High plantar pressure and callus in diabetic adolescents. Incidence and treatment

This study examined the incidence of high peak plantar pressure and plantar callus in 211 adolescents with diabetes mellitus and 57 nondiabetic controls. The percentage of subjects with these anomalies was the same in both groups. Although diabetic subjects were no more likely than nondiabetic controls to have high peak plantar pressure and callus, these anomalies place individuals with diabetes at greater risk of future foot problems. The effects of orthoses, cushioning, and both in combination were monitored in 17 diabetic subjects with high peak plantar pressure and in 17 diabetic subjects with plantar callus; reductions of up to 63% were achieved. Twelve-month follow-up of diabetic subjects fitted with orthoses showed a significant reduction in peak plantar pressure even when the orthoses were removed. The diabetic subjects who had not received any interventions during the same 12-month period showed no significant change in peak plantar pressure.     

基于多中心的中国糖尿病足患者临床资料分析

目的：通过多中心横断面调查探讨现阶段糖尿病足患者的临床特征、危险因素和影响病情严重程度的因 素。方法：采用统一制定的糖尿病足患者临床资料收集表,于2017年10月至11月收集全国13家三级综合医院326例糖 尿病足患者(男205例,女121例)的临床资料,分析其临床特征,并采用logistic回归分析发生重型糖尿病足的影响因 素。结果：在326例糖尿病足患者中,68.4%的患者年龄>60岁,60.1%的患者文化程度为小学或初中;96.3%的糖尿病 足发生于2型糖尿病患者,80.1%的糖尿病足患者糖化血红蛋白A1c(glycated hemoglobin,HbA1c)≥7%,60.1%的患者血 脂代谢异常。鞋袜穿着不当(38.5%)为发生糖尿病足的主要诱因。其并发症以糖尿病神经病变(76.7%)、糖尿病视网 膜病变(62.3%)和下肢血管病变(57.4%)最为多见。Logistic回归分析显示：糖尿病肾病、糖尿病下肢血管病变、HbA1c 水平为发生重型糖尿病足的独立危险因素,接受足部护理教育为其保护因素。结论：糖尿病足多发于男性、年龄偏 大、文化程度低、血糖控制差、血脂异常的2型糖尿病患者。其发生常有诱因,并伴有糖尿病并发症。糖尿病肾病、 糖尿病下肢血管病变、HbA1c和接受足部护理教育为糖尿病足严重程度的独立影响因素。     

A comparative study between total contact casting and conventional dressings in the non-surgical management of diabetic plantar foot ulcers

Of all non-traumatic amputations 50% occur in Diabetics, mostly as a final outcome of foot ulcers. A major biomechanical factor in the causation of foot ulcers in persons with diabetes mellitus is elevated peak plantar pressure. Offloading the ulcer area in the form of equalisation of pressure across the plantar surface can accelerate healing of the ulcer. Total contact casting is one such method of offloading, and this study attempts to investigate the advantages of the above method as compared to conventional dressings in the physiatric management of the depth--ischaemia grades 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B neuropathic plantar ulcers in a diabetic patient. The outcome measure was the time taken for complete resolution of the ulcers. Of the 29 patients in Category A treated with total contact casting involving a total of 39 foot ulcers, 36 healed, which was statistically significant (p < 0.05) as compared to 25 out of the 33 ulcers healing in Category B consisting of 26 patients treated by conventional dressings alone. Total contact casting is an effective, rapid, economical, ambulatory and outpatient--based method for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.     

Ⅱ型糖尿病患者前行和倒走时的足底压力变化

目的 探讨Ⅱ型糖尿病患者前行与倒走时的足底压力与足部知识及自护行为的情况,为临床寻求减少糖尿病足发生率的方法提供依据.方法 对医院收治的105例Ⅱ型糖尿病患者设为观察组,同期选择在医院进行健康体检的105名正常人为对照组,检测两组足底压力及压力中心轨迹变化,并对观察组进行足部知识自护问卷调查.结果 与对照组相比,观察组在第2～5趾、第2跖骨区的峰值压力显著降低,差异具有统计学差异（P＜0.05）,而在第3跖骨、第1跖骨、足跟内侧这三个区域双足底的压力均增大（P＜0.05）;与前行时相比,观察组患者倒走时在第1趾、第2～5趾、第1跖骨、足中部或足弓、足跟内侧、足跟外侧等各个区域的双足足底峰值压力均有不同程度的增加（P＜0.05）;但在第3跖骨区域倒走时双足压力却较前行时显著降低（P＜0.05）;观察组倒走时的足底压力中心轨迹在X轴上的位移相比于前行时显著增大（P＜0.05）,但在Y轴上的位移则明显减小（P＜0.05）,双足在位移上差异不大;Ⅱ型糖尿病患者问卷总分为（20.64±3.47）分.结论 糖尿病患者前行时足底压力分布与正常人存在差异;倒走时较前行时足底压力区域分布更为均匀,前足掌压力减轻,缓解了该区疲劳损伤,能起到预防糖尿病的作用;应加强对糖尿病患者足部保护知识及自护行为的教育指导,减少糖尿病足的发生率.     

A prospective study of predictors for foot ulceration in type 2 diabetes

One hundred eighty-seven type 2 diabetic patients without a history of foot ulceration were followed for a mean period of 3.6 years to investigate the incidence of foot ulceration in a diabetes cohort and to analyze risk factors for foot ulceration by multivariate means. During the study, 10 subjects developed 18 forefoot ulcerations. In multivariate logistic regression, significant predictors for foot ulceration were an elevated vibration perception threshold (VPT) (relative risk [RR] = 25.4), an increased plantar pressure (RR = 6.3), and daily alcohol intake (RR = 5.1). This is the first prospective study to demonstrate plantar pressure and daily alcohol intake as predictors of foot ulceration among patients without previous ulceration. Further, VPT could be confirmed as the strongest predictor for foot ulceration, and it was clearly demonstrated that the more pronounced severity of complications occurred among subjects with elevated VPT.     

Computer-Based Identification of Type 2 Diabetic Subjects with and Without Neuropathy Using Dynamic Planter Pressure and Principal Component Analysis

Diabetes is a chronic disease that is characterized by an increased blood glucose level due to insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes is common in middle aged and old people. In this work, we present a technique to analyze dynamic foot pressures images and classify them into normal, diabetes type 2 with and without neuropathy classes. Plantar pressure images were obtained using the F-Scan (Tekscan, USA) in-shoe measurement system. We used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and extracted the eigenvalues from different regions of the foot image. The features extracted from region 1 of the foot pressure image, which were found to be clinically significant, were fed into the Fuzzy classifier (Sugeno model) for automatic classification. Our results show that the proposed method is able to identify the unknown class with an accuracy of 93.7%, sensitivity of 100%, and specificity of 83.3%. Moreover, in this work, we have proposed an integrated index using the eigenvalues to differentiate the normal subjects from diabetes with and without neuropathy subjects using just one number. This index will help the clinicians in easy and objective daily screening, and it can also be used as an adjunct tool to cross check their diagnosis.     

糖尿病患者的足底压力分析

目的：探讨我国糖尿病（DM）患者足底压力参数与分布情况及其与糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）的关系。方法使用Footscan SCSI 0.5米平板系统对68名糖尿病无周围神经病变患者（A组）和70名糖尿病合并周围神经病变患者（B组）进行静态和动态足底压力检测。结果1.前足及后足接触面积,B组〉A组（P〈0.05）;中足接触面积,B组〈A组（P〈0.01）。2.B组左足M5及左足HM的峰值压强（PP）高于A组,P＜0.01;B组左足MF的PP低于A组,P＜0.01。3.DM患者双足足底各区域的PP分布无明显差异,大致为：M3＞M4＞HM＞M2,HL＞M5＞M1＞T1＞MF＞T2-5。结论 DPN患者与DM无合并周围神经病变患者的足底压力存在差异。足底压力检测是早期发现DM人群足部物理变化的有效手段。     

Plantar soft-tissue thickness predicts high peak plantar pressure in the diabetic foot

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether high plantar foot pressures can be predicted from measurements of plantar soft-tissue thickness in the forefoot of diabetic patients with neuropathy. A total of 157 diabetic patients with neuropathy and at least one palpable foot pulse but without a history of foot ulceration were invited to participate in the study. Plantar tissue thickness was measured bilaterally at each metatarsal head, with patients standing on the same standardized platform. Plantar pressures were measured during barefoot walking using the optical pedobarograph. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine the plantar tissue thickness predictive of elevated peak plantar pressure. Tissue thickness cutoff values of 11.05, 7.85, 6.65, 6.55, and 5.05 mm for metatarsal heads 1 through 5, respectively, predict plantar pressure at each respective site greater than 700 kPa, with sensitivity between 73% and 97% and specificity between 52% and 84%. When tissue thickness was used to predict pressure greater than 1,000 kPa, similar results were observed, indicating that high pressure at different levels could be predicted from similar tissue thickness cutoff values. The results of the study indicate that high plantar pressure can be predicted from plantar tissue thickness with high sensitivity and specificity.     

糖尿病合并周围神经病变患者足底压力的研究

目的：了解糖尿病合并周围神经病变患者动态足底压力的分布特点。方法：使用比利时RS-SCAN2米压力平板,检测63例正常人（NC组）、61例无明显周围神经病变的糖尿病患者（DM组）及62例糖尿病合并周围神经病变患者（DN组）的足底各部位动态压力。结果：三组体重指数无明显差异。DN组的年龄长于DM组（P〈0．05）。本研究发现DM组与正常组相比,M3峰值压力升高（P〈0．05）,其余差异无统计学意义。DN组以下各部位动态压力与正常组及DM组相比有显著性差异,左足M3、M5,压力增高,MF压力降低,右足M3、M5,压力增高,MF压力降低。结论：糖尿病合并周围神经病变患者动态足底压力与无明显周围神经病变的糖尿病患者及正常人差异有统计学意义。糖尿病周围神经病变患者的病程中,部分区域足底压力逐渐发生变化,使整个足底受力失衡,最终导致某区域压力异常增高或降低,异常增高的区域可能使足底溃疡发生的危险性增加。     

糖尿病周围神经病变患者足底压力与步态的变化

目的 了解2型糖尿病合并周围神经病变患者的足底压力与步态变化.方法 纳入住院的303例2型糖尿病患者,分为糖尿病无周围神经病变组(DC组)和糖尿病周围神经病变组(DPN组).收集患者一般资料、相关生化指标.使用FootScan系统收集足底压力及步态相关参数.采用独立样本t检验、Mann-Whitney U检验、Spearman秩相关进行数据分析.结果 与DC组相比,DPN组左足第3、4跖骨的峰值压力降低[(13.15±4.22)N/cm2 vs(11.96±3.94) N/cm2,P ＜0.05;(10.21±4.22) N/cm2 vs(9.14±3.66) N/cm2,P＜0.05],右足第1、2、3跖骨峰值压力降低[(6.02±2.79) N/cm2vs(5.04±2.87) N/cm2,P＜ 0.05;(9.95±2.69) N/cm2 vs(9.18±2.77) N/cm2,P ＜0.05;(10.90±3.23)N/cm2vs(9.93±3.09)N/cm2,P＜0.05],其余区域峰值压力、总应力、总接触面积、总应力-时间积分、各区域压力-时间积分的组间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与DC组相比,DPN组右足的整足接触阶段[56.8％(50.22％～62.45％) vs 59.5％(54.25％～64.15％),P＜0.05]延长,离地阶段[31.25％ (25.475％ ～ 35.775％)vs 29％(24.95％ ～33.65％),P＜0.05]缩短,总时间[(858±12)ms vs(900±127)ms,P＜0.05]延长,步行速度[(2.58±0.67) km/h vs(2.28±0.66) km/h,P＜0.05]减慢.步行速度与多个区域的足底压强呈正相关(P＜0.05),支撑相中的整足接触阶段与峰值压力呈负相关(P＜0.05),离地阶段与峰值压力呈正相关(P＜0.05).结论 糖尿病周围神经病变患者足底压力峰值、压力-时间积分未见升高,步行速度减慢,整足接触阶段延长,离地阶段缩短.对糖尿病患者足底压力进行评价同时需要对步行速度及步态进行矫正,使用压力-时间积分指标更能反映足底承受压力情况.