.20) m²). Some 61 (47.3%) patients underwent mitral valve repair, 27 (20.9%) mitral valve replacement, 27 (20.9%) left atrial myxoma removal, and 14 (10.9%) ventricular septal defect repair. Of the 129 patients, TEE guided cannulation of the IVC or SVC was successful in all patients (100%), and no puncture related complications occurred in all patients. Of the 129 patients, successful cannulation of the AAO was achieved in all patients (100%), and aortic perforation occurred in 1 patient (0.78%) under TEE guidance. Of the 42 patients in the historical control group, successful cannulation occured in 39 patients (92.86%), and major complications occurred in 3 patients (7.14%) under fluoroscopy guidance. TEE guided cannulation of the AAO significantly improved success rate (100% vs. 92.86%, P=0.014) and decreased complication rate (0.78% vs. 7.14%, P=0.046).

Conclusion  TEE may be useful in guiding successful placement of the cannulae in the IVC, SVC, and AAO in the establishment of peripheral CPB during robotic cardiac surgery.

     

二氧化碳部分重吸入法与食管超声多普勒法用于控制性降压期间心输出量测定的相关研究

目的　采用二氧化碳部分重吸入法(RBCO)与经食管超声多普勒法(TECO)同时监测心输出量,并比较2 种测定方法的相关性。方法　25例择期颅脑手术病人(男11例,女14例),ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级。术中吸入1.0 MAC异氟醚维持麻醉。剪开硬膜后,用微量泵输注硝普钠行控制性降压。采用RBCO与TECO同体配对监测神经外科病人的心输出量,对2 种心输出量测定方法进行对比研究。结果　控制性降压期间病人心率及心输出量增加,各时点2 种方法测量结果比较无统计学差异。RBCO与TECO测定心输出量有显著的相关性(r=0.76,P<0.01),回归方程为RBCO=0.86 TECO+0.59,偏离为-0.61 L/min。结论　RBCO与TECO法用于监测神经外科患者的心输出量具有良好的相关性,可以作为动态监测神经外科术中患者血流动力学变化的手段。     

MITRAL VALVE PAPILLARY FIBROELASTOMA:CASE REPORT

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经食管超声心动图在旁路射频消融术中价值的探讨

目的研究食道超声心动图(TEE)在左侧和右侧房室旁路射频消融术中(RFCA)监测的意义。方法对31例房室旁路患者进行RFCA术的TEE检查。结果RFCA术全部成功。TEE食道留置时间为35±11min。TEE导引了全部患者的消融电极的放置和位置调整,诊断器质性病变3例,导引穿房间隔术和穿隔后的电极放置3例,发现2例消融过程中出现中度二尖瓣返流,及时调整消融电极位置后消失。结论在RFCA术中行TEE监测有助于电极的定位和防止电极脱位,及时发现并发症,以及导引冠状窦电极放置和穿房间隔消融。     

坐位施行神经外科手术的麻醉

本文报导31例在坐位下施行颅后凹手术的全麻经验。空气栓塞是坐位施行神经外科手术的最严重并发症,另一并发症为体位性低血压.文中介绍了空气栓塞和体位性低血压的预防措施。     

Presenting features and clinical course of 34 patients with septic pulmonary embolism caused by right-sided infective endocarditis

Backgroud Misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis of septic pulmonary embolism （SPE）,a rare disease,occurs among the patients with right heart infective endocarditis.The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of SPE and improve the early diagnosis and treatment.Methods We retrospectively studied 34 patients with septic pulmonary embolism caused by right-sided infective endocarditis who were seen from June 1,2002 to June 1,2013.We reviewed the medical records and radiological images of these cases and extracted the following information：age,gender,and symptoms,physical examination,laboratory findings,transthoracic echocardiography （TTE） results,treatment information,comorbid medical conditions,and outcomes.Microbiological samples were collected and processed according to well-established and published guidelines.Results We identified basic heart disease in 97.1% of the patients.A high proportion of the right-sided infective endocarditis patients had congenital heart defects （82.4%）; predominantly,ventricular septal defects.Clinical symptoms were fever （97.1%）,cardiac murmurs （94.1%） and fatigue （88.2%）.Respiratory symptoms included cough （58.8%）,pleuritic chest pain （47.1%） and hyoxemia （52.9%）.Positive blood cultures were grown from 35.2% of patients and 50.0% were caused by staphylococcal species.Chest X-rays or CT examinations detected patchy infiltrates and/or nodules in all cases.Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated infectious foci of the right-side heart in all cases.Parenteral antibiotics were administered for all,and cardiac surgery was carried out for 76.5% of patients with an effective rate of 82.3%.Conclusions SPE lacks characteristic clinical manifestation.Congenital heart disease is a common risk of SPE.Most patients with SPE have a good prognosis as long as early diagnosis and proper treatment can be provided.     

经食管超声心动图观察腹腔镜全子宫切除术静脉气栓的研究

目的：通过经食管超声心动图探讨腹腔镜下全子宫切除术（total laparoscopic hysterectomy, TLH）和经腹全子宫切除术（total abdominal hysterectomy, TAH）患者静脉气栓（venous air embolism, VAE）的发生情况和等级。方法选择美国麻醉医师协会麻醉风险分级（ASA）Ⅰ级的接受TLH和TAH的患者各43例。全身麻醉后,经食管插入多平面经食管超声心动图（TEE）探头。在食管中段持续监测心脏四腔和上、下腔静脉,麻醉医生根据TEE结果对VAE分级。结果 TLH组100%发生VAE,其中17例（39.5%）为Ⅲ~Ⅳ级。 TAH组7例（16.3%）发生VAE,均为Ⅰ级。2组VAE的等级构成比较,差异有统计学意义（Z=-7.955,P<0.001）。2组VAE患者均未出现血流动力学不稳定或心电图异常,37例TLH患者VAE发生在子宫圆韧带横断和子宫阔韧带剪切时。结论 TLH组VAE的发生率为100%。 TLH组VAE等级高于TAH组,子宫圆韧带横断和子宫阔韧带剪切时发生VAE尤为显著。     

Study of transesophageal echocardiography in young patients (<40 years) with acute arterial ischemic stroke: A pilot study

BackgroundThe aim is to study cardiac abnormalities as detected by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in young patients (<40 years) presenting with acute ischemic arterial stroke.MethodsA cross-sectional observational study was conducted in young patients aged <40 years presenting with acute arterial ischemic stroke without any valvular heart disease, prosthetic valve, or previously diagnosed atrial fibrillation (AF). TEE was performed in all eligible patients preferably within the first week of the onset of ischemic arterial stroke. All patients with normal TEE underwent holter to rule out paroxysmal AF.ResultsTotally, 40 young patients were included in the study. Mean age was 35.17 (SD [standard deviation] ± 2.99) years. TEE abnormalities were noted in total 13 (32.5%) patients, of which patent foramen ovale was the most common cardiac abnormality in eight (20%) patients followed by left atrial appendage clot in three (7.5%) and atrial septal aneurysm in two (5%) patients. One patient (2.5%) was observed with atrial septal aneurysm along with a sieved septum. All the patients with normal TEE underwent holter, and four of 27 (14.8%) of these patients were noted to have paroxysmal AF.ConclusionCardiac abnormalities on TEE and holter were detected in 42.5% of the young patients with idiopathic arterial stroke. TEE abnormality was noted in 33% (13/40), whereas AF on holter was seen in 14.8% (4/27) with normal TEE. Thus, probable cardioembolic stroke was responsible for acute ischemic stroke in 42.5% (17/40) of young patients in the absence of valvular heart disease, prosthetic valves, and persistent/permanent AF.