Risk Factors for Lung Cancer in Non—smokers in Xuanwei County of China

Tobacco smoking and some types of occupational exposures have consistently been considered as important etiologic factors of lung cancer in industrial countrie.At the First World Conference of Lung Cancer(Wyndwer,1983),it was stressed that more attention should be paid to finding out the causes of lung cancer in non-smokers. In Xuanwei County,Yunnan Province,annual lung cancer death rate was 27.7per 100,000 in males,among China‘s highest,and 25.3per 100,000 in females,the China‘s highest.The remale‘s lung cancer death rate in Xuanwei County was even much higher than that of the same period in USA white women(ECACM,1979;Mulvihill,1976),Marked district variation in cancer mortality exists within xuanwei County.The county can be ivided into high-,medium-and low-mortality areas.Over90% of the population are farmers.The local residents traditionally burned three major kinds of fuels:“smoky” coal,“smokeless”coal and “wood”,for heating and cooking.The three lung cancer high mortality areas,including “Chengguan”,“Rongcheng”and “Laibin”communes,mainly burned the “smoky”！coal from Laibin smoky-coal mine.The fuel was burned in a shallow,unventiated fire pit in the floor of the dwelling.Fuel burning in shallow unventialated pits has resulted in high indoor air pollution levels.The concentrations of airborne particles(pm10) inside houses during smoky coal and wood combustion were very high.Indoor concentration of suspended particulates and dichloromethane extractable organics were 244.4mg/m^3 and 17.6mg/m^3 in burning of “smoky”coal;22.2mg/m^3,12.3mg/m^3 for burning wood;and 1.8mg/m^3,0.5mg/m^3 for burning of smokeless coals.Levels of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.including benzo(a)pyrene,were generally highest during burning of smoky coal,intermediate in burning wood,and least in smokeless coal.Women did most household chores.which include starting fire and cooking.Less than 0.2% of females smoked tobacco.The population-based casecontrol study presented here is to evaluate the influence of factors on the occurrence of lung cancer in non-smoking women in Xuanwei County and to supplement the etiologic factors of lung cancer in Xuanwei County.     

Natural Gas and Indoor Air Pollution： A Comparison With Coal Gas and Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Objective The study was designed to compare the combustion products of coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas in relation to indoor air pollution. Methods Regular pollutants including B(a)P were monitored and 1-hydroxy pyrene were tested in urine of the enrolled subjects.Radon concentrations and their changes in four seasons were also monitored in the city natural gas from its source plant and transfer stations to final users. To analyze organic components of coal gas,liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas, a high-flow sampling device specially designed was used to collect their combustion products, and semi-volatile organic compounds contained in the particles were detected by gas chromatograph-mass spectrograph (GC/MS). Results Findings in the study showed that the regular indoor air pollutants particles and CO were all above the standard in winter when heating facilities were operated in the city, but they were lowest in kitchens using natural gas;furthermore, although NO2 and CO2 were slightly higher in natural gas, B(a)P concentration was lower in this group and l-hydroxy pyrene was lowest in urine of the subjects exposed to natural gas.Organic compounds were more complicated in coal gas and liquefied petroleum gas than in natural gas. The concentration of radon in natural gas accounted for less than 1%0 of its effective dose contributing to indoor air pollution in Beijing households. Conclusion Compared to traditional fuels, gases are deemed as clean ones, and natural gas is shown to be cleaner than the other two gases.     

CO and Particle Pollution of Indoor Air in Beijing and Its Elemental Analysis

Three representative types of houses in Beijing were selected and, in each type, smoking and nonsmoking households were compared. IP, RP. and CO concentrations in the living room and kitchen were monitored during each season. and the level of COHb in the heads of the households were measured. The study showed that indoor air pollution was rather severe, especially during winter. when paniculate concentrations markedly exceeded the standard and CO concentration was as high as 47 ppm. Indoor air pollution was closely related to the type of house, particularly to the mode of heating. In houses. of the same type, pollution improved greatly after central heating facilities were installed. Analysis of 30 elements revealed that pollution was typically caused by coal burning. aggravated by dusty wind, but high indoor Pb levels were probably due to the use of LPG for cooking. In our study the effect of cigarette smoking was sometimes masked by the severe indoor pollution. (C)1990 Academic Press, Inc.     

Indoor Air pollution in Four Cities in China

The study reports the investigation of indoor air pollution carried out in four cities in China (Chengde, Shanghai, Shenyang and Wuhan). The concentrations of RP, SO_2, CO and NO_2 were measured in kitchens and bedrooms, both in summer and in winter. The results showed that indoor air pollution, as measured by RP, SO_2, CO, was heavy when coal was used as domestic fuel. This was particularly severe in winter. For example, the concentrations of SO2 in homes with coal stoves were more than 10 times higher than those in homes with gas or LPG in Shanghai. The concentratins of pollutants in kitchens were higher than those in bedrooms. The source of pollutants was fuel combustion from kitchen. The highest concentrations in kitchen could reach 665 μg/m~3 (RP), 860 μg/m~3 (SO2) and 14.07 mg/m~3 (CO). The concentrations in bedrooms were up to 270 μg/m~3 502μg/m~3, and 13.67mg/m~3, respectively.     

Daily visibility and hospital admission in Shanghai, China

Objective The study is to investigate the associations between visibility, major air pollutants and daily counts of hospital admission in Shanghai, China. Methods Daily data on hospital admission, visibility, and air pollution during 2005‐2008 were obtained from the Shanghai Insurance Bureau (SHIB), Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, and Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, respectively. The generalized additive model (GAM) with penalized splines was used to examine the associations between daily visibili...     

Eye lrritation caused by Formaldehyde as an Indoor AIr Pollution—A Controlled Human Exposure Experiment

Obejective　The present study focuses on health assessment of wood based panels which are widely used in interior decoration practices over the recent years in China. Formaldehyde has been identified as chemical indicator of (IAO) and an indoor air pollutant. To test its health effects experiment was undertaken. Method　A small environmental test chamber (60/L) was used as the generator of emission gas from new panels, and was operating at a temperature of 22.7±0.6℃ and a humidity of 44.4±2.5 % with an air exchange rate of 1.0±0.15h-1. On the three experimental days the values of product loading in chamber were 4, 2 and 6 m2/m3, respectively. Eight people were selected randomly from the students and employees of Wuhan Health and Anti-epidemic Station as subjects, with an average age of 21.9±5.9 years, and a gender ratio of 1:1, and two of them were smokers (one male and one female). The subjects' eyes were exposed to formaldehyde through a pair of goggles. Each goggle had its flow inlet and outlet, and connected to chamber exhaust of emission gas and to an exhaust from the room. The exposure time was very short, just 5 minutes and the formaldehyde doses were at 1.65±0.01, 2.99±0.07 and 4.31±0.02 ppm. A 60-mm linear visual analogue rating scales was used to measure the intensity of sensory eye irritation and a video tape recorder was used to record eye blinking frequency. Results　The results demonstrated that tests of sensory eye irritation and eye blinking can be used for materials testing, and that a dose-effect as well as a time-variance of the effect can be measured. Conclusion　The tests showed that eye irritation was perceived at all of the three levels.     

Computer-aided design and custom-made guide in corrective osteotomy for complex femoral deformity

Preoperative planning of corrective osteotomy with traditional radiography has limitations in regards to determining the ideal osteotomy location and orientation in three-dimensional femoral deformities. Though a successful operation can be planned preoperatively, intraoperative contingencies might adhere to the procedural plan in the performance of operation. To efficiently perform a planned procedure, proposed is a design to implement three-dimensional reconstruction photography, based on computer-tomography (CT) scan. A custom-made guide was designed to navigate the osteotomy as planned, and additionally, a personalized intramedullary nail was used for fixation after osteotomy. Three-dimensional (3D) photography of deformed femur was established based on the CT dataset and transferred into 3D photography processing software for further planning. Osteotomy planes were designed and adjusted at deformity sites to correct the 3D deformities. The methodology of a custom-made osteotomy guide was introduced in femoral corrective osteotomy, for the first time, to navigate the operation as planned. After the virtual osteotomy and reduction of bone segments, the parameters of a custom-made intramedullary nail were measured for manufacturing. Findings Virtual operation in computer shows complete correction of the 3D deformity. The osteotomy guide, obtained by rapid-prototyping techniques, navigates mimicking surgery on rapid-prototyping model of the involved femur as planned. Internal fixation was achieved using the custom-made intramedullary nail. Interpretation three-dimensional visualization introduces an advantage in preoperative planning for corrective osteotomy of 3D femoral deformity, and the custom-made osteotomy guide is crucial to realize such a deliberate plan during the actual procedures. The internal fixator, such as an intramedullary nail, can be modified or personalized for fixation in unique cases.     

Relationships between daily total fluoride intake and dental fluorosis and dental caries

Objective:To explore the relationships between the daily total intake of fluoride,dental fluorosis and dental caries. Methods: An epidemiological method was used to investigate the daily total intake of fluoride,dental fluorosis,and dental caries among 236 and 290 children aged 8-13 years in a severe endemic area and in a non-fluorosis control area,respectively. The children were divided into eight subgroups according to each child’s estimated daily total intake of fluoride. The prevalence of dental fluoros...     

A CLINICAL STUDY ON TCM DIFFERENTIATION OF SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS IN PREGNANCY HYPERTENSION SYNDROME

An epidemiological investigation was made into the diagnostic types of 457 cases of pregnancy classified according to differentiation of symptoms and signs by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with the aim of finding out its relationship with pregnancy hypertension syndrome (PHS). The total occurrence rate of PHS was 36.8%. In early pregnancy, 65.9% of patients with deficiency of yin of the liver had a high rate of developing PHS, while in the intermediate stage, 61.6% of patients with deficiency of the spleen and exuberance of the liver were most liable to develop it. In 50 cases diagnosed and treated on the basis of TCM differentiation of symptoms and signs the incidence was reduced to be 20%. The changes of such biochemical indices as ACh, AChE, cholic acid and gastrin in different diagnostic types during pregnancy, as well as the effect of spleen-invigorating therapy on these indices in pregnancy with deficiency of the spleen were also observed.     

Syndrome of endemic arsenism and fluorosis. A clinical study.

Sixty-five patients in Xinjiang with syndrome of endemic arsenism and fluorosis (SEAF) were investigated clinically from March 1982 to August 1989. SEAF is a kind of chronic syndrome resulting from the combined, harmful effects of two trace elements, arsenic and fluorine. Peripheral neuritis and cardiovascular changes were observed in this syndrome more often than in simple arsenism or simple fluorosis. The excessive quantities of these two trace elements in blood might have a synergic, harmful effect on the nervous and circulatory systems. No definite conclusion could be reached with regard to the morbidity of skin and visceral tumors in this series. The incidence of associated skin cancer was found to be 7.7% and an associated Grade II squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus was encountered in one patient.

     

氟的遗传毒性研究

本文报道燃煤污染高氟与饮水高氟暴露人群外周血淋巴细胞姊妹染色单体交换(SCE)频率。不同燃煤氟暴露人群4个组和不同饮水氟暴露人群6个组,年龄4O～60岁,每组120人。该结果经统计学分析,高、低氟接触不同人群组之间SCE频率没有差异,即未发现氟的遗传毒性。     

恩施市地方性氟中毒病区氟源初步调查

了解恩施市地方性氟中毒病区高氟来源,为地方性氟中毒病防治提供科学依据。方法：应用氟离子选择电极法分析新塘和红土两病区饮水、空气、煤及食物中氟含量。结果：饮水氟含量平均值为０．１６ｍｇ／Ｌ,低于国家饮用水氟标准;室内空气中氟含量平均值为 ０．０７８ｍｇ／ｍ３,超过国家空气氟标准;煤氟含量平均值为 ５３．９７ｍｇ／ｋｇ;食物氟水平普遍高于以燃柴为主的非氟病区,两病区属燃煤型地方性氟中毒病区。     

The physical and chemical characteristics of particles in indoor air where high fluoride coal burning takes place

In China, more than 10 million people suffer from fluorosis caused by the burning of high fluoride coal. Analysis of the particulate matters of indoor air from these fluorosis areas reveals a logarithmic distribution of particle sizes. The levels of F- and SO4(2-) adsorbed or absorbed on the particles ranged from 16.27 to 46.18 micrograms/m3 and from 244.7 to 374.6 micrograms/m3, respectively. Gaseous and soluble fluorides constituted a considerable proportion of the inorganic fluorides. Nevertheless, the level of F- in air was considered to be inadequate to cause the observed severity of fluorosis. It is speculated that additional intake of F- from contaminated foods might also be a major factor contributing to the fluorosis. Additionally, some volatile elements (e.g., sulfur and its derivatives) might have some relation to fluorosis of this type.     

燃煤型氟中毒对雌鼠血细胞的影响

目的：探讨不同染氟剂量在不同时间对雌鼠血细胞的影响。方法选用SD雌性大鼠按体质量分为对照组（饲以非病区玉米饲料,含氟量为5．2mg／kg）、中氟组、高氟组（饲以掺入燃煤型氟中毒病区玉米饲料,含氟量分别为47．8、96mg／kg）,中氟组、高氟组合称染氟组。于染氟60、120、180d进行血常规检测。结果染氟60、120d高氟组白细胞（WBC）较中氟组明显减少（P＜0．05）。第60、120天和180天时染氟组红细胞（RBC）较对照组显著减少（P＜0．05）,染氟组第120天时RBC较第60、180天减少（P＜0．05）。染氟60、120d时染氟组血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞压积（HCT）、平均红细胞体积（MCV）较对照组减低（P＜0．05）,第180天时染氟组MCV反而有增高趋势（P＜0．05）;染氟组内Hb、HCT染氟120d均比60、180d低（P＜0．05）;中氟组MCV随时间推移逐渐降低,180d时显著低于60d（P＜0．05）,高氟组染氟120dMCV均比60、180d低（P＜0．05）。中氟组内染氟120d平均血红蛋白含量（MCH）比60、180d高（P＜0．05）,高氟组内染氟180d时MCH比60d高（P＜0．05）。结论氟中毒对SD雌鼠的血细胞有不同程度的影响,尤其对红细胞系统的影响最大。染氟早期、中期RBC表现为小RBC高色素性。染氟晚期表现为大细胞高色素性。     

降低总摄氟量的措施及效果评价

１９９２年４月对乌当区氟病防治试点村的人群进行了流行病学调查和环境、人群生物样品以及食物中氟化物的监测，以评价自１９８９年以来改灶降氟措施的效果和居民总摄氟量的变化。结果表明改灶后空气中的氟化物、ＳＯ及ＴＤＰ明显下降，总摄氟量降至４ｍｇ。同时本文对影响降氟的因素和尿氟、发氟、指甲氟等评价指标进行了探讨。     

燃煤型氟中毒大鼠血清和睾内睾酮水平的变化

目的:研究燃煤型氟中毒大鼠血清和睾丸内睾酮水平的变化.方法:以SD大鼠为研究对象,按体重均衡随机分为7组:对照组、高氟组、中氟组、低氟组、高氟加营养组、中氟加营养组、低氟加营养组.各染毒组喂饲含不同比例的燃煤型氟中毒病区煤烘玉米的饲料,复制燃煤型氟中毒动物模型.分3批(90 d,120 d,180 d)以股动脉放血法处...     

室内空气污染与健康

本综述论及室内空气污染与健康，附有4篇文献。讨论的问题是：室内空气污染的污染源和污染物，列举了5项健康影响的事例，即：云南宣成肺癌、燃煤污染型氟中毒、烹调油烟、军团病和病态建筑物综合征，并简述了防治原则。     

燃煤型氟中毒对大鼠睾丸组织氧化应激效应的影响

目的 研究燃煤型氟中毒对大鼠睾丸组织氧化效应的影响,探讨燃煤型氟中毒的生殖毒害机制.方法 将40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、低氟组、中氟组、高氟组4组,每组10只.各染氟组喂饲含不同比例的燃煤型氟中毒病区煤烘玉米的饲料,构建燃煤型氟中毒动物模型.分别于120、180 d分批处死,各时间点每组处死大鼠数为5只.采用HE染色,光镜下观察睾丸组织病理学改变;制备睾丸组织匀浆,检测睾丸组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、总一氧化氮合酶(T-NOS)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)活性;氟离子选择电极法检测大鼠尿氟含量及睾丸组织氟含量.结果 成功建立大鼠氟中毒模型.各染氟组大鼠睾丸组织氟含量均明显升高(P均＜0.01),睾丸生精小管均发生不同程度的损害.120d和180 d时,各染氟组大鼠睾丸组织T-NOS、iNOS活性和MDA含量均明显升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),且随染氟剂量增加而升高;120d和180 d时,各染氟组大鼠睾丸SOD活性较对照组明显降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 燃煤型氟中毒可导致大鼠睾丸内氧化系统与抗氧化系统失衡,生殖细胞受损.氧化应激损伤在燃煤型氟中毒所致的雄性大鼠生殖毒性中可能发挥重要作用.     

湖南省涟源市地方性氟中毒综合调查报告

对湖南省涟源市不同地方性氟中毒发病区的二个自然村的全体人群进行氟斑牙普查,部分人群进行骨X线、尿氟和发氟检查、并同时测定两村的空气、土壤、水和食物中的氟含量。结果提示,氟中毒高发区的唐家村属显著流行区,其主要氟源是土壤。     

p53、p21在氟中毒雌鼠卵巢早衰中的表达变化

目的 探讨p53、p21在燃煤型氟中毒雌鼠卵巢早衰中的表达变化.方法 选用断乳24只清洁级SD雌鼠建立动物模型(模型组),于染氟90 d将雌鼠处死.观察雌鼠染氟期间牙齿的变化,观察卵巢颗粒细胞改变检测雌鼠尿氟、骨氟水平和卵巢组织衰老基因p53和p21表达情况.结果 模型组氟斑牙、尿氟和骨氟水平明显升高.模型组中,低氟组卵巢组织颗粒细胞未见早衰,但随染氟剂量的增加,卵巢组织颗粒细胞呈现轻度、中度、重度性水肿的趋势,细胞形态损伤模糊,且闭锁的卵泡明显增加,黄体退化严重,成熟卵泡显著减少,卵巢功能呈现逐渐早衰的迹象.随染氟剂量增加,各染氟组衰老基因p53和p21表达逐渐增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 燃煤型氟中毒致卵巢早衰与基因p53和p21的表达明显相关.