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1.
publication. Study selection Clinical trials and case studies presented at medical conferences and published in peer-reviewed literature in the past decade were reviewed. Results Anti-VEGF agents have manifested great potential and promising outcomes in treating ocular neovascularization, though some of them are still used as off-label drugs. Intravitrea~ injection of anti-VEGF agents could be accompanied by devastating ocular or systemic complications, and intimate monitoring in both adult and pediatric population are warranted. Future directions should be focused on carrying out more well-designed large-scale controlled trials, promoting sustained duration of action, developing safer and more efficient generation of anti-VEGF agents. Conclusions Anti-VEGF treatment has proved to be beneficial in treating both anterior and posterior neovascular ocular diseases. However, more safer and affordable antiangiogenic agencies and regimens are warranted to be explored.  相似文献   

2.
<正> The main functions of the lung are to supply the body with oxygen and get rid of excess carbon dioxide. In so far as expired air is usually warmer than inspired air and is saturated with water vapour normal respiration is associated with some heat loss. In quiet respiration about 500 ml of air are breathed in and out in each respiratory cycle. If the respiratory rate is about 18 per minute the volume of air entering and leaving thelungs is about 9L per minute. This Can be encreased by deeper and more vapid breathing to 150 L per minute. Slow, deep breathing is much more efficient than rapid, shallow breathing for increasing the amount of oxygen available to the body.  相似文献   

3.
Zoledronic acid is an aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of bone resorption. Now there are two kinds of zoledronic acid(4 mg and 5 mg) on the shelf of the pharmacy with different FDA-approved indications(antihypercalcaemia and anti-osteoporosis), which makes clinicians and pharmacists confused. Our hypothesis is that 4 mg zoledronic acid could be effective in osteoporosis patients. Theoretically, the mechanism of the anti-osteoporosis effect and anti-hypercalcaemia effect is to inhibit the osteoclasts, thus reducing the serum Ca2+ concentration and improving the bone mineral density. And the anti-osteoporosis effect of zoledronic acid is dose-dependent. What’s more, some clinical trials showed that 4 mg zoledronic acid was effective in treating osteoporosis. Moreover, several clinical trials have demonstrated that zoledronic acid(4 mg) may be effective in countering bone loss resulted from aromatase inhibitor therapy or endocrine therapy. Thus maybe 4-mg dose is enough for both diseases and the 5-mg dose seems unnecessary. We just need to optimize the dosing frequency according to different conditions.  相似文献   

4.
Vascular calcification is commonly found in atherosclerosis and recognized as a marker of atherosclerotic plaque burden. Many evdiences have demonstrated that vascular calcification is an active process and can be seen in all stages of development and intimately associated with atherosclerosis. The correlation between coronary calcifications and subclinical atherosclertotic disease has been well-known for some years. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) has significant importance in bone development and the development of a wide array of tissues outside of bone. Zhang et al3,4 found mice genetically engineered to be deficient in BMP-2 die between days 7 and 10 of gestation of cardiac defects before bone formation. Many evidences have also confirmed that BMP-2 is a strong basic causative factor in vascular calcification and has been most frequently associated with calcific arteriopathy. Statins are the most powerful cholesterol-lowering drugs available. Although a major beneficial effect of statins in clinical studies is related to a marked reduction in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, there are good evidences that statins hold multiple vascular protective effects,5 however, the effects of statins therapy in vascular calcification are more complex and less defined. The currently available reports of clinical trials about statins therapy of vascular calcification appeared to be paradoxical.  相似文献   

5.
Multiple-treatments meta-analysis is thought to be a feasible method to compare the efficacy and safety among different treatments, especially when there was no head-to-head research among some treatments. But sometimes some conclusions are inconsistent with the clinical experience. Recently, we read a multiple-treatment meta-analysis finished by Stefen Leucht et al, which was published in Lancet) The authors summarized the results of the RCT studies on 15 antipsychotics commonly used in practice; they also horizontally compared the efficacy and safety profile by the recta-analysis. We believe that the results provide more solid evidence for the rational usage of antipsychotics to the psychiatrists, also for the government to distribute health resources in a more reasonable way.  相似文献   

6.
An mvestigation and analysis of 229 deal-mute children revealed that 54.2% of ac-quired deafness were mused by ototoxic aminoglycoside drugs.There is an upward trend of the oc-cunence of the disease in the recent years and more attention should be paid to it.The result ofpure tone audiometry showed that more than 90.4% of deaf-mute children had some residualhearing.Twenty-six deal-mute children whose average hearing thresholds of speech frequency werebetter them 90dB(HL)had serviceable speech for daily use 3 after 3 to 18 months' speech Warn-ing,and 4 of them were transferred to ordinary primary schools.The authors are of the opinionthat the deaf-mute children should use heating-aids as early as possible so as to promote theirspeech.  相似文献   

7.
Although the concept of the 3Rs was developed in the 1950s, it took many years before it became a central theme when planning and conducting experiments which might involve animals. There are still many ways in which protocols can be improved to increase both animal welfare and the reliability of the scientific data obtained from the studies.This paper gives some practical advice on how the 3Rs can be implemented more thoroughly in animal research.  相似文献   

8.
Children born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)are more likely to exhibit congenital malformations,high birth weight,and obesity and have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes in later life.Children who are exposed to maternal diabetes in utero may be‘programmed’for later development of obesity at a critical period of development.Therefore,the  相似文献   

9.
<正>Nowadays,a great number of traditional Chinese patent medicine (TCPM)are used more and more widely to treat cerebral infarction in China.When great attention is paid to using TCPM in the real world,several problems can be identified:ignoring the Chinese medicine(CM)therapeutic principle based on syndrome differentiation,a lack of appropriate dosage and usage based on individual patient conditions,and a shortage of evidence from randomized,double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials.Furthermore,in terms of evaluation of the TCPM effectiveness,few comprehensive criteria and evaluation methods recognized by the international community exist.This article addresses some opinions regarding the above mentioned problems.  相似文献   

10.
Nowadays,a great number of traditional Chinese patent medicine (TCPM)are used more and more widely to treat cerebral infarction in China.When great attention is paid to using TCPM in the real world,several problems can be identified:ignoring the Chinese medicine(CM)therapeutic principle based on syndrome differentiation,a lack of appropriate dosage and usage based on individual patient conditions,and a shortage of evidence from randomized,double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials.Furthermore,in terms of evaluation of the TCPM effectiveness,few comprehensive criteria and evaluation methods recognized by the international community exist.This article addresses some opinions regarding the above mentioned problems.  相似文献   

11.
采用大脑中动脉线栓模型,将63只Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血组、亚低温组,后两者含缺血3h组及分别再灌注1h、2h、3h组。可见低温组谷氨酸(Glu)、天门冬氨酸(Asp)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量较缺血组明显减少,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的含量明显增加。提示亚低温对氨基酸和自由基系统的影响是缺血脑保护的重要机制。  相似文献   

12.
[摘要] 目的 探讨预防性应用氟西汀对SD大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的脑保护作用。 方法 48只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为脑缺血再灌注组(对照组,n=24)和氟西汀组(n=24),对照组与氟西汀组均制备大鼠右侧大脑中动脉闭塞的脑缺血再灌注模型,分别于术前14 d胃内灌注生理盐水和氟西汀。各组按缺血2 h再灌注2 h、6 h、24 h再分为3个亚组(n=8)。比较相同再灌注时间点两组的神经功能缺损评分、脑梗死体积及缺血侧海马区半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)的表达情况。 结果 相同再灌注时间点,氟西汀组较对照组神经功能缺损评分值降低,其中再灌注2 h及6 h,两组间比较差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05),再灌注24 h,两组间比较差异具有显著性意义(P<0.05);氟西汀组较对照组脑梗死体积减小,其中再灌注2 h及6 h,两组间比较差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05),再灌注24 h,两组间比较差异具有显著性意义(P<0.01);氟西汀组缺血侧海马区Caspase-3阳性表达细胞数在相同再灌注时间较对照组均减少,差异具有显著性意义(P<0.05)。 结论 氟西汀具有神经保护作用,预防性应用氟西汀在脑缺血再灌注损伤急性期即起显著作用,其机制可能与其减少Caspase-3的表达有关。  相似文献   

13.
曹杰  方朴  万慧 《海南医学》2013,24(22):3285-3288
目的 探讨UCP5在大鼠局灶性脑梗死周边神经细胞中的表达变化.方法 线栓法制作大鼠左侧大脑中动脉永久性闭塞缺血模型.67只大鼠随机分为假手术组(n=7)和缺血组(n=60),缺血组按缺血时间分成缺血6h、12h、1d、3d、7d五个亚组每组12只.采用2% TTC染色和HE染色显示梗死灶,应用免疫组化方法观察各组大鼠脑内UCP5阳性反应神经细胞数量.结果 2%TTC染色显示,缺血组大鼠左侧大脑中动脉供血区域均可见不规则白色梗死灶;HE染色显示,缺血组大鼠左侧大脑皮质均可见坏死区域.假手术组左侧大脑皮质UCP5阳性细胞数为(1.32±1.49)个/视野,缺血6h组梗死灶周边为(3.66±3.01)个/视野,缺血12h组为(9.96±7.33)个/视野,缺血1d组为(21.06±14.36)个/视野,缺血3d组为(12.20±11.19)个/视野,缺血7d组为(6.08±1.93)个/视野.与假手术组比较,五个缺血亚组阳性细胞数均显著增高(P<0.003).缺血1d组分别与6h、12h、3d、7d组相比阳性细胞数显著增高(P<0.003).结论 大鼠局灶性脑梗死周边神经细胞UCP5的表达显著增高.随缺血时间延长UCP5表达呈现峰样改变,在缺血1d达到高峰,UCP5可能在脑梗死中发挥着脑保护作用.  相似文献   

14.
目的探讨人参总皂甙对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其作用机制。方法将40只Wis-ter大鼠随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、缺血再灌注组、治疗组1、治疗组2,采用线拴法制备大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,在72h断头取脑,石蜡切片行GABA、TUNEL染色,计算凋亡细胞数及GABA阳性反应数。结果治疗组与缺血再灌注组比较海马CA1区凋亡细胞数减少,γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)阳性反应数增多(P<0.01)。结论人参总皂甙能明显增强局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马神经元GABA的表达,抑制神经细胞凋亡,而发挥神经保护作用。  相似文献   

15.
目的:探讨线粒体细胞色素C的释放在缺血预处理(IPC)保护大鼠海马神经元缺血再灌注损伤中的作用。方法:动物随机分为单纯缺血再灌组(IR组)、IPC加缺血再灌组(IPC+IR组)和对照组。HE染色观察海马CA1区神经元的组织形态学变化;TUNEL染色检测该区神经元凋亡;免疫组化测定该区神经元细胞色素C的表达。结果:IPC+IR组海马CA1区神经元存活数显著多于IR组,凋亡细胞数显著低于IR组,细胞色素C 的释放明显少于IR组(P均<0.001)。结论:IPC可经阻止线粒体释放细胞色素C抑制凋亡的发生,对海马CA1区神经元缺血再灌损伤起保护作用。  相似文献   

16.
目的研究亚低温(33℃,4h)减轻沙土鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤与海马CA1区Bax表达变化的关系,探讨亚低温脑保护的可能机制。方法采用沙土鼠双侧颈总动脉阻断5min前脑缺血/再灌注损伤模型,随机分为假手术组(SH)、常温再灌注组(IR)、低温假手术组(HSH)、低温再灌注组(HIR),每组根据再灌注的不同时间点(2h、4h、1d、3d、5d)又分为5个对应的亚组(/Z=6)。在预定时间点行开阔法迷宫检查,TUNEL法检测海马CA1区的凋亡细胞,苏木精-伊红染色检测海马存活细胞,免疫组化检测Bax在海马CA1区的动态变化。结果4h亚低温可显著减少缺血沙土鼠1d、3d、5d的探索活动及CA1区的凋亡细胞,增加存活细胞,抑制脑缺血后海马CA1区Bax的早期表达(2h、4h、1d)。结论4h亚低温对沙土鼠5min前脑缺血有确切的保护作用,抑制海马CA1区缺血/再灌注早期Bax的表达可能是其减少海马细胞凋亡、产生脑保护作用的机制之一。  相似文献   

17.
目的 观察低温对脑缺血再灌注期间海马CA1区微管相关蛋白-2免疫活性的影响。方法 沙土鼠前脑缺血再灌注模型。动物随机分为假手术组、常温再灌组和低温再灌组,后两组又各分为再灌注6h、48h、96h3个亚组,每组10只。采用免疫组织化学方法结合计算机图像分析测定微管相关蛋白-2活性,观察再灌注48h、96h海马CA1区细胞膜、核膜完整,核仁清楚的锥体神经元数目。结果 常温再灌注6h、48h、96h海马CA1区微管相关蛋白-2免疫活性分别为假手术组的81%、69%和51%(P<0.01)。低温再灌注6h、48h、96h海马CA1区微管相关蛋白-2免疫活性分别为假手术组的93%、86%和71%,均明显高于常温再灌组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。再灌注96h时,常温再灌组海马CA1区细胞膜、核膜完整,核仁清楚的锥体细胞数目仅为假手术组的5%(P<0.01),低温再灌组为假手术组的47%,明显多于常温再灌组(P<0.01)。结论 低温减轻脑缺血后延迟性神经元死亡的作用可能与其抑制微管相关蛋白-2的活性降解有关。  相似文献   

18.
张兴毅  宋国林  韩江全  阳生光  刘侃 《西部医学》2009,21(11):1850-1852
目的探讨大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion,I/R)损伤后大脑海马回中Bcl-2及Bax的表达。方法将48只SD大鼠随机分为假手术(SO)组24只;全脑缺血/再灌注(I/R)组24只,采用四血管阻塞法建立大鼠全脑I/R损伤的模型。用免疫组织化学SABC法检测大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞中Bcl-2及Bax的表达,测量其平均灰度值,用苏木精-伊红(HE)染色检测存活锥体细胞数。结果在I/R组,可见Bcl-2平均灰度值在3小时降低;Bax在3小时平均灰度值开始降低,12小时继续降低,24小时降低达到高峰,到48小时开始回升;存活神经元数目随再灌注时间的延长而减少(P均〈0.01)。结论大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注后,Bcl-2和Bax参与了脑神经元凋亡的调控。  相似文献   

19.
目的 探讨缺血性老年大鼠部分脑区及小脑与神经生长因子(neve growth factor,NGF)之间的关系。方法 用夹闭两侧颈总动脉法建立不完全性脑缺血动物模型,将SD大鼠随机分成正常对照组(A组)、假手术组(B组)、缺血30min,再灌注6h(C组)、12h(D组)、24h(E组)、48h(F组)、7d(G组)和14d(H组),用免疫组织化学SLAB染色法检测部分脑区神经元及小脑NGF的表达。在透射电镜下观察各组神经元超微结构变化。结果 除A,B组外,各组顶叶皮质神经元均有NGF表达,其中E组和G组中量表达,各组海马均有少量表达,各组额叶少量表达,小脑均没有表达;再灌注超过48h组海马神经元和小脑蒲肯野细胞损伤较重,顶叶皮质神经元轻度水肿。结论 老年大鼠在受到缺血性脑损伤时,内源性NGF对脑组织具有一定的保护作用。  相似文献   

20.
目的 探讨短暂性脑缺血再灌注损伤对老年大鼠海马脑组织水通道蛋白4表达及神经元凋亡的影响.方法 健康老年Wistar大鼠160只按Pnsinelli方法建立四动脉阻断法全脑缺血模型,随机分为脑缺血1 min组、脑缺血3 min组、脑缺血5 rain组和假手术组,每组40只.每组又按再灌注时间分为再灌注12 h、1 d.2 d.3 d和7 d 5个亚组,每个亚组8只.应用干湿重法计算脑含水量、组织病理学染色观察神经元微观结构,免疫组化方法观察AQP4的表达,TUNEL法检测神经元凋亡.结果 缺血1 rain及3 min组各再灌注时间点脑组织含水量及AQP4表达与假手术组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而缺血5 min组各再灌注时间点脑组织含水量及AQP4表达与假手术组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).假手术组及缺血1 min组有少量神经元凋亡,缺血3 min及缺血5 min后海马区神经元凋亡明显增加.神经元凋亡在缺血后再灌注12 h即有表达,在1 d达高峰,持续至第3天开始下降.结论 老年脑对缺血再灌注损伤的敏感性增加,短暂的脑缺血即可造成老年大鼠脑组织的水肿和AQP4表达及神经元凋亡的增加,神经元的凋亡较脑水肿或AQP4表达对缺血更为敏感;再灌注后神经元凋亡高峰出现得早,持续时间长.  相似文献   

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