BALB/c和C57BL/6小鼠在基因功能检测中行为学的比较研究

1 Introduction 1.1 THE CONCEPT OF ANIMAL CARE.Ethics and the developing demand for relevant legislation During the late 19th Century there was an increasing concern in the UK with respect to a aspects of illtreatment of animals. This was reflected in the thinking of the research community and in 1871 The British Association For the Advancement of Science issued a set of basic principles of animal experimentation.This was a response to the growing awareness by the BA of the need for an ethical approach to biomedical research and for the considerate treatment of laboratory animals.     

Which Research Is Needed to Support Clinical Decision-Making on Integrative Medicine?——Can Comparative Effectiveness Research Close the Gap?

<正>In clinical research on complementary and integrative medicine, experts and scientists have often pursued a research agenda in spite of an incomplete understanding of the needs of end users.Consequently,the majority of previous clinical trials have mainly assessed the efficacy of interventions.Scant data is available on their effectiveness.Comparative effectiveness research(CER) promises to support decision makers by generating evidence that compares the benefits and harms of the best care options.This evidence,more generalizable than the evidence generated by traditional randomized controlled trials(RCTs),is better suited to inform real-world care decisions.An emphasis on CER supports the development of the evidence base for clinical and policy decision-making.Whereas in most areas of complementary and integrative medicine data on comparative effectiveness is scarce,available acupuncture research already contributes to CER evidence.This paper will introduce CER and make suggestions for future research.     

Reasons Why Laypeople Make Better Administrators

In the 1990s in the United States, physicians took a greater interest in the organization and the management of the health care system. Managed care has taken away the decision making process on many patients and doctors are trying to become administrators to get control back. Many believe this is a positive outcome since they have an understanding of the clinical processes. But if they are to become hospital administrators, they need     

Value of qualitative research in polycystic ovary syndrome

Objective This article aims to introduce the benefits of qualitative research and to discuss how such research can be applied to the study of polycystic ovary syndrome （PCOS）. Data sources Relevant articles were published in English as of May 2013 from Pubmed. Terms ＂polycystic ovary syndrome/PCOS, qualitative research and methodology＂ were used for searching. Study selection Articles studying PCOS with qualitative methods were reviewed. Articles associated with the use of qualitative research in clinical research were cited. Results Six qualitative studies related to PCOS were found in the literature search. These studies addressed different aspects in PCOS women including their womanhood, lived experience, information need, and experience of treatment with acupuncture. Five of these six studies used phenomenology as guiding theory. Conclusion Quantitative research has been the dominant approach in the field so far, qualitative research is relevant to the advancement of PCOS.     

Assessing the AIDS＇ Health Education Effect among Service Industries Attendants Using an Analytical Hierarchy Process Method

This paper uses analytical hierarchy process （AHP） methodology to perform a comparison between the different investigations about AIDS＇ knowledge, attitude and practice （KAP）. In this study, all variables are considered to integrated assessment of the effect of health education. So the results are more precise and scientific than that of evaluating in terms of single index. Integrated assessment indexes （IAD of three investigations are above 75%, and the result of the second investigation is the best, followed by the third and the first investigation in turn.     

Journal of Reproduction and Contraception （English Edition） Instructions for contributors

Journal of Reproduction and Contraception (English Edition) will accept original articles concerned with new developments in basic or clinical family planning research. The research may deal with various aspects of reproductive biology, reproductive pharmacology, genetics, obstetrics and gynaecology, contraceptive drugs and instruments, clinical studies and other disciplines. The Journal provides in the first place a medium for the publication in English of contributions by Chinese scientists, thus making them more accessible to international readers, but also welcomes contributions from authors abroad.     

Q方法在专家经验分类及理解中应用的可行性分析

The Q method, combining qualitative and quantitative methods, refers to the qualitative analysis of Q-sorts based on quantitative techniques. It is used to research individual subjective experience, analyzing consensus and divergence to identify and categorize subjects＇ viewpoints. The sorting process is completely performed by the subjects, independent of study researchers. The Q method in medical research has been applied in many fields, including nursing care, clinical studies, doctor and patient＇s perceptions, health evaluation and decision making. The authors used the Q method to research Chinese medicine （CM） group decision making, exploring its practical feasibility in this important field. Four primary domains are addressed： （1） integration of expert opinion; （2） expert classification; （3） ascertaining the entire viewpoint orientation of a certain type of expert; and （4） comparison of expert opinion using an additional perspective. The essence of the Q method caters to the CM thinking model and should be introduced into CM and explored more deeply.     

Current situation and progress in integrative medicine in China

In the past 50 years, integration of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine, known as the Chinese version of integrative medicine （IM）, has achieved significant developments. In this article, the present situation and progress in IM development in China are summarized from the aspects of IM application, policy making, scientific research, education, academic exchanges, and its future development. With continuous support from the Chinese government and successful scientific achievements in the past 50 years, the authors believe that IM will be moving forwards to a full globalization.     

Risk Factors and Precautions of Inpatient Suicide from the Perspective of Nurses:A Qualitative Study

The risk factors and precautions of inpatient suicide were explored. Thirty suicide victims were drawn from the adverse event reports of suicidal act during hospitalization in a general hospital from 2008 to 2014. Data were gathered from the focus group interviews of twelve nurses who had experienced inpatient suicide. The data were analyzed by using analytical technique based on grounded theory, and software QSR NVIVO8 was used to aid the collation of data. Three main themes of risk factors about inpatient suicide emerged from the analysis: individual value, social factors and environmental factors. The individual value was categorized into different groups such as sense of guilt, hopelessness and low self-esteem. Social factors included two aspects of negative life events and social support. Three themes of precautions about inpatient suicide appeared in this study: evaluation, nursing and information exchange. Evaluation was elaborated from both physical and psychological assessments. This finding extends existing work of risk factors and precautions about inpatient suicide and brings new knowledge about the reasons why inpatients commit suicide.     

Considerations for determining optimal mouse caging density

At the 2006 National Meeting of the American Association of Laboratory Animal Science, a panel discussed the question of what constitutes optimal or acceptable housing density for mice. Though there is a consensus that present guidelines are somewhat arbitrarily defined, scientific research has not yet been able to provide clear recommendations for amending them. Speakers explored the many factors that influence decisions on mouse housing, including regulatory requirements, scientific data and their interpretation, financial considerations and ethical concems. The panel largely agreed that animal well-being should be the measure of interest in evaluating housing density and that well-being includes not only physical health, but also animals＇ behavior, productivity and preference. Lab Animal 2007,36（10）     

A comparison of GlideScope videolaryngoscope with Macintosh laryngoscope for laryngeal views

Objective：To describe the use of the GlideScope in comparison with direct laryngoscopy for elective surgical patients requiring tracheal intubation. Methods：Two hundred patients, ASA Ⅰ - Ⅱ scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia requiring orotracheal intubation were selected. Information was collected identifying the patient demographics and airway assessment features （Mallampati oropharyngeal scale, thyromenta distance and mouth opening）. In a random crossover design, after induction of anesthesia and neuromuscular block, the laryngoscopes were inserted in turn, and the views of the glottis at laryngoscopy （Cormack and Lehane scores） were compared. The tracchea was intubated using either the standard Macintosh laryngoscope or GlideScope after the second grading at laryngoscopy was done. Complications associated with intubating were recorded. Results： There were 200 patients including 107 males and 93 females, with mean age being 52±13 years, height 164.8±11.3 cm, weight 64.0±11. 5 kg, thyromental distance 6. 9± 1.1 cm, and mouth opening 5.7±0.5 cm. There was a significant association between the preoperative view of the oropharynx （Mallampati score） and the view of the glottis at laryngoscopy for both the direct Macintosh laryngoscope （P〈0. 001） and the GlideScope （P〈0. 001）. Among 200 patients, 106 patients had the same C＆L grade, 91 of remaining patients showed improvement in the C＆L grade （P〈0. 001 ） obtained with GlideScope compared with the direct Macintosh laryngoscope. 3 of remaining patients showed better view of the glottis（C＆L grade） with the direct Macintosh laryngoscope （grade 1） than with GlideScope （grade 2）. There were no cases of failure to be intubated. There were no cases of dental or mucosal injury in all patients. Conclusion： GlideScope videolaryngoscope yielded comparable or superior laryngeal view compared with Macintosh laryngoscope. The new type of laryngoscope may have potential advantages for managing the d     

Purification and characterization of keratinase from a new Bacillus subtilis strain

The aim of this study was to purify and characterize a keratinase produced by a new isolated Bacillus subtilis KD-N2 strain. The keratinase produced by the isolate was purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation, Sephadex G-75 and DEAE （diethylaminoethyl）-Sepharose chromatographic techniques. The purified enzyme was shown to have a molecular mass of 30.5 kDa, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （SDS-PAGE） analysis. The optimum pH at 50 ℃ was 8.5 and the optimum temperature at pH 8.5 was 55 ℃. The keratinase was partially inactivated by some metal ions, organic solvents and serine protease inhibitor phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride （PMSF）. Sodium dodecyl sulfate （SDS） and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid （EDTA） had positive effect on the keratinase activity. Reducing agents including dithiothreitol （DTT）, mercaptoethanol, L-cysteine, sodium sulphite, as well as chemicals of SDS, ammonium sulfamate and dimethylsulfoxide （DMSO） stimulated the enzyme activity upon a feather meal substrate. Besides feather keratin, the enzyme is active upon the soluble proteins ovalbumin, bovine serum albumin （BSA）, casein and insoluble ones as sheep wool and human hair. Calf hair, silk and collagen could not be hydrolyzed by the keratinase.     

Surgical treatment of IIIb-T4 lung cancer invading left atrium and great vessels

Background IIIb-T4 non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） is commonly considered a contraindication to surgery, although chemo-radiotherapy also achieves a poor survival rate. We reviewed our experience with T4 NSCLC patients who underwent surgery to explore the indications and prognostic factors of surgical treatment of lung cancer invading the left atrium and great vessels. Methods We investigated a cohort of 105 patients, 79 men and 26 women, who underwent surgery from May 1996 to July 2008. Their pathological staging was T4No-2M0. The median age was 59 years, ranging from 36 to 75 years. Patients were grouped based on invading sites： tumors invading the left atrium （LA group）, tumors invading the superior vena cava （SVC group）, and tumors invading the intrapericardial pulmonary artery （PA group）. Patients were further characterized based upon the type of operation, complete resection and incomplete resection groups, and on the lymph node pathological status, No, N1 and N2 groups. We calculated the overall five-year survival rate. Results All patients received resection of primary lesions, with partial resection of the left atrium in the LA group （n=-25）, angioplasty of superior vena cava in the SVC group （n=-23） and intrapericardial ligation of the pulmonary artery in the PA group （n=57）. Complete resection was possible in 77 patients （73.3%）. The overall survival rate of the 105 patients was 41.0% at 5 years; 36.0% for the LA group, 34.8% for the SVC group and 45.6% for the PA group. Pathological N status significantly influenced the overall 5-year survival rate; 61.5% for No, 51.1% for the N1 and 11.8% for the N2 groups （N2 group versus No group, P 〈0.0001, N2 versus N1 group, P〈0.0001）. Surgical resection also influenced survival; 49.4% for the complete resection group and 17.9% for the incomplete resection group （P 〈0.0001）. Cox regression analysis demonstrated that pathological N status was a significant independent predictor of prognosis. Conclusions Pathological N status is a significant independent predictor for survival of patients with IIIb-T4 lung cancer invading the left atrium and great vessels. The completeness of resection has a significant influence on the overall 5-year survival rate. Surgery for T4 lung cancer may be effective in patients without mediastinal lymph node involvement.     

An in Vitro Tissue-Culture Evaluation of the Cell Toxicity of Platelet-Rich Plasma and Silver Dressings

Objective： To establish whether platelet-rich plasma （PRP） and silver-impregnated dressings, used individually are cytotoxic to human-skin keratinocytes, dermal-fibroblasts and adipose derived stem cells （ADSC） cultured in vitro. Method： Cultures of human keratinocytes, fibroblasts and ADSC were established in vitro. All test-cells were raised initially on RegenPRP~-Kit coated, testing petri-dishes. Group-I served as cultures without PRP or silver-stimulation. Group-II consisted of continuous culture of the 3-cell lines on the PRP-base without any further additives. Group-Ill cells initially raised on PRP were now exposed to and co-cultured with small nanocrystalline silver implants placed on the established cell monolayers （Acticoat~）. Diagnostic inverted-microscopy, trypan-blue staining, cell-testing and the Rosdy and Clauss cell-toxicity scoring system were used to identify cell-toxicity. Results： Cultures consisting of keratinocytes, dermal fihroblasts and ADSC （group-II） were established in 95% of all explants on platelet-rich plasma coated test-wells. In group-Ill or cell-recipients treated with silver implants, marked cell toxicity developed within days, with high non-viability staining and cell-scoring counts compared to Group-II （p〈 0.05）. Diluted PRP has a strong proliferative effect on keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts and adipose derived stem cells （ADSC）. While silver impregnated implants interferes with newly cultured cells, epidermal cell proliferation and migration, and has notable cytotoxic properties in vitro. Conclusion： Diluted Regen-PRP shows good cytocompatibility with tissue-culture including keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts and ADSC and favours cell proliferation of skin epidermal and mesodermal components ex vivo. Silver dressing explants placed on established cell-lines ex vivo, induce consistent cell-toxicity in the same cell lines when cultured under controlled conditions.     

Apolipoprotein B100 quality control and the regulation of hepatic very low density lipoprotein secretion

Apolipoprotein B （apoB） is the main protein component of very low density lipoprotein （VLDL） and is necessary for the assembly and secretion of these triglyceride （TG）-rich particles. Following release from the liver, VLDL is converted to low density lipoprotein （LDL） in the plasma and increased production of VLDL can therefore play a detrimental role in cardiovascular disease. Increasing evidence has helped to establish VLDL assembly as a target for the treatment of dyslipidemias. Multiple factors are involved in the folding of the apoB protein and the formation of a secretion-competent VLDL particle. Failed VLDL assembly can initiate quality control mechanisms in the hepatocyte that target apoB for degradation. ApoB is a substrate for endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation （ERAD） by the ubiquitin proteasome system and for autophagy. Efficient targeting and disposal of apoB is a regu- lated process that modulates VLDL secretion and partitioning of TG. Emerging evidence suggests that significant overlap exists between these degradative pathways. For example, the insulin-mediated targeting of apoB to autop- hagy and postprandial activation of the unfolded protein response （UPR） may employ the same cellular machinery and regulatory cues. Changes in the quality control mechanisms for apoB impact hepatic physiology and pathology states, including insulin resistance and fatty liver. Insulin signaling, lipid metabolism and the hepatic UPR may impact VLDL production, particularly during the postprandial state. In this review we summarize our current understanding of VLDL assembly, apoB degradation, quality control mechanisms and the role of these processes in liver physiology and in pathologic states.     

Transcranial Doppler for detection of changes in ophthalmic artery blood flow

The ophthalmic artery （OA） is a main branch of the internal carotid artery （ICA）. Severe internal carotidartery stenosis or occlusion may not only affect the blood supply to the brain, but may also cause OA insufficiency, leading to ocular ischemia. Therefore, research on the hemodynamic changes in the OA in patients with ICA stenosis or occlusion has increasingly attracted more ophthalmologists＇ attention.1 Transcranial Doppler （TCD） is simple and noninvasive, has been widely used in the inspection of cerebrovascular disease,     

An Analysis of the Physical Activity of Special Olympic Athletes with the Use of an Accelerometer

Background： Studies indicate that people with a mental disability are less engaged in physical activity than their peers. The published data was mainly collected from oral feedback and the measurements taken from the use of pedometers. People with a mental disability engage in different types of physical activity, not only walking. The intention of this study was to assess physical activity using an accelerometer during a Special Olympics competition. Objective： To measure the physical activity of athletes with a mental disability during the Special Olympics national program using an accelerometer and to analyze the level of physical activity in relation to different disciplines, and in accordance with the gender of the participants. Methods： 75 athletes with a mental disability （50 males and 25 females） wore a GT3X ActiGraph to record their physical activity levels for two days during the Athletics Games in Olomouc, Czech Republic. Results： （1） The physical activity levels of the athletes met the published guidelines; （2） athletes who participated in both track and field events do not have higher energy expenditure than those participating only in field events; （3） athletes with a greater sporting ability are more physically active; （4） male athletes do not have a higher physical activity level. Conclusion： Regarding the level of physical activity, the local Special Olympic program is beneficial for people with a mental disability.     

Water Extract of Liuwei Dihuang Reduces Weight Gain and Visceral Fat in Obese Rats

The present study was conducted to determine the effect and mechanism of action of Liuwei Dihuang （LWDH） on weight gain and visceral fat deposition in male obese-prone CD rats. The rats were divided into three groups and fed a high-fat diet （60 kcal% from fat）. Two treatment groups received 600 （WE600） or 1200 （WEI200） mg/kg/d LWDH water extract dissolved in water by gavage feeding once a day for l0 weeks. The control rats were gavaged with the vehicle. Daily food intake and weekly body weight were recorded. Energy metabolism was measured using an indirect calorimeter during week 8 of the treatment. At the end of the study, rats were sacrificed. Immediately, visceral fat pads were dissected and weighed. Serum was collected for the measurement of blood lipids and hormones. It was found that WEI200 lowered body weight after 3 weeks of treatment and the effect was maintained throughout the remaining study period. WE1200 also lowered visceral fat mass, serum leptin, plasma free fatty acids and cholesterol, respectively. The energy expenditure was increased by WE1200 in both the light and dark periods. Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and fat oxidation were increased in both light and dark periods, whereas carbohydrate oxidation increased only in the light period in the WE1200 group. Rats in the WE600 showed lower serum free fatty acids and leptin levels, while showing no effect on the other parameters compared to the control. These results demonstrated potential of using LWDH water extract to treat obesity and its related complications. The effect may be attributable to the increase of energy expenditure, decrease of food intake and improvement of leptin sensitivity.     

Sedative, Cognitive Impairment and Anxiolytic Effects of Acute Mitragyna Speciosa in Rodents

Mitragyna speciosa, a plant from Rubiaceae family, was reported to have an opium-like effect and their coca-like stimulative ability to combat fatigue and enhance tolerance to hard work. There are lack of information regarding to the effect of Mitragyna speciosa on cognitive and behavioural performances. Therefore the project was conducted to observe the effect of Mitragyna speciosa on cognitive behavior of rats and mice. Mitragyna speciosa in methanol extract form and aqueous extract form with same dosage distributions were used; 10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg. Four tests were conducted to observe the behavioural changes of the animal namely locomotor, cognitive performances, anxiety and rotarod performance. Results showed that all dosage of treatment reduced locomotor and impaired cognitive performance significantly. Study showed that Mitragyna speciosa induce sedative effect in dose dependant manner. Interestingly, Mitragyna speciosa increased the time spent in open arm of plus maze indicating low anxiety level of the rodent, As conclusion, Mitragyna speciosa caused sedative effect, impairment in working memory, and possess anxiolytic properties.     

Comparison of symptom and risk assessment methods among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background The global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） guidelines classify patients into four groups according to the number of symptoms and the level of future risk of acute exacerbation COPD （AECOPD）. This study aimed to compare the results of different methods used in diagnosis of COPD and evaluate the accuracy of the assessment methods in guiding clinical practice. Methods A survey was conducted of 194 COPD outpatients between March and September 2012. Demographic characteristics, the number of exacerbations the patient has had within the previous 12 months, COPD assessment test （CAT）, Modified British Medical Research Council （mMRC） scale, and results of the lung function tests were recorded. Results Of the 194 patients assessed, 21 had a CAT score 〉10 and an mMRC grade ≤1, 13 had a CAT score 〈10 and an mMRC grade ≥2. A predicted forced expiratory volume in one second （FEV1%） of 〈50% with less than two acute exacerbations was observed in 39 patients, while a predicted FEV1% of 〉50% was noted in 20 patients with two or more acute exacerbations. The sensitivity of a predicted FEV1% 〈50% in predicting the risk of AECOPD in the future was 80.9%, while that in the real number of AECOPD events recorded was 62.8%, the difference being statistically significant （P=0.004）. The sensitivity of CAT in predicting the severity of symptoms was 90%, while that of mMRC was 83.8%, and the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions The COPD assessment method recommended by the global initiative for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （GOLD） 2011 is complicated and should be simplified. CAT is more comprehensive and accurate than mMRC. The lung function classification is a better tool for predicting the risk of AECOPD in the future, and the number of AECOPD can be referred to when required.