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1.
Tsung-Hsing Chen Chen-Ming Hsu Hao-Tsai Cheng Yin-Yi Chu Ming-Yao Su Jun-Te Hsu Ta-Sen Yeh Chang-Fu Kuo Cheng-Tang Chiu 《Journal of the Chinese Medical Association》2018,81(12):1033-1037
Background
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a standard tool for detection of mucosal and submucosal lesions. However, identification of Helicobacter pylori (H. P) infection using EGD alone is limited in accuracy. Linked color imaging (LCI) is a novel tool to capture real-time image with sufficient contrast to observe mucosal microstructure.Methods
This study aims to evaluate the applicability of LCI in the identification of H. pylori infection. Consecutive 122 patients scheduled for EGD were included. They were examined with LCI and magnifying endoscopy. The classification of H. pylori was based on pathology results of biopsy and rapid urease test or urea breath test.Results
We compared the results based on LCI or magnifying endoscopy to reference classification. Of 122 patients, 36 had H. pylori infection (29.51%). The level of accuracy of diagnosis of H. pylori infections by LCI, magnifying endoscopy, and both LCI and magnifying endoscopy was 78.38%, 81.98%, and 78.38%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of each group were 70.97%, 81.25%, and 80.65% and 82.5%, 83.87%, and 76.25%, respectively. The positive predictive values were 59.46%, 64.10%, and 57.78%, respectively, and the negative predictive values were 87.84%, 91.67%, and 92.42%, respectively.Conclusion
LCI could be playing a valuable initial screen tool for real-time diagnosis of H. pylori infections. It has a high accuracy of diagnosis of H. pylori infections. Therefore, in patients suspected to have H. pylori infections using LCI, the infections need to be carefully diagnosed using appropriate methods because, as per the consensus, they should be eradicated as soon as possible before precancerous lesions develop. 相似文献2.
Guangli Yin Ruiqin Xie Ling You Hongning Yin Yucui Sun Jinglan Wu Yansha Zhao Xue Geng Yanan Zhang 《Journal of the Chinese Medical Association》2018,81(5):409-415
Background
The conversion of atrial fibrillation (AF) to sinus rhythm is associated with transient dysfunction of the left atrium (LA). This study aimed to investigate the time course of LA function and inflammation after radiofrequency (RF) ablation for paroxysmal AF.Methods
Fifty-three patients with paroxysmal AF undergoing RF ablation were recruited. White blood cells were counted and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), fibrinogen, and D-dimer levels were measured. LA emptying fraction, strain, and strain rate were evaluated before RF ablation and at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks and 2 and 3 months after ablation using conventional Doppler echocardiography and two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography.Results
LA emptying fraction sharply decreased at day 7 after ablation and then slowly increased (p < 0.05) and returned to the baseline value at day 28. LA strain and strain rate values sharply decreased at day 7 after the procedure and then slowly increased (p < 0.05). A significant correlation between hs-CRP level and LA emptying fraction was found at day 7.Conclusion
Reduced LA function and increased prothrombotic tendency were found at ～1 week after AF ablation for paroxysmal AF. Therefore, monitoring the time and degree of anticoagulation after ablation for paroxysmal AF might effectively prevent thromboembolic events and reduce anticoagulant cost and bleeding risk. 相似文献3.
Hsing-Ying Wu Heng-Sheng Chao Hsin-Chin Shih Chun-Che Shih Shi-Chuan Chang 《Journal of the Chinese Medical Association》2018,81(1):64-69
Background
When compared with open care model, a closed one improves patient care in intensive care units (ICUs), mixed ICUs, surgical ICUs and trauma centers. We wanted to evaluate the benefit of a collaborative care model in highly specialized cardiovascular care unit.Methods
This study was a retrospective, observational study conducted in the cardiovascular care unit of a teaching hospital. All patients who were above 20 years old and had received cardiovascular operation were enrolled for data collection and analysis.Results
A total of 270 subjects were enrolled for analysis during the 2-year study period. In the collaborative care model, the CVSU length of stay (p = 0.001) and CVSU-free days (p = 0.0008) were significantly better than those in an open care model.Discussion
The collaborative care model improved postoperative outcome in the cardiovascular surgical unit for those needing prolonged ICU care. 相似文献4.
5.
Background
This study aims to evaluate the influence of nanoparticle size on the in vitro percutaneous penetration and retention and in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy of percutaneously delivered non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.Methods
Indomethacin, ketoprofen and piroxicam were incorporated into nanoparticles. The nanoparticles, or the bulk-drug equivalents, were suspended in a hydrophilic ointment and compared for their ability to facilitate percutaneous drug penetration and retention in vitro. The formulations were applied cutaneously in a carrageenan-induced footpad inflammation model (acute inflammation) and an adjuvant-induced arthritis model (chronic inflammation) in rats and were assessed for their anti-inflammatory efficacy and potency.Results
The nanoparticle formulations demonstrated a substantially smaller particle size compared with the bulk-drug formulations. The nanoparticles notably increased drug penetration and retention in vitro. In both the acute and chronic inflammation models, the nanoparticle formulations demonstrated significantly higher anti-inflammatory activity than that of their corresponding bulk-drug formulation at an equivalent dose, and produced better overall healing.Conclusion
The nanoparticle formulations are highly effective as percutaneous drug carriers, and demonstrate that decreasing particle size leads to increased efficacy and potency. The exploitation of such nanotechnology could drive the development of more effective percutaneous therapeutics. 相似文献6.
Yi-Wen Hung Hui-Ling Chen Li-Tsu Lee Kwong-Chung Tung Da-Tain Bau Yong-Kie Wong 《Journal of the Chinese Medical Association》2018,81(10):920-925
Background
In this study, we investigated the effects of treating dental implants made from titanium with argon based non-thermal plasma, immediately before insertion on implant stability and bone formation. Biodegradable sandblasting and acid etching had been previously used to modify the surface of the implants.Methods
To obtain data for 4-time points in triplicate with references, a total of 36 dental implants were divided into 2 groups; 18 implants served as the experimental group and received a spray containing non-thermal plasma, while the other 18 implants served as controls. Two treated and two untreated implants were each inserted in the jaws of 9 beagle dogs. After periods of 4, 8, and 12 weeks, the Implant Stability Quotient scores were determined and histometric values obtained.Results
Plasma spray treatment increased the healing time slightly during the early recovery period (4th to 8th week, p = 0.1595 and 0.1041, respectively), but was not profoundly effective in the later recovery stage (12th week, p = 0.4942). Both non-decalcified histometric measurements and bone growth analysis showed no statistically significant differences between the plasma spray group and the controls at 4, 8, and 12 weeks.Conclusion
Non-thermal plasma did not enhance the stability of the implants nor did it increase bone formation in our animal models. 相似文献7.
Yuan-Yuan Kang Fu-Li Sun Ying Zhang Zhe Wang 《Journal of the Chinese Medical Association》2018,81(5):416-422
Background
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant tumor in oral cancer, however, the mechanism underlying OSCC tumorigenesis is unknown. SIRT1, has been considered a prominent tumor-suppressing/promoting gene in various solid tumors, although the precise role of SIRT1 in OSCC progression remains unknown.Methods
SIRT1 expression was assessed in surgically resected specimens from patients with OSCC for histopathologic factors. SIRT1 levels in OSCC were determined, SIRT1 overexpression was achieved on transfecting OSCC cells with a SIRT1-containing plasmid, followed by evaluation of proliferative ability and invasiveness of these cells.Results
SIRT1 levels were significantly lower in patients with OSCC than in controls (p < 0.05). Moreover, SIRT1 levels in patients with OSCC were significantly associated with the lymphovascular permeation but not with the sex, age, stage and location. Furthermore, SIRT1 overexpression inhibited proliferation and invasion in OSCC cells.Conclusion
The present results suggest that SIRT1 is a potential tumor suppressor in OSCC. 相似文献8.
Mi Hye Kim Haesu Lee You Yeon Choi Dae Hoon Lee Woong Mo Yang 《Journal of the Chinese Medical Association》2018,81(2):141-146
Background
Scutellaria baicalensis (SB) is widely used as a medicinal plant to treat various inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we investigated the effects of SB on periodontitis in ligature-induced experimental rat model.Methods
Rats were subjected to a ligature placement around the first molar of the mandible to induce periodontitis. 100 mg/kg SB extracts were orally administered for 14 days. The molar tissues were stained with 1% methylene blue. Histopathological changes of the periodontium were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The levels of cytokines were measured in the gingival tissue.Results
Alveolar bone resorption was statistically lower in the SB group compared to the ligatured group. SB inhibited the mineralization of cementum. In addition, SB reduced the production of IL-1β, 6, -8 and TNF-α cytokine mRNA expression in gingival tissues.Conclusion
These results suggest that SB showed ameliorative effects in the ligature-induced periodontitis by inhibition of inflammatory cytokine expression. 相似文献9.
Ozan Dogan Cigdem Pulatoglu Murat Yassa 《Journal of the Chinese Medical Association》2018,81(4):366-369
Background
Postpartum hysterectomy is a life saving emergency procedure in the management of uncontrollable severe maternal hemorrhage that every obstetrician should be closely acquainted with despite developments in medical and non-surgical interventions for obstetric hemorrhage. It can be difficult to detect the real boundaries of the cervix at full effacement and dilatation in patients who undergo emergency hysterectomy after vaginal delivery.Methods
Hereby we propose a simple and effective method to ease the operation by placing two atraumatic ring forceps to the anterior and posterior sides of the cervix during the preoperative vaginal examination and leave the two ring forceps while taking the patient into surgery. The boundary of the vagina and cervix will be determined with the help of the ring forceps intraoperatively, which are already placed before the operation.Results
Cervical clamp technique was successfully performed in four cases underwent to emergency postpartum hysterectomy due to uncontrollable postpartum atony. There were no postoperative complication and re-exploration for the persistent hemorrhage. Postoperative FSFI scores of the cases were 26.7, 27.4, 30.3 and 30.7.Conclusion
Taking extra vaginal tissue from the lower level of the cervix may be avoided and the last stage of the total hysterectomy may be facilitated by this simple technique with ensuring of bleeding management. 相似文献10.
Muhammad Javed Iqbal Muhammad Wasim Umer Rashid Nadia Zeeshan Rizwan Ali Sawera Nayyab Sahrish Habib Bushra Manzoor Nouman Zahid 《Journal of the Chinese Medical Association》2018,81(8):665-669
Background
Epilepsy is a multifaceted and multistep disorder that disrupts the proper functioning of neurons. It is becoming increasingly clear that the responsiveness of neurons depends on the appropriate trafficking of ions across the channels in the membrane of neurons. In line with this notion, impairment among these ion channels due to mutations has gain increasing attention in molecular neuroscience.Methods
Mutation analysis of the coding exons (exon 3, 5 and 9) was performed by sequencing GABRG2 to identify any complex biological entities among two different types of epilepsies.Results
Sequencing of the candidate gene “GABRG2” revealed a single polymorphic site in exon 3 in the children with absence epilepsy and generalized tonic clonic seizures. However, this single nucleotide alteration was more common in the patients with childhood absence epilepsy patients compared to the generalized cases.Conclusion
A silent mutation was identified at locus 27,909 C > T in 30.66% of the total screened or analyzed cases. However, no single nucleotide polymorphism was identified in exon 5 of GABRG2 in a Pakistani population, in contrast to a study of Chinese patients with childhood absence epilepsy. 相似文献11.
M. Dehdashtian M. Aletayeb A. Malakian M.R. Aramesh H. Malvandi 《Journal of the Chinese Medical Association》2018,81(2):183-186
Background
Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is a respiratory disorder secondary to inadequate or delayed clearance of lung fluids. Early symptoms of the disease are indistinguishable from neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and persistent pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, these newborns, in addition to receiving conservative management, receive antibiotics until blood cultures provide definite results. In this study, we assessed the clinical course of neonates diagnosed with TTN who received conventional versus conservative management.Methods
One hundred and thirty neonates diagnosed as having TTN were randomly enrolled in two study groups. While patients belonging to one group received conservative management, those from the other group were treated with conventional medical therapy.Results
Mean duration of hospitalization was 7 ± 0.2 in the conventional and 5 ± 1.5 in the conservative group. Duration of antibiotic therapy was 6.7 ± 2.47 days in the conventional group.Conclusion
Newborns diagnosed with TTN without prenatal risk factors and a negative C reactive protein test do not need to be administered antibiotics and hospitalized until confirmatory blood culture results are obtained. 相似文献12.
Rebeka Amin Kunichika Matsumoto Hiroka Hosaka Takefumi Kitazawa Shigeru Fujita Kanako Seto Tomonori Hasegawa 《Journal of the Chinese Medical Association》2018,81(9):796-803
Background
Leukemia is a deadly hematological malignancy that usually affects all age groups and imposes significant burden on public funds and society. The objective of this study was to analyze the cost of illness (COI) of leukemia, and to mark out the underlying driving factors, in Japan.Methods
COI method was applied to the data from government statistics. We first summed up the direct and indirect costs from 1996 to 2014; then future COI for the year 2017–2029 was projected.Results
Calculated COI showed an upward trend with a 13% increase from 1996 to 2014 (270–305 billion yen). Increased COI was attributed to an increase in direct costs. Although mortality cost accounted for the largest proportion of COI, but followed a downward trend. Decreased mortality costs reflected the effects of aging. Mortality cost per person also decreased, however, the percentage of mortality cost for individuals ≥65 years of age increased consistently from 1996 to 2014. If a similar trend in health-related indicators continue, COI would remain stable from 2017 to 2029 regardless of models.Conclusion
COI of leukemia increased from 1996 to 2014, but was projected to decrease in foreseeable future. With advancement of new therapies, leukemia has become potentially curable and require long-term care; so direct cost and morbidity cost will remain unchanged. This reveal the further continuing burden on public funds. Thus, the information obtained from this study can be regarded as beneficial to future policy making with respect to government policies in Japan. 相似文献13.
Hsu-Dong Sun Huann-Cheng Horng Chia-Hao Liu Sheng-Mou Hsiao Yi-Jen Chen Wen-Hsun Chang Peng-Hui Wang 《Journal of the Chinese Medical Association》2018,81(5):469-474
Background
To compare the short-term outcome of patients undergoing single-port laparoscopic salpingectomy (SP-LS) and conventional three-port laparoscopic salpingectomy (C-LS).Methods
A retrospective evaluation of 112 patients with tubal pregnancies treated by one surgeon at a single teaching hospital. Among these, 47 patients were treated with SP-LS and the remaining 65 were treated with C-LS.Results
The characteristics of patients were similar in both groups. There were no statistically significant differences in operative time, estimated blood loss, intraoperative and immediate postoperative complications, and length of hospital stay between both groups. Time to bowel recanalization (6.2 ± 1.0 vs. 7.2 ± 1.4 h, p < 0.05) and postoperative visual analog scale for pain scores (3.0 ± 0.5 vs. 3.6 ± 0.6, p < 0.005) were significantly lower in the SP-LS group compared with those in the C-LS group.Conclusion
Our study demonstrated the feasibility to use the single-port laparoscopic salpingectomy in the management of women with tubal pregnancy, which showed the similar or better outcome compared with the use of conventional three-port laparoscopic salpingectomy. 相似文献14.
Yishu Tang Wenbo Ma Chunxia Zhou Dongmei Wang Shuren Zhang 《Journal of the Chinese Medical Association》2018,81(4):316-323
Background
Tumor-induced immunosuppression can impede tumor-specific immune responses and limit the effects of cancer immunotherapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effects of sequential chemoimmunotherapeutic strategies to enhance antitumor immune responses.Methods
Using the E7-expressing tumor TC-1 as the tumor model, the treatment groups were divided into the following groups: (1) inactivated allogeneic leukocyte infusion (ALI), (2) ALI + MMC-inactivated TC-1 cell vaccine, and (3) ALI + MMC-inactivated TC-1 cell vaccine + cyclophosphamide (CTX).Results
In our study, we demonstrated that treatment with immune-modulating doses of CTX results in a beneficial tumor microenvironment with the suppression of Tregs. ALI has a limited therapeutic effect, as does the MMC-inactivated TC-1 cell vaccine. Our results showed that CTX preconditioning and persistent ALI treatment along with the MMC-inactivated TC-1 cell vaccine resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth and extended survival.Conclusion
Our study illustrated the effects of immune-modulating doses of a sequential chemoimmunotherapeutic strategy targeting the tumor and its microenvironment. The results suggest potential clinical effects for the immunotherapy of HPV-associated malignancies. 相似文献15.
Yaprak Engin Üstün Sema Sanisoğlu Mehmet Çınar Hüseyin Levent Keskin Dilek Uygur Ayşe Özcan Selma Karaahmetoğlu Aysun Kabasakal Gülşen Çolak Bekir Keskinkılıç İrfan Şencan 《Journal of the Chinese Medical Association》2018,81(11):985-989
Background
Our aim was to evaluate maternal mortality causes among Turkish women giving birth after assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs).Methods
All maternal deaths following conception with ART pregnancies were identified through the National Maternal Mortality Surveillance System. We analyzed the system data collected between 2007 and 2014. During this period, there were 10,369,064 live births and 1788 maternal deaths resulting from both direct and indirect causes. We identified 28 maternal death cases following ART procedures. The age, gestational age at birth, number of antenatal visits, delivery route, time of death, cause of death, and neonatal outcomes were recorded. Also, any existing delay (phase 1, 2, or 3) and preventability of maternal death were assessed.Results
Hypertensive disorders, pulmonary embolism, and cardiovascular disease were the leading causes of maternal death. Twelve (40%) women were over 35 years of age. Of the deaths, 15 (54%) were attributed to indirect causes. The number of unpreventable maternal deaths was 19 (67.9%), and 9 (36%) were classified as preventable after being assessed by the review commission of maternal mortality.Conclusion
Pregnancies conceived with ARTs should undergo a careful assessment of risk factors for hypertensive disorders, pulmonary embolism and cardiovascular diseases. Those women require closer antenatal surveillance because 1/3 of these deaths were preventable. 相似文献16.
Chi-Shuan Huang Hsin-Chi Lin Kai-Hsi Lu Wai-Wah Wu Ya-Chi Yang Yi-Ping Yang Chih-Hung Chiang Jung-Hung Hsieh Yuh-Lih Chang Shou-Dong Lee 《Journal of the Chinese Medical Association》2018,81(10):871-877
Background
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have a great potential for application in patient-specific therapy. The reprogramming method that does not involve c-Myc reduces tumorigenic risk, but also largely reduces the efficiency of generation of iPSCs, especially for those reprogrammed from damaged cells. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (Parp1) catalyzes a reaction of poly(ADP-ribosylation) and has been reported to enhance cell reprogramming.Methods
Using Oct-4/Sox2/Klf4/Parp1 (OSKP) reprogramming method, reprogramming factors plus Parp1 were capable of generation of iPSCs from adult fibroblasts and further toward to differentiate from iPSCs status into hepatocyte-like cells.Results
Our results showed that Oct-4/Sox2/Klf4/Parp1 (OSKP)-derived iPSC exhibited regular pluripotent properties, long-term passages and more stable cellular-divided period. These OSKP-derived iPSCs can effectively differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells (OSKP-iPSC-Heps), and present high mRNA levels of Sox17, HNF3b, and HNF4a in OSKP-iPSC-Heps. The mature hepatic functions, including CYP3A4, LDL uptake, glycogen synthesis and urea secretion were analyzed and well detected in OSKP-iPSC-Heps on day 14 post-differentiation.Conclusion
In conclusion, we demonstrated that Parp1 promoted reprogramming process to generate the high quality of iPSCs, which could be used as a high quality source of hepatocytes. 相似文献17.
Jing-Wei Lin Chung-Ping Hsu Hui-Ling Yeh Cheng-Yen Chuang Chih-Hung Lin 《Journal of the Chinese Medical Association》2018,81(1):18-24
Background
The impact of pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on survival of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus is still controversial. We retrospectively investigated the survival outcome in this group of patients.Methods
Ninety-eight patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus, who received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy were included in this retrospective analysis. Treatment protocols were radiotherapy with standard dose 50.4 Gy/28 fr, and chemotherapy with cisplatin 20 mg/m2 and 5-FU 800 mg/m2 for 4 days given on week 1 and 5. After neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is completed, patients who were eligible for surgery received surgery within 4–6 weeks. Patients who were not suitable for surgery were shifted to definite chemoradiotherapy. The primary end points were overall survival and progression-free survival.Results
Sixty-eight patients out of the ninety-eight patients received surgery after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. There were 32 patients who achieved pathological complete response with a pCR rate of 47%. Thirty patients were shifted to definite concurrent chemoradiotherapy. The 2-year overall survival rate was 81.3% in the patients whose tumors showed a pCR and 58.3% in the patients with tumors that had a pathological partial response (p = 0.025). The 2-year overall survival in patients who received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery and definite chemoradiotherapy were 69.1% and 40.0%, respectively. There are 13 patients experienced grade 3–4 adverse event.Conclusion
Pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is associated with a significant survival benefit in patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus. The toxicities related to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy were tolerable. 相似文献18.
Chi-Hong Ho Chen-Wei Lan Chen-Yi Liao Shih-Chieh Hung Hsin-Yang Li Yen-Jen Sung 《Journal of the Chinese Medical Association》2018,81(3):268-276
Background
Our aim was to examine the roles of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation in the repair of large uterine defects.Methods
Uterine defects were created in both uterine horns of female rats by a punch instrument, and bone marrow-derived MSCs, MSC-conditioned medium (MSC-CM) or vehicle were injected into the myometrium around the defect. The rate of uterine defect repair was monitored on day 2 and 4 after operation. Cytokine array of MSC-CM was performed, followed by neutralizing antibody experiments to clarify the exact cytokine participating in the MSC-CM-enhanced wound repair.Results
Transplantation of MSCs, but not myometrial cells, significantly enhanced uterine defect repair. The transplanted MSCs were detected in the uterine horn with no signs of rejection on day 4 after transplantation, when the MSC-transplanted uterine wound was nearly healed. Moreover, uterine defect repair was also accelerated by injection of MSC-CM, indicating the paracrine effects of MSCs on uterine wound healing. Cytokine array analysis further revealed that MSC-CM contained abundant cytokines and chemokines, among which high levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) were found. Additionally, antibodies against IL-6 were shown to block MSC-CM-enhanced uterine defect repair.Conclusion
This study demonstrated that transplantation of MSCs could enhance uterine defect repair by paracrine effects involving IL-6, which are findings that may be applied to facilitate uterine wound healing in the removal of huge intramural masses. 相似文献19.
Salman Yousuf Guraya 《Journal of the Chinese Medical Association》2018,81(9):787-795
Background
There are varying perceptions about professionalism and academic integrity, both being influenced by regional, cultural, contextual and religious factors worldwide. Very few studies have compared the variations in understanding about academic integrity among medical faculty and students. This study explored the existing understanding of academic integrity in a Saudi and a UK medical school.Methods
The validated Dundee Polyprofessionalism Inventory I: Academic Integrity was administered online to the students and staff of a Saudi and a UK medical school. The data was analysed by SPSS software and a p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.Results
Of 1005 invitees, 411 completed the survey; response rate of 40.8%. The findings showed significant variations towards opinions of lapses of academic integrity. Mean rank scores showed that faculty of both schools were stricter than students and clinical staff were stricter than non-clinical staff (p < 0.05). The UK students were stricter for 16 and Saudi students were stricter for 10 lapses of academic integrity (p < 0.05). Yearly stratifications of students’ recommendations identified a pattern of learning process as indicated by higher sanctions by senior students than their junior counterparts.Conclusion
This study identified some congruence as well as some significant dissimilarities in the sanctions for academic dishonesty. These data can be utilized for standard setting of professionalism that will facilitate the migration of International Medical Graduates by promoting their fitness to practise, especially probity and honesty, as defined by the General Medical Council of UK. 相似文献20.
Kyung-A. Hwang Yu-Jin Hwang Jin Song 《Journal of the Chinese Medical Association》2017,80(10):630-635