体质性镶嵌型21三体与无精症一例报告

Constitutional full trisomy 21 is a common disorder in which abnormal spermatogenesis has been previously described. However, constitutional mosaic trisomy 21 in an otherwise normal but infertile male has not been explored. We report a case with low level mosaic trisomy 21 in a non-syndrome but azoospermic patient. We also propose that the patient‘s azoospermia may be related to the constitutional mosaic trisomy 21 and thus resulting in a late onset of testicular failure.     

Abnormality of chromosome 8 in desmoid-type fibromatosis

Desmoid-type fibromatoses are clonal fibroblastic proliferations that arise in deep soft tissues and are characterized by infiltrative growth and a tendency toward local recurrence. The molecular genetic studies show that there are chromosomal abnormalities relating to the pathogenesis of this lesion, such as trisomy 8. However, there are different results concerning this type of abnormality. Fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） is a sensitive and reproducible technique that combines molecular cytogenetics with morphologic information and brings them together in a single frame for evaluation. To explore the controversy of the aneuploid abnormality of chromosome 8, we collected specimens of desmoid-type fibromatosis to determine whether the existence of trisomy 8 chromosome abnormalities correlates with clinicopathologic features, as well as to investigate the feasibility of detecting trisomy 8 in FFPE tissue by FISH method.     

Molecular genetic analysis of partial 9p trisomy in two Chinese families with mental retardation and facial anomaly

Mental retardation is defined by significant limitations in intellectual function and adaptive behavior that occur before 18 years of age.Many chromosomal diseases come with mental retardation.We reported two Chinese families with partial trisomy 9p and other chromosome partial monosomy,clinical features of mental retardation and mild facial and pinkie anomalies.In the family 1,we showed that the proband carried a trisomy 9p21.3→pter and monosomy 21q22.3→qter by using fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis.Molecular genetic analysis defined the precise breakpoint on chromosome 9p between markers D9S1846 and D9S171,an interval of about 2.9 Mb on 9p21.3,and the breakpoint on chromosome 21q between markers D21S1897 and D21S1446,a region of about 1.5 Mb on 21q22.3.In the family 2,a patient with trisomy 9p21.3→pter and monosomy 5p15.33→pter,and a de novo maternal balanced translocation between chromosomes 5 and 9 was identified in his mother.Cytogenetic and molecular genetic analysis defined the precise breakpoints on chromosome 9p21.3 and chromosome 5p15.33.Further clinical investigation found that any individual had no refractoriness eczema disease except the proband in this family.These results further implicate that trisomy 9p is associated with mental retardation,and that there may be key gene duplication on chromosome 9p21.3→9pter responsible for mental retardation and mild facial anomaly.This result has been applied successfully in prenatal diagnosis of the second family.     

Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome using cell-free fetal DNA in amniotic fluid by quantitative fluorescent polymersase chain reaction

Backgroud Amniotic fluid （AF） supernatant contains cell-free fetal DNA （cffDNA） fragments.This study attempted to take advantage of cffDNA as a new material for prenatal diagnosis,which could be combined with simple quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction （QF-PCR） to provide an ancillary method for the prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21 syndrome.Methods AF supernatant samples were obtained from 27 women carrying euploid fetuses and 28 women carrying aneuploid fetuses with known cytogenetic karyotypes.Peripheral blood samples of the parents were collected at the same time.Short tandem repeat （STR） fragments on chromosome 21 were amplified by QF-PCR.Fetal condition and the parental source of the extra chromosome could be determined by the STR peaks.Results The sensitivity of the assay for the aneuploid was 93％ （26/28; confidence interval,CI：77％-98％） and the specificity was 100％ （26/26; CI：88％-100％）.The determination rate of the origin of the extra chromosome was 69％.The sensitivity and the specificity of the assay in the euploid were 100％ （27/27）.Conclusions Trisomy 21 can be prenatally diagnosed by the QF-PCR method in AF supernatant.This karyotype analysis method greatly reduces the requirement for the specimen size.It will be a benefit for early amniocentesis and could avoid pregnancy complications.The method may become an ancillary method for prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21.     

Partial trisomy 4q: a case report

The clinical findings frequently presented in trisomy 4q syndrome including mental retardation, developmental delay and multiple abnormalities such as microcephaly, acrocephaly, as well as malformed ears, high/broad/depressed nasal bridge, teeth and thumb anomalies. It has been proposed that trisomy 4q is caused by a familial balanced translocation or a de novo imbalance. We reported a new case of trisomy 4q with a karyotype of 46, XY, der（5）t（4;5）（q27;q35） and this karyotye was reported for the first time. His phenotype included severe mental retardation, growth retardation, facial and thumb anomalies. Detected by cytogenetic investigation, comparative genomic hybridization, multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization, the duplicated region from 4q27 to 4qter was confirmed. Trisomy 4q is a rare clinical finding. To our knowledge, this is the eighth case with duplicated fragment spanning from 4q27 to 4qter. Comparing the karyotypic and phenotypic correlation with those previously described, we reported a new case with partial trisomy 4q syndrome.     

Rapid prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21 by fluorescent quantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction

Trisomy 21, also named Down syndrome was the most frequent autosomal aneuploidy and the most common cause of mental retardation. Fifty percent patients had congenital heart malformation. Every 20 minutes one case of trisomy 21 was born, and the incidence rate was 1 in 600 to 800 newborns in China.1 In two thirds of cases with trisomy 21, there was a spontaneous abortion, so the actual incidence was higher than that obtained postnatally. Trisomy 21 usually occurred due to meiotic non-disjuncti…     

Fluorescence in situ hybridization in uncultured amniocytes for detection of aneuploidy in 4210 prenatal cases

Background  Almost all reported fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) kits for prenatal diagnosis use probes from foreign (non-Chinese) countries. The aim of this study was to analyze the reliability of domestic (Chinese) FISH probe sets to detect aneuploidies of chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y related to prenatal diagnosis in 4210 cases.

Methods  Cytogenetic karyotyping was carried out as a standard prenatal diagnostic test, and amniotic fluid cell interphase FISH analysis was performed using two sets of probes (centromeric probes for chromosomes 18, X, and Y, and locus-specific probes for chromosomes 13 and 21) provided by GP Medical Technologies, Beijing, China. Then we compared the two results and found the performance characteristics for informative FISH results of aneuploidies by the domestic kit probes.

Results  In 4210 cases, 4126 cases generated karyotype results and 133 abnormal karyotypes (including 97 aneuploidies) were found. The FISH results of 98 cases (among them, 31 cases gave normal cytogenetic results) were uninformative. The rate of abnormal cases was 3.2% (133/4126). For the abnormal karyotypes, the rate of aneuploidy was 72.9% (97/133). Among the 97 aneuploidies, there were 58 cases of trisomy 21 (58/97, 59.8%), four cases of trisomy 13, 23 cases of trisomy 18, and 12 cases of sex chromosomal aneuploidies. The total concordance of the two methods was 97.9% (95/97; two cases were mosaics that had a low percentage of abnormal cells), and the concordance of trisomy 21, 13, and 18 by the two methods was 100%.

Conclusions  The two sets of the domestic FISH kit probes are reliable for prenatal diagnosis. The results demonstrate that FISH is a rapid and accurate clinical method for prenatal identification of chromosome aneuploidies.

     

Laparoscopic partial splenectomy for large splenic epidermoid cyst

Splenic epidermoid cysts are relatively rare lesions traditionally treated by splenectomy. Concerns about overwhelming postsplenectomy sepsis have led to the development of splenic preservation procedures in the treatment of cystic diseases of the spleen. Better understanding of the splenic segmental anatomy and advances in laparoscopic skills has made laparoscopic partial splenectomy a preferred treatment for splenic cysts while preserving splenic function. We reported a case of a 30-year-old male patient with a large epidermoid splenic cyst managed successfully by laparoscopic partial splenectomy. The patient recovered well after operation and was asymptomatic on a follow-up of 1 year with no recurrence on ultrasonography and a normal platelet count. Laparoscopic partial cystectomy is an acceptable procedure for the treatment of splenic cysts which locate in the pole of spleen. On the one hand, it cures the disease preserving the splenic tissue without risk of bleeding or recurrence; on the other hand, this minimally invasive technique induces a reduced hospital stay and a more rapid recovery.

     

Advances on circulating fetal DNA in maternal plasma

The discovery of cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma in 1997 has opened up new possibilities for noninvasive diagnosis. By RT-PCR, circulating fetal DNA can be detected in the plasma of pregnant women, even in the first trimester of pregnancy, and thus can be used for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of sex-linked disorders, the RhD status of fetuses, and single gene disorders such as beta-thalassaemia, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and achondroplasia. In addition, quantitative aberrations of circulating fetal DNA may indicate various pregnancy-associated disorders, including preeclampsia, preterm labor and fetal trisomy 21.[第一段]     

Transarterial embolization chemotherapy at early stage after hepatectomy of 45 patients with large hepatocellular carcinoma

lt has been a difficult c1inical problem to treat largehepatocellular carcinoma due to high incidence of rapidpostoperative recurrence. Currently no settled agree-ment has been reached regarding the aPproaches for themanagement of this malignancy il1 spite of much effortspent on the exploration of comprebensive therapies. Atpresent, 2 viewpoints of the treatment have been gener-ally acknowledged f (l) surgical resection is preferred asthe first choice, and (2) transarterial embolization rrAE)i…     

孕妇外周血游离DNA深度测序在胎儿染色体非整倍体无创检测中的应用研究

目的:评估孕妇外周血胎儿游离DNA高通量测序在检测胎儿染色体非整倍体异常中的优势?方法:通过高通量测序技术检测1 000例妊娠13周以上孕妇的外周血中胎儿游离DNA,判断胎儿非整倍体异常,通过传统染色体核型分析及胎儿出生后的临床随访对检测结果进行验证?结果:1 000例标本中1例检测失败,其余999例中共检出18例异常,其中12例21三体,2例18三体,1例13三体,1例X单体,1例X三体,1例XXY?12例21三体阳性病例中,有1例为双胎妊娠,核型分析显示一胎正常,一胎为21三体;1例X三体经核型分析诊断为正常女性,其余检测结果均与染色体核型分析结果相符,对于21三体?18三体?13三体和性染色体非整倍体异常的总阳性检测率94.44%?所有检测结果为阴性者,均进行产后随访新生儿面容?体格发育等情况,未发现有21三体?18三体?13三体等常见染色体非整倍体异常征象,无假阴性病例?结论:孕妇外周血胎儿游离DNA高通量测序对于检测胎儿21三体?18三体和13三体准确度高,对性染色体非整倍体的检测,本技术检测指标有待进一步提高?     

DNA分析法快速诊断21三体综合征

目的：建立适合于快速诊断21三体的DNA分析方法。方法：用PCR法扩增21号染色体上2个串联重复序列D21S1435和D21S2055基因座，聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳，传染分型，根据谱带的条数和浓度判断是否为21三体，根据谱带的位置，与父母的基因型比对，判断三体的亲代来源。结果：应用此法检出所有核型分析确诊和游离型21三体，能准确地判断出三体的亲代来源。结论：该法无须细胞培养，适用于含一定DNA的各种有核细胞样本，检测过程简便，快速，较传统方法省时，省力，适于大范围的21三体综合征筛查。     

DNA分析法快速诊断21三体综合征

目的　建立适合于快速诊断 2 1三体的 DNA分析方法。方法　用 PCR法扩增 2 1号染色体上 2个串联重复序列 D2 1S1435和 D2 1S2 0 5 5基因座 ,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 ,银染分型。根据谱带的条数和浓度判断是否为2 1三体 ,根据谱带的位置 ,与父母的基因型比对 ,判断三体的亲代来源。结果　应用此法检出所有核型分析确诊的游离型 2 1三体 ,能准确地判断出三体的亲代来源。结论　该法无须细胞培养 ,适于含一定 DNA的各种有核细胞样本 ,检测过程简便、快速 ,较传统方法省时、省力 ,适于大范围的 2 1三体综合征筛查     

STR-PCR分析诊断常见染色体三体及其亲源性、染色体不分离时期

[目的]通过采用短串联重复序列结合聚合酶链反应(STR-PCR)技术对胎儿进行产前诊断以及对已知染色体21三体的病例进行检测,探讨STR-PCR技术诊断常见三体综合征,同时判断额外染色体的双亲来源以及染色体不分离发生时期.[方法]收集了51个家系的174例样本,其中产前诊断组35个家系,包括18例单胎妊娠和17例多胎妊娠家系;已知为染色体21三体患者16个家系.采用STR-PCR技术,扩增21号染色体4个位点;18、13号染色体各3个位点,诊断这些染色体三体综合征,与染色体核型对照;并判断额外染色体双亲来源和染色体不分离发生时期.[结果]检出18例完全型染色体三体综合征,包括21三体16例;18三体和13三体各1例,其中4例为产前诊断的胎儿.1例罗氏易位型和1例嵌合型21三体未能检出.14例21三体及1例18三体、1例13三体可确定额外染色体的亲代来源和不分离时期.[结论]STR-PCR技术在诊断多种完全型染色体三体的同时,可判断额外染色体的亲源性及分析染色体不分离时期.但对嵌合型和易位型染色体异常的诊断有待改进.     

21-三体患儿的年轻双亲染色体随体联合率的研究

观察了10对21—三体患儿的23～34岁父母的外周血淋巴细胞G显带染色体随体(S)联合率,另对相应年龄内的正常夫妇和曾流产3次及有流产、死胎史以及生产过其他类型畸胎者夫妇各10对作了观察比较。结果:21—三体患儿双亲组的染色体21-D及21-G的S联合率明显高于其他4组(P<0.01)。初步认为:年轻夫妇的21-D及21-G S联合率增高者,生育21—三体患儿的可能较大,应仔细作产前诊断,防止21—三体患儿诞生。     

无细胞DNA筛查21三体综合征的诊断效能及经济学分析

目的 评价无细胞DNA筛查21三体综合征新生儿的诊断效能及经济学价值。 方法 将2017年1月—2018年12月于温州市中心医院和浙江省台州医院行常规产检并分娩的符合研究标准的1 411例孕产妇纳入研究,采用随机数字表法将其分为常规筛查组(705例)及无细胞DNA组(706例),常规三联筛查在孕15~20周检测孕妇体内游离人绒毛膜促性腺激素、甲胎蛋白及游离雌三醇水平,运用专业计算软件算出孕产妇娩出21三体综合征患儿的风险;无细胞DNA筛查则是在孕15~20周行无细胞DNA检测以评估孕产妇娩出21三体综合征患儿的风险;对经孕妇及家属同意的高风险人群行羊水穿刺以确诊,比较并分析无细胞DNA筛查21三体综合征的诊断效能及经济学效益。 结果 2组孕产妇的年龄、孕周等一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05);常规筛查组诊断的敏感性为100%,特异性为99%,无细胞DNA组敏感性为100%,特异性为100%,无细胞DNA组的假阳性率为0.00%,明显低于常规筛查组的0.85%(χ2=6.026,P=0.014);常规筛查组确诊1例胎儿的费用为70 860.35元,无细胞DNA组为58 027.81元,且无细胞DNA组筛查的成本/效益值为0.012,低于常规筛查组的0.017。 结论 无细胞DNA检查在筛查21三体综合征方面具有较高诊断效能,且相对安全无创,社会成本低。      

无创基因检测联合单项超声软指标异常在胎儿染色体筛查中的应用及围生结局

目的 探讨胎儿染色体筛查中应用无创基因检测联合单项超声软指标异常的指导意义以及对围生结局的影响。 方法 选取2018年1—12月宁波市妇女儿童医院收治的单项超声软指标异常孕妇410例作为研究对象，对410例单项超声软指标阳性的孕妇进行无创基因检测，并对无创基因检测结果诊断为高风险的孕妇实施侵入性检查，对获得的绒毛组织及羊水实施染色体核型分析，明确诊断的准确率，观察染色体异常情况及指标阳性分布以及无创基因检测结果中高风险孕妇的围生结局。 结果 410例单项超声软指标阳性的孕妇中共检测出11例无创高风险胎儿，11例无创高风险胎儿中21-三体异常表现的有8例胎儿，通过与其他核型异常的情况对比发现，其发生率较高；无创高风险孕妇中核型异常包含13-三体、18-三体及21-三体共9例，都采取引产的方式，2例染色体异常孕妇选择足月分娩的方式。 结论 胎儿产前筛查在三维超声基础上，对超声软指标异常的孕妇进行无创基因检测，能够有效提升筛查准确率，并且使用无创基因检测也有着比较良好的筛查效果，有效降低了临床中使用侵入性检查的概率，使孕妇流产的风险明显减少，值得临床中大力推广与应用。      

Potential impact of pregnancy outcome on the completeness of diagnosis of birth defects, Hawai'i, 1986-2001

Using data from a birth defects registry, this study investigated whether pregnancy outcome influences completeness of diagnosis ascertainment for cases with seven selected birth defects. For anencephaly, spina bifida, encephalocele, trisomy 21, trisomy 13, and trisomy 18, the proportion of isolated cases was higher among elective terminations than among live births. This was not the situation for omphalocele.