宫颈癌筛查方案研究进展

宫颈癌是严重威胁女性健康的最常见的妇科恶性肿瘤.宫颈癌筛查是早期发现宫颈癌和癌前病变,降低其发病率和病死率的重要手段.针对不同地区资源条件和人群风险度,细胞学检查、人乳头状瘤病毒检测及肉眼观察等单独或联合运用均是可选择的宫颈癌筛查方案.应综合考虑不同筛查方案的效果和成本,选择最优化的筛查方案.     

南宁市城市人群宫颈癌筛查方法的探讨

目的从经济学的角度探讨在南宁市进行人群宫颈癌筛查的最佳方法。方法选择2006～2009年以单位工会或社区统一组织的适龄妇女进行宫颈癌筛查的人群为对象，按自愿选择新柏氏薄层液基细胞学（TCT）＋人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）、TCT、宫颈刮片＋HPV、宫颈刮片、醋酸染色肉眼观察法（VIA）＋碘染色肉眼观察法（VIM）五种宫颈癌筛查方法进行筛查，细胞学诊断≥ASCUS，VIA或VILI阳性的妇女进行阴道镜检查＋活检。以病理诊断为金标准。对选择宫颈癌筛查五种方式的团体个数进行比较分析。结果506个团体进行宫颈癌筛查的25—59岁妇女共12507人，五种宫颈癌筛查方法的团体个数分别为43、59、60、182和162个，五种宫颈癌筛查方法的阳性率分别为10．32％、9．52％、5．48％、2．69％和4．48％。结论从经济学角度出发，VIA＋VILI宫颈癌筛查方法是最适宜在南宁市开展人群宫颈癌筛查的方法。     

宫颈癌筛查策略的研究进展

宫颈癌是危害女性身心健康的主要癌症之一,其发病率在全球范围内女性相关癌症中的排名仅次于乳腺癌、结直肠癌和肺癌,位居第四。在中国每年约有2～3万人次女性因患宫颈癌而死亡,因此宫颈癌的防治任务尤为艰巨。宫颈癌前病变和早期宫颈癌能够通过宫颈癌筛查达到早诊断、早治疗的目的,从而降低宫颈癌的发病率和死亡率。目前宫颈筛查方式包括细胞学筛查(宫颈细胞学检查、人乳头瘤病毒检测)、阴道镜检查、肉眼观察法等单独或联合检测,如何针对特定地区和人群因地制宜选择最佳筛查策略是目前亟待解决的难题。对国内外文献的复习并结合我国国情,探讨适合我国不同卫生资源区域的宫颈癌筛查方案。     

宫颈癌筛查质量控制体会

农村妇女宫颈癌筛查项目是我国重大公共卫生项目，自2009年开始已连续7年对农村妇女进行广泛的宫颈癌筛查。宫颈癌前病变的早期筛查和合理干预是防治宫颈癌的重要环节，而筛查的有效性依赖于足够大的人群筛查范围和筛查质量来保证[1]。     

两癌筛查专科医联体平台设计与构建

目的：建立市、区（县）、乡（镇）三级联动的两癌（宫颈癌、乳腺癌）筛查与管理的云平台,提高筛查效率、覆盖率、检出率,降低研发成本。方法：以微服务技术构建云平台,采用基于AI的病理、超声和影像设备实现快速有效筛查,借助可视化流程设计器零代码配置筛查流程,以5G接入和切片技术保障多模态异构数据的跨院区安全高速传输。结果：该平台可充分利用各级医疗机构的筛查资源,减少筛查人员工作量,提高筛查效率和检出率,并能大幅降低新流程上线的研发成本。结论：三级联动的两癌专科筛查医联体平台可在不同医疗资源条件地区高效开展大规模人群筛查。     

健康信念模式对早期宫颈癌患者健康教育的影响

目的:探讨健康信念模式对早期宫颈癌患者健康教育的影响。方法:选择行宫颈癌早期筛查的100例宫颈癌高危人群为研究对象,应用健康信念模式对其行健康教育,比较教育前后人群早期宫颈癌相关知识认知率、自我保健意识、筛查依从情况。结果:健康教育后疾病知识知晓率、自我保健意识及筛查依从率分别为90%、92%及95%,均高于教育前的52%、50%及70%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:健康教育中应用健康信念模式能明显提高宫颈癌高危人群疾病知识及自我保健意识,积极配合筛查,便于早期宫颈癌诊断及治疗。     

三亚地区妇科门诊患者宫颈癌筛查现状及分析

目的 调查三亚地区妇科门诊患者对宫颈癌的认知和筛查情况。方法 选取2012 年7 - 10 月就诊于解放军总医院海南分院（三亚） 妇科门诊的患者660 例,进行宫颈癌认知和筛查的问卷调查。结果 共660 例患者接受问卷调查,其中303例（45.91%） 接受过宫颈癌筛查：包括巴氏涂片、液基细胞学检查（thinprep cytologic test,TCT）、高危型人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）定量检测;172 例（26.06%） 接受过TCT ;83 例（15%） 知晓HPV 意义及接受过HPV 定量检测;120 例外地短期居住人群（ 每年连续居住＜ 6 个月）,宫颈癌的筛查次数普遍多于三亚本地长期居住人群（P ＜ 0.05）。结论 三亚地区妇科门诊患者对宫颈癌筛查的认知水平及检测率不高,应定期广泛开展宫颈癌相关知识和筛查的宣教。     

TCT检查对不同人群的宫颈癌筛查结果分析

目的 探讨宫颈液基细胞学检查(TCT)检查在社区人群和医院就诊人群中对宫颈癌的筛查价值.方法 收集1106例高新区芳草社区女性宫颈癌筛查资料(设为社区组)以及金牛区妇幼保健院235例患者宫颈癌筛查资料(设为医院组),比较2组TCT结果 、TBS分级以及TCT阳性者病理分级情况.结果 社区组TCT阳性率3.4%,低于医院组(7.2%)(P<0.05).TCT阳性者病理检查,社区组炎症73.7%(28/38),CIN1级13.2%(5/38),宫颈癌1例(2.6%,1/38);医院组炎症41.2%(7/17),CIN 2~3级41.2%(7/17),宫颈癌1例(5.9%,1/17),2组TCT阳性者病理差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 TCT检查对社区普通人群和医院就诊人群宫颈癌筛查均具有良好的效果.     

利用居民电子健康档案开展社区子宫颈癌早发现模式的初探

目的 探索利用居民电子健康档案开展社区子宫颈癌早发现模式.方法 (1)七宝社区卫生服务中心从2008年6月1日起利用居民电子健康档案开展社区宫颈癌筛查工作,对发现的宫颈癌易患人群进行健康干预与管理.(2)观察2008年和2009年在社区参加宫颈细胞学筛查人数,宫颈癌易患人群健康管理人数,社区早发现子宫颈癌患者数的变化.(3)社区宫颈癌筛查知-信-行调查:社区早发现管理工作前后随机抽取300人做基线调查与评估调查.结果参加社区宫颈细胞学筛查人数,宫颈癌易患人群健康管理人数,社区早发现宫颈癌患者人数逐年增加.社区妇女在接受宫颈癌社区早发现模式的健康管理后,宫颈癌知识知晓率提高,态度转变率与行为改变率的提高均具有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 全科医师在社区利用居民电子健康档案开展子宫颈癌早发现工作,规范了社区肿瘤干预流程,提高了妇女的防癌意识,增加了社区宫颈癌筛查的人数,提高了宫颈癌早期病例发现比例,减少了相关医疗费用支出.     

126例ASCUS患者病理分析

宫颈癌是严重威胁妇女健康的第二位恶性肿瘤,预防宫颈癌可以通过早期筛查和早期干预来实现。由于宫颈癌存在一个间隔较长并可逆转的癌前病变,早期宫颈病变的治疗效果比宫颈癌的治疗效果好,因此宫颈癌的筛查方法一宫颈涂片受到人们的关注。细胞学诊断的异常结果中ASCUS（Atypical Squamous cells of undetermind significant）最多见,约占筛查人群的5％左右,在山西襄恒和阳城宫颈癌高发区达到15．8％。本文对126例ASCUS病例与组织病理学进行对照,研究ASCUS在筛查宫颈癌中的意义。     

Knowledge,attitude and practice of cervical cancer screening among market women in Zaria,Nigeria

Background:

Cervical cancer is the most common genital cancer and one of the leading causes of death among female population. Fortunately, this cancer is preventable by screening for premalignant lesions but this is rarely provided and hardly utilised. We assessed the knowledge, attitude and utilisation of cervical cancer screening among market women in Sabon Gari, Zaria.

Materials and Methods:

This was a cross-sectional study to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of cervical cancer screening among market women. A total of 260 women were administered with questionnaires which were both self and interviewer administered. These were analysed using SPSS version 11.

Results:

Respondents exhibited a fair knowledge of cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening (43.5%); however, their knowledge of risk factors was poor. There was generally good attitude to cervical cancer screening (80.4%), but their level of practice was low (15.4%).

Conclusions:

There was a fair knowledge of cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening among Nigerian market women in this study, their practice of cervical cancer screening was poor.     

高州市宫颈癌早期筛查和预防

目的：筛检高州地区妇女宫颈癌情况,了解其患病率、HPV感染率和型别分布特征,预测高州地区宫颈癌发病趋势并指导宫颈癌的防治。方法以多级抽样的方法,抽取高州地区1650名妇女通过问卷调查和妇科检查的方式对宫颈癌进行早期筛查;妇科检查采用外生殖器检查、基因检测联合TCT检查、阴道镜下活检等方式,记录HPV（人乳头瘤病毒）感染、癌前病变以及宫颈癌发病情况;采用高危行为干预、HPV疫苗干预、LEEP刀治疗方式防治宫颈癌。结果人乳头瘤病毒感染率6.18%,宫颈癌癌前病变率5.54%,确诊为原位癌的为2.12%;人乳头瘤病毒感染的高发年龄段为30～40岁,占227例HPV阳性中的86.34%。结论通过宫颈癌的筛查以及对目标人群进行宫颈癌预防筛查、宣教,可以达到对宫颈癌早识别、早诊断和早防治,提高健康意识,积极治疗疾病,降低死亡率,减少经济负担。     

女性年龄与HPV感染、宫颈上皮内瘤变的研究现状

子宫颈癌发病趋于年轻化,原因不明。研究发现,年轻女性人乳头状瘤病毒（Human Papillomavirus,HPV）感染和子宫颈上皮内瘤变（Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN）发生率高,治疗后易复发或持续。女性年龄与HPV感染和CIN的发生、发展密切相关。世界项级癌症中心和发达国家的宫颈癌筛查及管理指南中,确立了年龄别管理策略。我国应加强年龄与HPV感染、CIN相关的数据积累。     

醋酸碘染色法联合阴道镜对非洲马里女性宫颈癌的筛查效果

目的 评价醋酸/碘染色法(VIA/VILI)联合阴道镜对非洲马里女性宫颈癌及其癌前病变的筛查效果。方法选取2015年8月至2018年8月3657例符合条件的非洲马里女性,采用VIA/VILI和阴道镜下病理活检筛查技术开展宫颈癌筛查,评价该技术的初筛效果和宫颈上皮瘤变中度(CIN2)+病变检出效果。结果 每个年龄段女性对宫颈癌筛查的积极率不同,随着年龄的增加,其积极率也随之降低;VIA/VILI和病理活检的调整CIN2+病变检出率分别为1.89%、2.16%;VIA/VILI的筛查阳性率随着年龄增长下降较为平缓,而阴道镜下病理活检结果筛查阳性率随着年龄的增长逐渐增长;敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确性及约登指数分别为84.81%、85.35%、11.34%、99.61%、85.34%及0.70%;筛查人群的首次性交平均年龄为(17.78±2.93)岁,一夫多妻占54.50%,既往宫颈筛查占3.91%,女性行割礼术占90.37%,该人群中小学及以下文化程度的女性占70.19%。结论 应用VIA/VILI筛查宫颈癌前病变有较高敏感度、特异性,但在应用和推广中存在一定的局限性、主观性,应予以重视。     

安徽省73239例宫颈液基细胞学的Bethesda系统报告结果分析

目的 分析宫颈液基细胞学的Bethesda系统(TBS)报告结果,评估安徽省妇女宫颈病变发病的年龄分布特点及地区特点,通过计算液基细胞学高级别病变的阳性预测值,评估其在宫颈癌筛查中的作用,为安徽省的宫颈癌筛查提供数据参考.方法 2015年1月至2015年12月对合肥金域医学检验所有限公司病理科检测的73 239例宫颈液基细胞学TBS报告结果进行数据分析,以及分析宫颈液基细胞学筛查高级别及以上病变对应组织学诊断的符合率.采用x2检验,计算阳性率及宫颈病变的年龄发病率、地区发病率差异.计算高级别病变的阳性预测值.结果 73 239例标本中筛查出7 102例宫颈癌及癌前病变(阳性率9.70%);各年龄组宫颈病变检出率:≤20岁9.72%,20岁<年龄≤30岁8.21%,30<年龄≤40岁9.41%,40<年龄≤50岁10.65%,50岁<年龄<60岁10.17%,≥60岁9.53%(65岁以上10.2%);高级别及以上病变检出率:≤20岁0.22%,20岁<年龄≤30岁0.80%,30<年龄≤40岁1.51%,40<年龄≤50岁2.13%,50岁<年龄<60岁2.30%,≥60岁2.58%(65岁以上2.94%),高级别病变的检出率随着年龄的增加而逐渐增加.皖南地区阳性率为9.9%,皖北为9.5%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).其中安庆、蚌埠、池州地区的高级别及以上病变检出率分别为2.26%,2.26%,2.15%,高于其他地区.288例高级别及以上病变中有组织学活检/锥切报告结果,234例为高级别及以上病变(阳性预测值为81.25%),癌或疑癌19例病例中18例为高级别及以上病变(阳性预测值为94.74%).结论 宫颈细胞学可作为宫颈癌筛查的手段,建议安徽省宫颈癌筛查可以从30岁开始,重点在40岁及以上年龄段,40岁以下可以适当延长筛查间隔;终止年龄应放宽至65岁以上;同时应加大对皖南山区及偏远地区的宫颈癌筛查力度.     

Ki67在宫颈液基细胞中的表达

目的探讨宫颈液基细胞中Ki67蛋白表达的情况。方法采用免疫组化方法对168例宫颈液基细胞学标本进行Ki67检测。结果 Ki67在CIN及宫颈癌中的表达水平均高于宫颈鳞状上皮非典型增生(ASCUS)及正常宫颈鳞状上皮细胞(P<0.01),差异有高度显著性。结论 Ki67可作为有价值的诊断指标应用于宫颈癌高危人群筛查,同时可作为早期诊断宫颈上皮内瘤变及宫颈癌的标记物,检测Ki67可提高宫颈癌的早期诊断率。     

The positive experience of screening quality among users of a cervical cancer detection center

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to determine the main factors associated with increased utilization of a cervical cancer screening program (CCSP) in a population with a high mortality rate due to cervical cancer. METHODS: A population-based study was carried out in the Mexican state of Morelos, Mexico. The study population included 3,197 women between the ages of 15 and 49 years who were selected at random using a State Household Sampling Framework in the State of Morelos's 33 municipalities. The sample included 2,094 women with a history of a previous Papanicolaou (Pap) test. RESULTS: A previous experience of good screening quality is strongly associated with greater use of the CCSP (OR = 4.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-10.9). The educational level of the head of the family is related to more frequent use of Pap smear services. Women whose husbands have 13 or more years of education (OR = 1.8; 95% CI 1.1-2.9) were more likely to have been screened. Similarly, women who had used two or more family planning methods (OR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.2-2.1) and those who knew why the Pap test was given (OR = 3.0; 95% CI 2.1-4.3) had a better history of Pap screening. CONCLUSIONS: In areas where coverage of cervical cancer screening is low, a CCSP that guarantees the quality of all the different elements of care is essential if obstacles to cervical cancer prevention are to be eliminated. It is of particular importance to take into account and satisfy the perceptions and expectations of the women at risk.     

The Papanicolaou smear histories of 237 patients with cervical cancer.

OBJECTIVE: This study looks at the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear histories of patients presenting with invasive cervical cancer, to assess the problems associated with the cervical cancer screening program within New South Wales. DESIGN: Prospective collection of data concerning the Pap smear history, age, menopausal status and stage of disease of patients presenting with invasive cervical cancer. SETTING: All patients with primary invasive cervical cancer referred to the Gynaecological Oncology Department of the Royal Hospital for Women, Paddington, between November 1986 and July 1990 were included in the analysis. RESULTS: Eighty-three out of 237 patients (35%) reported never having had a Pap smear taken. These patients were on average older, more frequently postmenopausal and presented with more advanced stage of disease than the rest of the population. Fifty-one patients (21.5%) stated that they had had a "normal" smear within two years. Further analysis revealed that mistaken patient recall of the date of the last Pap smear and false-negative cytological reporting were the major factors explaining these latter cases. CONCLUSION: For voluntary screening to be more effective, quality control of cytology laboratories needs to be carefully evaluated and general practitioners need to take a more active role in cancer screening. In order to reach a greater proportion of the population, a national or State cytology register should be established.     

Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer

Epidemiologic studies have consistently shown that the most important risk factor for cervical cancer relates to sexual activity and a sexually transmitted agent, probably a virus, is the principal causative agent. In recent years, much attention has been focused on the human papillomavirus (HPV) as the causative agent. The compelling epidemiologic evidence of the role of HPV in cervical cancer is complemented by equally strong data on the role of oncoproteins E6 and E7 of high-risk HPV strains in the molecular pathogenesis of cervical cancer. Incidence and mortality from cervical cancer have been decreasing steadily in most developed countries, but is the leading female cancer in developing countries. This variation in incidence is explicable in terms of differing levels of risk behaviour and population screening facilities and uptake. With better understanding of the aetiopathogenesis, vaccination against HPV is becoming a reality. This may be particularly useful in developing countries, where it is proving difficult to implement effective screening programmes.