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1.
Risk analysis is a useful tool for making good decisions on the risks of certain potentially hazardous agents and suggests a safe margin through scientific processes using toxicological data, contaminant residue levels, statistical tools, exposure values and relevant variants. Risk managers consider scientific evidence and risk estimates, along with statutory, engineering, economic, social, and political factors, in evaluating alternative regulatory options and choosing among those options (NRC, 1983).……  相似文献   

2.
Objective Carbapenems are important agents for the therapy of Gram-Negative bacillus infections and the development of resistance hampers effective therapeutic options. The purpose is to assess the major mechanisms and risk factors leading to carbapenem resistance in clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Methods 34 clinical isolates with differing degrees of carbapenem susceptibility were analyzed for carbapenemase, porin, and efflux systems. Risk factor analysis was performed using a case-control study format. Results Eighteen of 24 carbapenem-resistant isolates were producers of carbapenemase. Diminished expression of oprD and over expression of effluxes were present in 5 and 7 carbapenem-resistant isolates, respectively. The number of days from admission to the day of positive culture and days of antibiotic apply were identified as the independent predictors of infection with carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa. Conclusion Carbapenemase production is major mechanism of P. aeruginosa isolates involved in this study. Increased length of hospital stay and days of antibiotic apply were the most important risk factors identified for carbapenem resistance.  相似文献   

3.
Reproduction and development are complex couple-dependent processes.Risk assessment for these health outcomes requires the use of biomarkers to link exposures to disease.Biological markers of susceptibility,external dose,internal dose,biologically effective dose,early or late biological responses, altered reproductive or developmental function,and reproductive or developmental disease are introduced.Using these biomarkers it is possible to define a biologically based risk assessment methodology for reproductive and developmental toxicity.Risk assessment for reproductive toxicity requires definition of male and femal fecundity,couple-specific factors,spontaneous abortion,rate,and other factors.Using using sperm count as a biomarker for male fecundity,an example of a reproductive fisk assessment using biomarkers is performed..  相似文献   

4.
Objective: To identify the position of traditional herbal medicine in dementia research field using mapping technology. Methods: Keywords for dementia and traditional herbal medicine for treating dementia were used to extract scientific articles from the Web of Science database from January 2000 to July 2010. A co- occurrence matrix was created based on the concurrent set of author's keywords occurring in each scientific article, and technology network maps were created from similarity index matrices. Results: Twenty specialized research areas were identified in the dementia field, and the relationship strength was 0.2-0.6. Many research fields were associated with diagnosis and risk factors for dementia. Additionally, the mechanism or cause of dementia is an actively studied field. Traditional herbal medicine for treating dementia was located on a map near the cortical dementia diagnosis and therapy, and frontotemporal dementia research field with a relationship strength of 0.53 and 0.31-0.33 respectively, which demonstrates that traditional herbal medicine for dementia occupies an independent research area with a relationship to existing scientific research fields. Conclusion: Traditional herbal medicine can provide an alternative and complementary approach for treating dementia as evidenced by a scientific mapping analysis.  相似文献   

5.
Refinement of procedures and models that use living animals makes a real difference to scientific validity,data quality and animal welfare. Refinements can be small and iterative and are frequently introduced without a premeditated plan,as part of general procedure development. Whilst this is encouraging, integrating refinement into experimental design is critical to reduction of suffering. A well put together welfare assessment protocol,established through a detailed analysis of each step of the model or procedure,is a very important tool for implementing refinements. This paper will give practical steps for identification of suffering in animals used for scientific purposes and provide examples of refinements to reduce suffering and improve welfare.  相似文献   

6.
In recent years, the daily clinical volume has increased rapidly to over 3000 patients in the Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College in southwestern China of Guizhou Province, and the pressure to improve workingefficiency and scientific management has increased gradually. Previously, each imaging department and section did not liaise, so the archiving rate of image materials (film) is rather low. Damaged and missing films were a serious problem, adversely affecting the workof teaching, scientific research and clinics to a considerable extent. After establishing and applying a large-scale picture archiving and communication system(PACS), the administration of the hospital in these respects has been vastly improved.  相似文献   

7.
正In this study,we aimed to assess the relationship of socioeconomic status and acculturation with cardiovascular disease(CVD)risk profiles and CVD and examine the CVD risk factors associated with CVD.We used data from the 2010China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance surveys,which consisted of a nationally  相似文献   

8.
<正>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating disease with limited treatment options.[1] Autophagy serves as an important protective mechanism against the deterioration of cartilage and is negatively regulate  相似文献   

9.
Atorvastatin (trade name: Lipitor, Ptizer) is a common .medicine for hyperlipidemia, but eosinophilia causedby atorvastatin is a rare condition. The exclusion method was used to look for specific causes of eosinophilia. It requires a long-term follow-up and step by step confirmation. Switching to another statin may be one of the treatment options.  相似文献   

10.
Traditional medicine (TM) plays an inevitable role in drug discovery and development. Most of the therapeutically useful molecules used in the present day are inspired from TM. Herbal drugs are the oldest forms of medicines used for the treatment of various ailments and the TM of every country has a long history of their usage. To develop more data on their quality, safety, and efficacy, so also to improve the consumer’s need of modern days several thrust areas of research are to be focused on the development of TM. Based on the above concept, a paradigm shift is required for the revitalization of TM. These facts along with the modern scientific approaches, molecular tools, and strategies make it necessary for TM to be revitalized. Confluencing several strategies with the technological and scientific developments including pharmacogenomics, nutrigenomics, system biology, and related approaches, the scientific potential of TM can be explored further with international coordination and collaborations.  相似文献   

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