保留性功能的膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱术的近期疗效观察

目的探讨保留性功能的膀胱根治性切除原位回肠新膀胱术的手术方法及疗效。方法对21例浸润性膀胱癌患者施行了保留性功能的膀胱根治性切除原位回肠膀胱术,术中保留患者的前列腺部分包膜、精囊、输精管、神经血管束,术后对患者进行定期随访,了解患者的生活质量及排尿情况,并检测患者的残余尿量、了解尿控情况及性功能情况等。结果术后每3个月随访一次,平均随访29个月,1例T3aN0M0病人术后10个月出现肺转移,并于术后14个月死亡,其余20例病人均存活,无尿道及新膀胱复发转移,无明显并发症,均有阴茎勃起,完全控尿20例。结论保留性功能的膀胱全切原位回肠膀胱术,可以改善术后患者的控尿能力并能保留患者的勃起功能,明显提高了患者生活质量和社会形象,但该术式的远期疗效和肿瘤根治效果还有待进一步观察。     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除及回肠原位新膀胱术（附9例报告）

目的总结腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除加回肠原位新膀胱术的经验。方法对9例膀胱癌患者施行腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除及回肠原位新膀胱术,采用完全腹腔镜下标准的双侧盆腔淋巴结清扫加根治性膀胱切除,然后体外行回肠新膀胱构建和输尿管新膀胱吻合,最后在腹腔镜下行新膀胱尿道吻合。结果9例手术均成功,无中转开腹,无围手术期死亡,平均手术时间为370min,平均出血量为650ml,所有患者手术切缘均为阴性。术后9例日间尿控均良好,2例存在夜间尿失禁。术后随访2—8个月,1例出现新膀胱腹壁瘘,1例发生新膀胱前假性尿液囊肿,2例出现肾盂肾炎。结论腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除加回肠原位新膀胱术具有切口小、损伤少、疼痛轻、出血少、术后恢复快等优势,将成为肌层浸润性膀胱癌的标准手术方式。     

膀胱全切原位W形回肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌临床分析

目的:探讨膀胱全切原位W形回肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌的临床疗效。方法:32例膀胱癌患者,其中男29例,女3例,均行膀胱全切原位W形回肠新膀胱术。膀胱全切后,截取35~40 cm末端回肠,排列成W形制作原位新膀胱。双侧输尿管与新膀胱乳头法吻合,尿道与新膀胱低位吻合。结果:所有患者手术均成功,术后患者可通过腹压自主排尿,白天控尿率为87.5%,夜间控尿率为78.1%。术后6个月平均膀胱容量410.6 mL,残余尿量22.7 mL。术后新膀胱漏尿3例,轻度肠梗阻2例,新膀胱尿道吻合口狭窄1例,新膀胱分泌物导致排尿困难3例,并发症经处理后效果满意。9例术前有勃起功能男性患者,术后5例保留勃起功能;1例保留子宫和附件女性患者术后性功能正常。平均随访15个月,1例患者因肺部感染、肿瘤远处转移死亡,其余患者均无瘤生存。结论:膀胱全切原位W形回肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌术后患者可原位排尿,控尿良好,上尿路损害与电解质紊乱发生率低,可作为膀胱全切尿流改道的首选。术后应注意并发症的处理和随访。     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术的早期临床应用（附15例报告）

目的：探讨腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术的临床价值。方法：对具有手术指征的15例膀胱癌患者施行腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术治疗。常规建立5个工作通道,在腹腔镜下行双侧盆腔淋巴结清扫及膀胱全切除,自下腹切口取出标本。4例行回肠膀胱术,11例行原位回肠新膀胱术。观察手术时间、术中出血量、输血量、术后肠道功能恢复、尿外渗、尿瘘及术后腹腔并发症发生以及手术后效果。结果：15例手术成功。腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除手术时间150～300 min;腹腔镜下新膀胱与后尿道吻合手术时间30～100 min;手术总时间300～660 min,术中出血500～1 200 mL;术中输血0～800 mL。2例术后出现急迫性尿失禁,经锻练后控尿满意;其余患者恢复良好。无腹腔并发症发生。结论：腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术具有创伤小、术中操作精细、盆腔淋巴结清扫彻底、术后恢复快、并发症少的优点。     

膀胱全切原位W形回肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌临床分析

目的：探讨膀胱全切原位W形回肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌的临床疗效。方法：32例膀胱癌患者,其中男29
例,女3例,均行膀胱全切原位W形回肠新膀胱术。膀胱全切后,截取35~40 cm末端回肠,排列成W形制作原位新膀
胱。双侧输尿管与新膀胱乳头法吻合,尿道与新膀胱低位吻合。结果：所有患者手术均成功,术后患者可通过腹
压自主排尿,白天控尿率为87.5%,夜间控尿率为78.1%。术后6个月平均膀胱容量410.6 mL,残余尿量22.7 mL。
术后新膀胱漏尿3例,轻度肠梗阻2例,新膀胱尿道吻合口狭窄1例,新膀胱分泌物导致排尿困难3例,并发症经处
理后效果满意。9例术前有勃起功能男性患者,术后5例保留勃起功能;1例保留子宫和附件女性患者术后性功能正
常。平均随访15个月,1例患者因肺部感染、肿瘤远处转移死亡,其余患者均无瘤生存。结论：膀胱全切原位W形回
肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌术后患者可原位排尿,控尿良好,上尿路损害与电解质紊乱发生率低,可作为膀胱全切尿流
改道的首选。术后应注意并发症的处理和随访。     

腹腔镜与开放膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术的近期疗效比较

目的研究比较腹腔镜与开放性膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术治疗浸润性膀胱癌的近期疗效。方法回顾分析我院施行的40例膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术患者的临床资料,根据手术方式不同分为腹腔镜组18例和开放组22例。比较两种术式的围术期情况、术后并发症、新膀胱功能及肿瘤控制效果等指标。结果腹腔镜组18例手术均获得成功,无中转开放。腹腔镜组平均手术时间明显长于开放组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术中平均出血量、平均肠道功能恢复时间、平均住院时间明显少于开放组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);腹腔镜组术后并发症发生率较低(P<0.05)。新膀胱功能在膀胱容积、膀胱内压、最大尿流率及残余尿方面无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后12个月日间/夜间尿控率相当(P>0.05)。随访12～24个月,开放组1例尿道复发,腹腔镜组无肿瘤复发及转移。结论腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术不仅具有出血少,肠道功能恢复快,住院时间短、并发症少等优点,而且术后控尿效果及近期肿瘤根治效果与开放手术相当,但手术时间仍较长,远期肿瘤根治效果需要进一步随诊观察。     

16例保留前列腺包膜及精囊原位新膀胱术疗效观察

2003年1月～2010年1月,我院对16例严格选择的浸润性膀胱癌患者施行根治性全膀胱切除、回肠原位新膀胱术,术中保留精囊腺、输精管、神经血管束及大部分前列腺包膜,以保留性功能,改善控尿,效果满意,报告如下。     

腹腔镜膀胱根治性切除及原位回肠新膀胱术的配合体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜膀胱根治性切除及原位回肠新膀胱术的手术配合。方法:对8例浸润性膀胱癌患者采用腹腔镜膀胱根治性切除及原位回肠新膀胱术。结果:手术时间280⁴50 min;出血量90450 min;出血量90⁶00 ml;术后住院时间10600 ml;术后住院时间10²5 d。术后新膀胱充盈良好,控尿满意。结论:腹腔镜膀胱根治性切除及原位回肠新膀胱术是浸润性膀胱癌患者安全、可靠的治疗方法,具有创伤相对小、出血少、恢复快、并发症少等优点。术中全面、高效的护理措施和精确、娴熟的手术配合有效保障了手术的顺利进行和患者的安全。     

保留勃起功能的腹腔镜原位回肠膀胱术6例

目的：观察保留勃起功能的腹腔镜原位回肠膀胱术在年轻膀胱癌患者中的应用及疗效。方法：6例膀胱移行细胞癌患者在腹腔镜下行保留神经血管束和前列腺远端包膜的膀胱切除,切取肠管缝制成新膀胱,分别与输尿管和前列腺包膜吻合,实现原位尿流改道。结果：6例手术均成功,手术时间为280～410 min,平均310 min。随访24～40个月,6例均存活,无尿道复发,无转移及前列腺癌。术后1个月均有自发性阴茎勃起现象。术后6～24个月,5例患者可顺行射精,1例顺行和逆行射精共存。结论：保留勃起功能的腹腔镜原位回肠膀胱术可较好维持年轻膀胱癌患者勃起功能,提高患者生活质量。     

膀胱癌原位新膀胱手术采用回肠重建膀胱有利于患者术后恢复

目的评价根治性膀胱切除原位新膀胱手术采取乙状结肠或回肠重建膀胱对患者术后恢复的影响。方法回顾性分析2002年12月~2012年12月84例膀胱癌患者,分析行膀胱根治术+原位新膀胱手术采取乙状结肠或回肠重建膀胱患者的一般资料和术后情况,比较两者间术后并发症发生、控尿恢复时间以及术后住院时间差异性。结果 84例病例中70例接受了原位新膀胱术,58例患者采取回肠原位新膀胱术,年龄48~89岁,术后并发症发生率为29.3%(17/58),术后21 d恢复控尿为91.4%,术后至出院时间为23.5 d;12例患者采取结肠原位新膀胱术,年龄28~80岁,术后并发症发生率为58.3%(7/12),术后21 d恢复控尿为66.7%,术后至出院时间为25 d。新膀胱取不同肠道重建与术后并发症、控尿恢复时间、术后恢复出院时间均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论根治性膀胱切除原位新膀胱手术采取回肠重建新膀胱较采用结肠更有利于患者的术后恢复。     

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder in the female: report of 14 cases

Background Bladder carcinoma is the most common malignant urological tumor in China. We present our preliminary experience and results of laparoscopic radical cystectomy （LRC） with orthotopic ileal neobladder in female patients with bladder carcinoma.
Methods From February 2003 to February 2008, 14 female patients with bladder carcinoma underwent LRC with orthotopic ileal neobladder. Nine of these patients underwent hysterectomy and ovariectomy, and the other 5 had preservation of the uterus and ovarian appendage. Standard bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy was followed by radical cystectomy that was completed laparoscopically with hysterectomy and ovariectomy when needed. The tumor was removed by a 4-5 cm lower midline abdominal incision, followed by the construction of ileal neobladder and the extracorporeal anastomosis of ureter-neobladder. The neobladder was anastomosed to the urethral stump under a laparoscope.
Results The mean operative time and blood loss in the 14 patients were 350.2 minutes and 349.8 ml, respectively. Postoperative complications included uretero-pouch anastomotic stricture in 1 patient and pouch-vaginal fistula in 1 patient. Follow-up time of all patients ranged from 3 to 60 months, and 12 patients were followed up for more than 6 months and achieved micturition in half a year. One patient had occasional day-time urinary incontinence and 2 had night-time incontinence. Two patients who had undergone hystectomy and ovariectomy had voiding difficulties after one year, which was treated by intermittent self-catheterization. The mean volume of the neobladder and the residual urine were 333.6 ml and 31.2 ml, respectively. Surgical margins were tumor free for all patients. One patient had bone metastasis and died 11 months after the operation.
Conclusions LRC with orthotopic ileal neobladder in female patients is a technically feasible, safe and mini-invasive procedure with a low morbidity and acceptable neobladder function. Long-term follow-up is required to confirm the neobladder func     

女性膀胱癌腹腔镜根治性切除原位回肠新膀胱术术式改进

目的 探讨并改进腹腔镜女性膀胱癌根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术的手术方法,随访观察其治疗效果.方法 2003年2月至2008年9月,为19例女性膀胱癌患者施行了腹腔镜膀胱全切除-原位回肠新膀胱术,其中13例同时行子宫、卵巢及附件切除,6例行保留子宫、卵巢附件.主要手术步骤为:①行标准盆腔淋巴结清扫,②行膀胱全切除同时切除或不切除内生殖器,③在下腹正中线上作4～5 cm切口,取出标本,并构建"M"形去管回肠储尿囊,④输尿管末端形成半乳头,"插入式"种植于储尿囊;⑤储尿囊回纳腹腔,在腹腔镜下作储尿囊与尿道吻合.术后记录围手术期情况,并对患者进行定期随访,了解患者的生活质量、排尿情况,并检测患者的残余尿量、新膀胱压力等.结果 手术时间(340.5±43.1)min,术中出血(353.9±71.3)ml.术后随访2～69个月,半年内均能自主排尿,1例日间偶有尿失禁,2例夜间尿失禁,3例排尿困难.膀胱容量(333.6±45.4)ml,残余尿量0～210(41.2±18.1)ml.术后半年至1年,行静脉尿路造影,除1例单侧肾积液外,其余双肾显影良好,未见肾盂输尿管扩张.膀胱尿道造影,可见膀胱位于盆腔,其形状大小位置于正常膀胱相似,未见膀胱输尿管反流.术后输尿管新膀胱吻合口梗阻1例,新膀胱阴道瘘1例,肿瘤远处转移2例于随访期间死亡.结论 腹腔镜女性膀胱全切除-原位回肠新膀胱术,技术上可行,可根据患者情况采用保留或切除内生殖器的手术方法,术中出血较少,创伤较小,术后大部分患者能自主排尿,但尿失禁及排尿困难发生率略高于男性,术后中远期新膀胱功能及肿瘤根治效果还需进一步临床观察.     

机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除联合原位回肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌22例

目的 总结机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除联合原位回肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌的临床经验,评估其疗效和安全性。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2019年12月接受机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除联合原位回肠新膀胱术治疗的膀胱癌患者的临床资料。共22例,均为男性,年龄为32~71岁（中位年龄63岁）。统计手术方法、手术时间、术后拔管时间、并发症等围手术期资料,术后病理结果,以及肿瘤控制情况和尿控效果等随访资料。结果 22例患者手术均顺利完成,无术中转开放手术者。其中4例行单孔手术,2例为全腔镜下原位回肠新膀胱术。手术时间为320~600（420±36）min,术中出血量为100~400（150±17）mL,围手术期均未输血。术后1~2 d（中位数2 d）下床活动,1~3 d（中位数2 d）恢复肠道通气,5~21 d（中位数10 d）拔除负压引流管,10~25 d（中位数14 d）拔除导尿管。本组患者均无术中肠道损伤、术后肠梗阻等肠道并发症,无切口感染。2例发生新膀胱漏尿,经延长留置导尿管后自行愈合。所有患者术后病理结果均为尿路上皮癌。术后随访3~15个月,未出现肿瘤复发,无患者死亡。术后2个月20例（90.1%）患者尿控满意。1例患者术后4个月因内疝而手术,2例患者术后6个月因排尿困难给予间歇自我导尿。结论 机器人辅助根治性膀胱切除联合原位回肠新膀胱术在临床上安全可行,短期肿瘤控制和尿控效果满意,远期疗效有待通过病例累积和长期随访进一步评估。     

腹腔镜下膀胱全切除原位乙状结肠代膀胱术(附12例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜下膀胱全切除原位乙状结肠代膀胱手术的方法与治疗效果。方法:对12例浸润性膀胱癌患者采用腹腔镜下全膀胱切除术,前列腺切除或子宫次全切除。经腹壁造口取出切除物,行乙状结肠去带原位新膀胱术。结果:12例手术成功,手术时间5~10 h,平均6.5 h;出血量200~1 000 ml,平均387 ml,代膀胱充盈良好,容量约300 ml,术后4~6周患者恢复控尿功能,无排尿困难及尿失禁。结论:腹腔镜下行膀胱全切除视野清晰,可减少出血,缩短手术时间。     

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder: report of 33 cases

Background The laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) with orthotopic ileal neobladder is now applied to treat invasive bladder cancer, however, it has not been well codified and illustrated. We describe in this paper a technique step by step that we have developed in 33 patients and achieved excellent results.Methods The surgical procedure can be divided into eight steps: laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy and mobilization of the distal ureters; exposing Denonvillier’s space and the posterior aspect of prostate; exposing retropubic space and anterior surface of the bladder; dividing the lateral pedicles of the bladder and the prostate; dividing the apex of the prostate; extracorporeal formation of the ileal pouch; extracorporeal implantation of the ureters; and laparoscopic urethra-neobladder anastomosis. This operation was performed in 33 patients, 29 males and 4 females, with muscle invasive bladder cancer between December 2002 and September 2004.Results The operating time was 5.5-8.5 hours with an average of 6.5 hours; the estimated blood loss was 200-1000 ml with an average of 460 ml. The surgical margins of the bladder specimen were negative in all patients. There was no evidence of local recurrence at follow-up of 1-21 months in all the patients. However lymph node metastases were found in one case at 9 months postoperatively. Most of patients achieved urine control 1 to 3 months after surgery. The daytime continence rate was 94% (31 cases) and nighttime continence rate was 88% (29 cases). Urodynamic evaluation was performed between 3 and 6 months postoperatively for all cases. The mean value of neobladder capacity was (296±37) ml. The mean value of maximum flow rate was (18.7±7.1) ml/s. The mean residual urine volume was (32±19) ml. In all cases, excretory urography at 1 to 2 months postoperatively demonstrated slightly dilated upper urinary tracts without ureteral obstruction, which resolved at follow up. Cystography showed neobladders being similar in shapes to normal. Two small ureteral nipples with intermittently efflux of urine were observed at cystoscopy in most patients. Postoperative complications occurred in 6 of 33 patients (18%), including pouch leakage in 2 cases, pelvic infection in 1, partial small bowel obstruction in 2 and neobladder-vaginal fistula in 1.Conclusions The LRC with orthotopic ileal neobladder is a feasible option for bladder cancer when radical cystectomy is indicated. The extracorporeal formation of the ileal pouch and ureteral implantation through a small lower midline incision can simplify the complexity of the procedures, shorten the duration of surgery and reduce the medical expenses.     

膀胱癌行膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱术的临床治疗效果分析

目的探讨膀胱癌行膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱术的临床治疗效果。方法对25例膀胱癌患者使用膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱术治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果所有患者均顺利完成手术治疗,术后随访无复发情况,白天控尿良好的患者占94%,夜间控尿良好的占84%。排尿通畅者占21例,不畅者占4例;B超检查没有出现上尿路扩张症状,膀胱造影没有发现膀胱输尿管返流现象。结论膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌疗效确切,值得临床推广。     

原位肠代膀胱术126例分析

目的 总结评价原位肠膀胱术的远期临床效果。方法 对1989年1月至2001年12年问126例因膀胱癌行膀胱全切原位肠膀胱术的患者进行随访,收集资料进行分析。其中实行原位回肠代膀胱术84例,实行原位去带乙状结肠代膀胱术42例;术中行淋巴结清扫62例,术后放化疗64例。分别比较不同分组患者术后控尿率、并发症发生率、肿瘤复发率和5年生存率。结果 获完整随访122例,乙状结肠组输尿管扩张及反流率高于回肠组（80．9％vs32．1％,23．8vs2．4％,P〈0．05）,乙状结肠组夜间控尿率高于回肠组（P〈0．05）;清扫淋巴结组术后肿瘤复发率低于放化疗组（P〈0．05）,5年存活率高于放化疗组（P〈0．05）。术后近期并发症发生率为15．9％（20／126）,远期并发症发生率为9．8％（12／122）。结论 原位肠膀胱术手术效果满意,术后并发症发生率低,术中行淋巴结清扫较术后放化疗能提高患者的5年生存率。     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术加原位T型回肠新膀胱重建的临床观察

目的 总结13例腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除、标准淋巴结清扫加T型原位回肠新膀胱重建的经验,评价此术式肿瘤学结果与功能性结果.方法 2005年8月至2009年7月,对首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院13例肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤患者实施腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除加下腹壁小切口行原位T型回肠新膀胱重建术,对手术时间、淋巴结数量、围手术期并发症、出血量、输血量、生存率、上尿路形态与功能、控尿情况进行分析.结果 平均手术时间为6 (5～8) h,平均出血量为480(100～800)ml,平均输血量133(0～400)ml,平均清扫淋巴结数16(8～22)个,无围手术期死亡,围手术期并发症发生率为15.4% (2/13).术后3周行膀胱造影检查,未发现明显造影剂外溢及反流.患者日间完全控尿率达84.6%(11/13);夜间完全控尿率为46.1%(6/13),夜间仅需要1块尿垫者占30.8%(4/13).上尿路检查提示,23.1%(3/13)术后45 d内出现双侧肾盂及输尿管的轻度暂时性扩张,但肾功能保持正常.随访24(16～63)个月,7.7% (1/13)于术后55个月死于急性心肌梗死,92.3%(12/13)无复发生存.结论 腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除、标准淋巴结清扫加下腹壁小切口行T型原位回肠新膀胱重建术取得了满意的肿瘤学与功能性结果;T型原位新膀胱输入袢的抗反流效果令人满意,能够充分保护上尿路形态与功能.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the preliminary experiences of 13 cases of laparoscopic radical cystectomy and construction of orthotopic T pouch ileal neobladder and evaluate the oncological and functional outcomes of this procedure. Methods From August 2005 through July 2009, 13 patients underwent radical cystectomy and standard lymphadenectomy followed by construction of orthotopic T pouch ileal neobladder via mini-laparostomy for muscular invasive bladder cancer. The data were analyzed according to procedure time, blood loss volume, transfusion volume, number of dissected lymph nodes, peri-operative complications, morphology and function of upper urinary tract and status of urinary continence. Results The mean operating duration was 6 (5-8) hours, estimated volume of blood loss 480 (100-800) ml, transfusion volume 133 (0-400) ml and the number of dissected lymph nodes 16 (8-22). There was no peri-operative mortality. The peri-operative complications were found in 15.4% (2/13) and included urine leak at neobladder-urethra junction managed by drainage (n=1) and urine leak at ureter-neobladder junction repaired (n=1). The complete daytime continence rate was 84.6%(11/13), complete nocturnal continence rate 46.1% (6/13) and <1 pad in 30.8% (4/13). No reflux into afferent limb of neobladder was observed by cystography. Temporary dilation of upper urinary tract was observed in 23.1% (3/13) at Day 45 post-operation and later it disappeared spontaneously. Serum creatinine remained in a normal range in all patients. Within a follow-up of 24 (16-63) months, 7.7% (1/13) died of myocardial infarction at Month 55 post-operation. And 92.3% (12/13) survived without a local relapse or a distal metastasis. Conclusion Within an intermediate follow-up period, the oncological and functional outcomes are encouraging after laparoscopic radical cystectomy and construction of orthotopic T pouch ileal neobladder via mini-laparostomy. The anti-reflux mechanism is effective to preserve the morphology and function of upper urinary tract.