Emergence of KPC-producing Proteus mirabilis in Hangzhou, China

A carbapenem-resistant Proteus mirabilis isolate was recovered from pleural drainage fluid of a patient admitted to surgical intensive care unit. Amplification of the blaKPC gene generated a positive band which was confirmed to be KPC-2 by sequencing analysis. The plasmid of the isolate was extracted and successfully transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α. The transformant E.coli was resistant to carbapenem. Further study demonstrated that upstream and downstream regions of blaKPC-2 were identical to that observed in K. pneumoniae submitted to GenBank from China in 2007. To our knowledge this is the first report of KPC-positive P. mirabilis discovered outside US.     

Emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli sequence type 131 in Hangzhou, China

Background Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase （KPC）-producing Escherichia （E.） coil has been reported in China since 2008.However,there is no information about the molecular epidemiology of KPC-producing E.coil in China.In this study,we aimed to investigate the sequence type （ST） and characteristics of KPC-producing E.coil isolates in China.Methods Three carbapenem-resistant isolates of E.coil （E1,E2,and E3） from one teaching hospital in Hangzhou covering a one year period were analyzed.Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by Etest.Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） and multilocus sequence typing （MLST） were used for epidemiological analysis.The genetic structure around blaKPC,the major plasmid incompatibility typing,and the identification of 3-lactamase gene types were performed by PCR and the positive products were subsequently sequenced.Plasmids were analyzed by transformation,restriction,and Southern blotting.Results PFGE demonstrated that patterns of isolates E1 and E2 were clonally-related and designated as patterns A1 and A2; pattern of isolate E3 was different and designated as pattern B.MLST analysis showed that the three isolates displayed one common sequence type ST131.The identification of bla gene types by PCR and sequencing showed that blaKPC-2,blaCTX-M-14,and blaTEM-1 were detected in all three isolates.All three isolates carried a KPC-2-encoding plasmid of the IncN replicon.Plasmid analysis and hybridization experiments showed that the isolates were found simultaneously to carry two or four plasmids.The blaKPc-2 gene in E1 and E2 was located in a plasmid with size of ca.50 kb.However,the blaKPC-2 gene in E3 was located in a plasmid with size of ca.130 kb.Conclusions E.coil ST131 with KPC-2 β-1actamase has emerged in China,which enlarges the geographical area where the ST131 KPC-oroducing E.coil strains have diffused.     

Transconjugation and genotyping of the plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase and extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae

Bsckgroud AmpC β-lactamases and extended-spectrum β-lactamases （ESBLs） are becoming predominant causes of resistance to third and forth-generation cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae （K. pneumoniae）. It is very difficult to treat infectious diseases caused by multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae. The purpose of the present study was to investigate transconjugation and characteristics of β-lactamase genes in K. pneumoniae producing AmpC β-lactamases and ESBLs.
Methods AmpC β-lactamases were detected by three-dimension test and ESBLs by disc confirmatory test. Minimum inhibitory concentrations （MICs） were determined by agar dilution. Transfer of resistance to EC600 （Rifr） was attempted by conjugation in broth and screened on agar containing cefotaxime （2 μg/ml） plus rifampin （1024 μg/ml）. The genes encoding AmpC or ESBLs and their transconjugants were detected by PCR and verified by DNA sequencing.
Results The resistant rates to ampicillin and piperacillin were 100% in 18 isolates of K. pneumoniae. However, imipenem was still of great bactericidal activity on K. pneumoniae, and its MIC50 was 0.5 μg/mL. Eleven β-lactamase genes, including TEM-1, TEM-11, SHV-13, SHV-28, CTX-M-9, CTX-M-22, CTX-M-55, OXA-1, LEN, OKP-6 and DHA-1, were found from 18 isolates. And at least one β-lactamase gene occurred in each isolate. To our surprise, there were six β-lactamase genes in the CZ04 strain. Among 18 isolates of K. pneumoniae, the partial resistant genes in 8 isolates were conjugated successfully, which had 100% homological sequence with donors by sequence analysis. Compared with donors, 8 transconjugants had attained resistance to most β-lactams, including ampicillin, piperacillin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime and aztreonam, or even amikacin and gentamicin.
Conclusions R plasmids can be easily transferred between the resistant and sensitive negative bacilli. It is very difficult to block and prevent the spread of antimicrobial resistance. So more attention should be paid to reducing the frequency, times and dosage of antimicrobials, especially third or fourth cephalosporins.     

Relationship between antifungal resistance of fluconazole resistant Candida albicans and mutations in ERG11 gene

Background The cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14a-demethylase （Ergllp） encoded by ERG11 gene is the primary target for azole antifungals. Changes in azole affinity of this enzyme caused by amino acid substitutions have been reported as a mechanism of azole antifungal resistance. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between amino acid substitutions in Erg11 p from fluconazole resistant Candida a/bicans （C. albicans） isolates and their cross-resistance to azoles. Methods Mutations in ERG11 gene were screened in 10 clinical isolates of fluconazole resistant C. albicans strains. DNA sequence of ERG11 was determined by PCR based DNA sequencing. Results In the 10 isolates, 19 types of amino acid substitutions were found, of which 10 substitutions （F72S, F103L, F1451, F198L, G206D, G227D, N349S, F416S, F422L and T482A） have not been reported previously. Mutations in ERG11 gene were detected in 9 isolates of fluconazole resistant C. albicans, but were not detected in 1 isolate. Conclusions Although no definite correlation was found between the type of amino acid substitutions in Ergllp and the phenotype of cross-resistance to azoles, the substitutions F72S, F1451 and G227D in our study may be highly associated with resistance to azoles because of their special location in Erg11p.     

Characterization of multidrug-resistant and metallo-beta- lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from a paediatric clinic in China

Background In the present study, we characterized multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa （MDRP） clinical isolates from a paediatric facility and investigated the types and features of the metallo-β-lactamases （MBLs） produced by carbapenem-resistant strains. Methods Four hundred and ninety-eight strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from patients at Beijing Children＇s Hospital between January 2005 and December 2006. The minimal inhibition concentrations （MICs） of the strains for 13 antibiotics were measured. A combination of the E test and PCR amplification/DNA sequencing was used to define the carbapenem-resistant strains. Results We found that 24.1% （120/498） of the isolates were MDRP. The frequencies of resistance to imipenem and meropenem were 34.2% and 35.8%, respectively, and the MIC50 and MIC90values for the two antibiotics were identical at 4 pg/ml and 32 pg/ml, respectively. The detection rate for carbapenem resistance was 49.2% （59/120）. Among the 59 carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, 39 （66.1%） were positive for the MBL genotype; 35 （89.7%） strains carried the blaiMp gene and 4 （10.3%） strains carried the blavm gene. Neither blasPM nor blaGiM was amplified from any of the 59 isolates. DNA sequencing revealed that IMP-1 was present in 35 IMP-producing isolates and VIM-2 was detected in four VIM-producing isolates. Conclusions These MDRP isolates exhibited high frequencies of resistance to carbapenems among clinical isolates from a paediatric facility in Beijing, China. The production of MBL appears to be an important mechanism for carbapenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.     

Carbapenem Resistance Mechanism and Risk Factors of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa from a University Hospital

Objective Carbapenems are important agents for the therapy of Gram-Negative bacillus infections and the development of resistance hampers effective therapeutic options. The purpose is to assess the major mechanisms and risk factors leading to carbapenem resistance in clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Methods 34 clinical isolates with differing degrees of carbapenem susceptibility were analyzed for carbapenemase, porin, and efflux systems. Risk factor analysis was performed using a case-control study format. Results Eighteen of 24 carbapenem-resistant isolates were producers of carbapenemase. Diminished expression of oprD and over expression of effluxes were present in 5 and 7 carbapenem-resistant isolates, respectively. The number of days from admission to the day of positive culture and days of antibiotic apply were identified as the independent predictors of infection with carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa. Conclusion Carbapenemase production is major mechanism of P. aeruginosa isolates involved in this study. Increased length of hospital stay and days of antibiotic apply were the most important risk factors identified for carbapenem resistance.     

Genetic environment of β-lactamase genes of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from patients with lower respiratory tract infection in China

Background Extended-spectrum β-lactamase （ESBL）-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae （K.pneumoniae） is one of the most popular pathogens that cause refractory respiratory tract infection.The genetic environment,including insertion sequences and the types of promoter,plays a key role in exploration of the mechanism of prevalence and dismission of the ESBL-producing K.pneumoniae isolates.The aim of the investigation was to target analysis the genetic environment and promoter sequences of blaCTX-M,blaSHV and blaTEM,the most popular β-lactamase genes harbored by ESBL-producing K.pneumoniae isolates.Methods From February 2010 to July 2011,158 of 416 K.pneumoniae isolates producing ESBL from patients with lower respiratory tract infection were collected from seven tertiary hospitals from Beijing,Anhui,Fujian,Liaoning,Hebei and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China.The genetic environment including promoters of 10 types of blaCTX-M,18 types of blaSHVand 2 types of blaTEM were analyzed by amplification and direct sequencing with various sets of PCR primers.Results ISEcp1 was located upstream of the 5＇ end of the blaCTX-M gene in 130 （97.0％） out of 134 K.pneumoniae isolates harboring blaCTX-M and provided a conserved promoter to blaCTX-M.A non-coding sequence preceded by kdpC and recF was identified in all of the blaSHV genes except blaSHV-12 and blaSHV-2a.IS26 was also found upstream of 1 blaCTX-M-15,10 blaSHV-1 strains,4 blaTEM-1 and all of the blaSHV-2,blaSHV-2a,blaSHV-5 and blaSHV-12.Eighty-seven of 91 strains harboring blaTEM-1 carried a copy of Tn2 and IS26-blaTEM-1 fragments were also detected in 4 strains.With respect to K.pneumoniae,the genetic environment of blaCTX-M-38,blaSHV-142 and blaTEM-135 were firstly elaborated,and four kinds of novel genetic environment of blaCTX-M-3,blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM-1 have been detected as well.Conclusions Perfective implementation of the genetic environment information of β-lactamase gene needs to be further explored and supplemented.ISEcp1 and IS26 elements ar     

Identification and distribution of the clinical isolates of imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa carrying metallo-β-lactamase and/or class 1 integron genes

To investigate the distribution of the genes of two major metallo-β-1actamases （MBL;i.e.,IMP and VIM） and class 1 integrons （intI） in the clinical imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a total of 65 isolates, from a university hospital in Sichuan between December 2004 and April 2005 were screened for MBL genes by PCR using primers specific for blaIMP-1, blaVIM and blaVIM-2 genes. The MBL-positive isolates were further assessed for class 1 integrons by PCRusing specific primers. The nucleotide sequences of several PCR products were also determined. The results revealed that the blaVIM gene was found in 81.5% （53/65） of all isolates, blaVIM-2 gene was found in only 1 isolate and the intl gene was observed in 45.3% （24/53） of blaVIM-positive isolates. One isolate carried simultaneously both blaIMP-1 and intl genes, and to the best of our knowledge this is the first report of such isolate in southwest China. These observations highlight that the genes for VIM β-1actamase and class 1 integrons were predominantly present among the imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa tested, confirming the current widespread threat of imipenem-resistant, integron-borne P.aeruginosa.     

Epidemiological and antibiotic resistant study on extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Zhejiang Province

Objective To investigate the epidemiological status of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumoniae) and the drug resistance profiles of such organisms .Methods A total of 282 clinical isolates of E .coli and 180 of K .pneumoniae were collected from different districts of Zhejiang Province .Inhibitor potentiated broth dilution tests were performed for detecting extended-spectrum β-lactamases .Etests were performed to detect the drug resistance of these strains against nine commonly used antibiotics Results The prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases in E .coli and K .pneumoniae was 34.0% and 38.3%, respectively .The average prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases in E .coli and K .pneumoniae was 35.7% .The resistance prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing strains to ceftazidime and cefotaxime was 40% and 26% respectively, so were those to cefepime, cefoxitin, piperacillin-tazobactam, cefoperazone-sulbactam, amikacin and ciprofloxacin .All these strains were sensitive to imipenem .Conclusion The results in this study showed that the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases was high, while extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing strains were resistant to most antimicrobial agents except imipenem .     

Fluoroquinolone resistance and mutation patterns in <Emphasis Type="Italic">gyrA</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">parC</Emphasis> genes in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</Emphasis> isolates from Shanghai,China

In order to study the resistance of Neisseria （N.） gonorrhoeae to the fluoroquinolone and detect mutation patterns of quinolone resistance-determining regions （QRDRs） of clinical isolates in Shanghai, China, a total of 80 clinical isolates of N. gonorrhoeae were consecutively collected from Shanghai. The MIC of fluoroquinolone for the isolates was examined by using the agar dilution method and the mutation profiles of the QRDRs of gyrA and parC were analyzed by sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP）. Chi-square test was used for comparison of the t：nutation patterns. The results showed that： （1） High percentages of the 8 isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin （95.0%）, ofloxacin （95.0%） and lomefloxacin （97.5%）, only one strain was susceptible to the ciprofloxacin. （2） Sensitive strains had a substitute of Asp95→Ala in the gyrA, and all isolates that were resistant or intermediated to the ciprofloxacin, had a double mutation in the gyrA （Ser91, Ala 92 and Asp95）. Some strains also had a mutation in the parC. （3） The MICs of these isolates were significantly associated with the mutation patterns in the gyrA and parC. A double mutation of gyrA combined with parC87 mutation was a predominant pattern in Shanghai and could mediate high level resistance to ciprofloxacin. It suggests that mutations in the QRDRs of gyrA and parC may be responsible for the fluoroquinolone resistance. And fluoroquinolone could not be used as the first line antibiotics for gonorrhea treatment any more in Shanghai, China.     

云南某医院多耐药E. coli 和 K. pneumoni1e分子流行病学分析

目的分析云南某医院Eeoli和五pneumonia菌耐药基因分子流行病学特征。方法全自动微生物分析仪分类鉴定菌株及抗生素敏感试验。扩增并序列分析耐药基因。MIST及PFGE分析菌株遗传变异关系。结果共收集23株Ecoli菌和9株Kpneumonia菌,除了1株XDR彪pneumoniae,其余均为MDR菌。全部菌株对一代、二代头孢霉素,甚至三代头孢霉素CRO耐药。绝大多数菌株对氟化奎林酮类、氨基苷类及磺胺类抗生素耐药。39．1％和69．6％Eeo／i携带厶如嘶和厶‰基因,而44．4％和100．O％尼pneumoniae检测到讹。和Mam基因。胁。均为TEM-1基因型。CTX-M-55及CTX-M-15为该地区优势基因型。所有Kpneumonia菌株携带觚Hv基因,SHV-11为优势型。87．5％Ecoli和77．8％Kpneumoniae菌株携带ISEcpl。91．3％Eeoli和77．8％Kpneumoniae携带intl。44．4％尼pneumoniae携带ISCR1基因。PFGE及MIST研究显示菌株存在明显的遗传多态性。结论云南该医院多重耐药Eeoli和Kpneumonia菌呈高度流行,耐药基因在不同菌株及菌种间快速传播。     

我院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性分析

目的：了解我院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的分布及耐药情况，指导临床合理用药。方法：对我院2005年7月～2007年12月的临床标本分离的大肠埃希菌218株，肺炎克雷伯菌195株，采用纸片扩散表型确证试验进行ESBLs检测，用K—B法做药敏试验。结果：在413株菌中共检出产ESBLs菌株106株，总检出率为25．7％；产ESBLs细菌对所有青霉素类抗生素产生耐药，对三代头孢类抗生素耐药率也达到90％以上，对磺胺类、喹诺酮类耐药率为50％～90％，对亚胺培南均敏感。结论：产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌逐年上升，应根据药敏结果结合临床合理使用抗生素。     

一株耐碳青霉烯类的阴沟肠杆菌的KPC酶检测

目的研究阴沟肠杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药机制。方法临床分离到1株碳青霉烯耐药的阴沟肠杆菌ZY1465。对该菌株进行药物最低抑菌浓度（MIC）测定、接合试验、质粒图谱分析、等电聚焦电泳、特异性PCR扩增和DNA序列分析以及外膜蛋白分析等。结果阴沟肠杆菌ZY1465对亚胺培南和美罗培南的MIC均为32μg／ml,对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、头孢西丁、氨曲南、喹诺酮类和氨基糖苷类等多种抗生素呈高水平耐药。接合试验使受体菌大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的敏感性明显降低（MIC由接合前的≤0．125μg／ml变为接合后的2μg／ml）。质粒酶切图谱分析表明转移接合子的质粒与编码blaKPC-2基因的质粒完全相同。等电聚焦显示阴沟肠杆菌ZY1465产等电点（pI）分别为5．4、6．7、7．3、7．8、7．9和8．6共6种β-内酰胺酶,转移接合子只产等电点6．7的1种β-内酰胺酶。特异性PCR扩增和测序证实该菌中存在TEM-1、肺炎克雷伯菌碳青霉烯酶2（KPC-2）、DHA-1、CTX—M-14、CTX—M-3和染色体AmpC（等电聚焦电泳中未检测到）等耐药基因。外膜蛋白的尿素-十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析显示阴沟肠杆菌ZY1465有38000蛋白条带的缺失。结论首次在国内分离到产KPC-2型碳青霉烯酶的阴沟肠杆菌,多种β-内酰胺酶尤其是KPC-2的产生合并外膜蛋白缺失引起阴沟肠杆菌ZY1465对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药。     

某三甲医院常见多重耐药菌流行趋势分析

目的研究某三甲医院常见多重耐药菌变化趋势,为临床合理使用抗菌药物及医院感染的防控提供依据。方法回顾性分析2015-2017年该医院分离的病原菌及耐药情况,数据处理采用WHONET 5.6和SPSS 20.0软件。结果该医院肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的构成比呈现上升趋势（P < 0.05~P < 0.01）;医院常见多重耐药菌包括产超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌、产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）、耐碳青霉烯类大肠埃希菌（CREO）、耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌（CRKP）、耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌（CRAB）、耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌（CRPA）;2015-2017年常见多重耐药菌构中,产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌、CRAB、产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌构成比呈下降趋势（P < 0.05~P < 0.01）,而CRKP、MRSA、CRPA构成比呈上升趋势（P < 0.05~P < 0.01）;肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药性呈增长趋势（P < 0.01）。结论该院常见病原菌耐药情况严重,其中肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药性快速增长,医院应加强多重耐药菌的监管,遏制其感染和传播。     

耐碳青霉烯肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率及同源性分析

目的分析耐碳氢酶烯肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药基因及流行病学特征。方法收集2018年1-8月临床分离出的14株耐碳氢酶烯类肺炎克雷伯菌,使用VITEK Compact微生物系统进行菌株鉴定和药敏试验,改良Hodge试验检测碳青霉烯酶,PCR试验检测耐药基因,肠杆菌科基因间重复序列聚合酶链反应（ERIC-PCR）分析菌株同源性。结果14株耐碳氢酶烯类肺炎克雷伯菌对青霉素类、碳青霉烯类、氨曲南和头孢菌素类等抗菌药物表现出较高的耐药性。11株肺炎克雷伯菌的碳青霉烯酶表型阳性,PCR检测发现12株肺炎克雷伯菌KPC-2基因阳性,14株肺炎克雷伯菌根据ERIC-PCR结果分成3型,其中A型为主,集中在ICU病房和神经外科。结论耐碳氢酶烯类肺炎克雷伯菌表现为严重的多重耐药性,以产生KPC酶和A型为主。     

伤口分泌物中1640株病原菌主要种类及药敏结果分析

的了解南方医院近3年患者伤口分泌物中病原菌主要种类及耐药谱,为合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法大多数细菌的鉴定和药敏试验利用BDPhoenix仪,少数利用手工鉴定和K—B法药敏试验。念珠菌利用显色平板分离和鉴定,K-B法药敏试验。数据分析用WHONET5．4软件。结果1640株细菌念珠菌主要种类为铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、粪肠球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、溶血葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌。G^-杆菌中耐药率较低的为亚胺培南、头孢哌酮,舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦和阿米卡星。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的检出率为35．2％和32.3％。G^-球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁的敏感率为100．0％,对其他抗生素的耐药率均较高。金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌和腐生葡萄球菌甲氧西林耐药率分别为33．8％、81．9％、80．9％和79．7％。念珠菌对两性霉素B和制菌霉素的耐药率均为0．0％。结论南方医院患者伤口分泌物中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs比例、非发酵G^-杆菌碳青霉烯类耐药率、葡萄球菌属甲氧西林耐药率均较高,应加强抗生素的合理使用。     

3144株临床分离细菌和念珠菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解本院临床分离细菌和念珠菌的分布特征和耐药性,为合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法大多数分离细菌的鉴定和药敏试验利用BD Phoenix仪,少数利用手工鉴定和K-B法。念珠菌利用显色平板进行分离和鉴定,K-B法测药敏。结果3144株细菌和念珠菌中前6位的种类及百分比为白色念珠菌12.02%、铜绿假单胞菌11.10%、大肠埃希菌9.64%、金黄色葡萄球菌7.09%、表皮葡萄球菌6.36%和肺炎型肺炎克雷伯菌6.14%。G-杆菌中耐药率较低的为亚安培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和阿米卡星。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的检出率为44.2%和43.5%。G＋球菌耐药率较低的为万古霉素、替考拉宁、呋喃妥因、阿米卡星、氯霉素、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对甲氧西林耐药率分别为52.1%和65.1%。念珠菌对两性霉素B和制菌霉素的耐药率均为0。结论本院临床分离肠杆菌科各种细菌产ESBLs水平、非发酵菌耐药率和葡萄球菌对甲氧西林耐药率均较高,应加强抗生素的合理使用。     

2012年济南市中心医院细菌耐药性监测

目的：了解山东省济南市中心医院2012年临床分离菌对常见抗菌药物的耐药情况。方法：采用纸片扩散法（K-B法）和E-test法进行药敏试验,采用美国临床和实验室标准协会（CLSI）2012版标准判断结果。结果：临床分离细菌1641株,革兰阳性菌为480株（29.3%）,革兰阴性菌为1161株（70.7%）。MRSA和MRSCNS检出率分别为47.0%（133/283）和69.8%（37/53）。未发现对万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药的葡萄球菌。32株肺炎链球菌中,全部来自非脑脊液标本。仅一株分离自儿童患者的细胞株对青霉素耐药（PRSP）,其余均为敏感。肠杆菌科细菌中产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为60.5%和44.7%,仅有两株肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药（1.3%）。铜绿假单胞菌仅对氨曲南、亚胺培南、替卡西林/克拉维酸耐药率超过30%。鲍曼不动杆菌仅对米诺环素（29.5%）、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦（30.3%）的耐药率稍低,对其他抗菌药物耐药率均超过45%。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对左氧氟沙星、米诺环素、甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲噁唑耐药率分别为11.4%、1.2%、2.2%。流感嗜血杆菌β内酰胺酶检出率为54.3%。结论：细菌对抗感染药物的耐药现状形势严峻,定期进行细菌耐药性监测有助于了解医院和本地区细菌及其耐药性变迁,为临床经验用药和合理用药提供依据。     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性分析

目的了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率及其耐药率，为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法收集2007年1～12月海口市人民医院临床各类标本中分离出（非重复）的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌，采用CLSI推荐的K—B法和表型确证试验分别对其进行药敏试验和ESBLs检测。采用WHO推荐的Whonct5．4软件进行耐药率统计分析。结果2007年海口市人民医院共分离出278株大肠埃希菌和220株肺炎克雷伯菌，其中产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为69．1％（192／278）和45．9％（101／220），ESBLs阳性的菌株对同一类抗生素的耐药率均高于ESBLs阴性的菌株（P〈0．05），其中产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢噻肟的耐药率分别为81．7％和64．4％，对头孢西丁的耐药率分别为39．6％和31．8％，未发现对碳青酶烯类药物（亚胺培南、美洛培南）耐药的菌株。结论开展检出菌产ESBLs的检测，以便临床根据药敏试验结果合理使用抗生素，对预防和控制ESBk的产生及传播十分重要。