参草通脉颗粒丹酚酸B提取工艺研究

目的探讨参草通脉颗粒主要药味丹参中丹酚酸B的最佳醇提取工艺条件,为丹参药材的综合利用提供试验依据。方法采用正交试验法,以丹酚酸B的提取量及浸膏得率为考察指标,优选回流法提取的最佳工艺条件。结果最佳乙醇回流工艺为:30%乙醇回流提取3次,每次1 h。结论优选的提取工艺设计合理,丹酚酸B提取率较高。     

活络效灵颗粒中丹参的提取工艺研究

目的 优选活络效灵方中丹参的提取工艺条件.方法 以丹酚酸B、丹参酮ⅡA为指标,首先比较水提取与70%乙醇提取、复方提取与单味提取,确定提取方法;在此基础上,采用正交设计,对丹参提取最佳工艺条件进行优选.结果 两种成分含量70%乙醇提取高于水提取;复方提取丹酚酸B高于单味提取,而丹参酮ⅡA则相反,总体提取率复方提取优于单...     

大孔吸附树脂纯化丹参水溶性有效成分的研究

目的:优选大孔吸附树脂纯化丹参水溶性有效成分的工艺条件。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,以丹酚酸B的含量为指标,对大孔吸附树脂型号、吸附条件、洗脱条件进行了考察。结果:最佳工艺条件为采用XDA-5型大孔吸附树脂,控制药液浓度以丹酚酸B计约为18 mg/ml,pH=4.0,吸附过柱,以70%乙醇3倍柱体积洗脱,丹酚酸B洗脱率在90%以上。结论:优选工艺可较好的纯化富集丹参水溶性有效成分。     

丹参脂溶性及水溶性成分集成提取工艺研究

目的优选丹参脂溶性及水溶性成分的集成提取工艺条件。方法采用正交设计法，以丹酚酸B、丹参酮IIA为测定指标，采用高效液相色谱法测定其含量，并以此为指标优选集成提取工艺条件。结果集成法可同时对丹参中脂溶性及水溶性成分进行提取。优选的提取工艺条件为：加8倍量70％乙醇，提取2次，每次1h。结论采用集成方法同时提取丹参水溶性及脂溶性部位，可省时、省工、节能，使丹参的提取工艺合理可行。     

丹参中有效成分联合提取工艺的优化

目的优化丹参中有效成分(酚酸类和丹参醌类)联合提取(回流提取为主,超声提取为辅)工艺。方法以乙醇体积分数、料液比、提取时间为影响因素,丹酚酸B、丹参酮Ⅱ_A含有量为评价指标,正交试验优化提取工艺。结果最佳条件为先用6倍量70%乙醇超声提取2次,每次30 min,提取温度50℃,再用30%乙醇回流提取3次,每次90 min,料液比1∶10,丹酚酸B、丹参酮Ⅱ_A含有量分别为8.816%、2.189%,显著高于单用回流提取或超声提取。结论该方法稳定可靠,可用于联合提取丹参中有效成分。     

多指标正交试验优选仙灵骨葆胶囊中丹参、补骨脂提取工艺

目的:优选仙灵骨葆胶囊中丹参、补骨脂提取工艺.方法:采用正交试验的方法,以丹参中丹酚酸B、丹参酮Ⅱ_A、补骨脂中补骨脂素、异补骨脂素的含量为指标,多指标综合评分法处理数据,优化提取工艺中乙醇浓度、溶剂倍数、提取时间、提取次数4个因素.结果:丹参、补骨脂最佳合提工艺为加入8倍量70%乙醇,提取2次,每次1.5 h.结论:优选的丹参、补骨脂提取工艺稳定可行.     

丹参醇提工艺研究及对丹参中水溶性成分的影响

目的优化丹参提取工艺,探讨乙醇提取工艺对丹参水溶性成分的影响。方法采用正交试验法,以丹参酮ⅡA、醇提干浸膏得率及丹参素、丹酚酸B为考察指标,对丹参醇提工艺进行优化。结果优选的最佳工艺为6倍量95%乙醇提取3次,每次60min。结论优选工艺合理、稳定、可行,既能充分提取丹参中醇溶性成分,也可使丹参中水溶性成分得到最大程度保留,有利于对丹参中有效成分的充分利用。     

丹参有效部位的提取工艺优选

目的:优选丹参中脂溶性和水溶性成分的提取工艺。方法:以丹参酮ⅡA含量为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验考察乙醇体积分数、加醇量、提取时间及次数对丹参中脂溶性成分提取工艺的影响;以丹酚酸B的含量为指标,采用L9(34)正交试验考察加水量、提取时间及次数对丹参中水溶性成分提取工艺的影响。结果:脂溶性成分最佳提取工艺为加8倍量70%乙醇提取3次,每次30 min;水溶性成分最佳提取工艺为加5倍量水提取3次,每次30 min。结论:优选的提取工艺操作简单、稳定可行,适合于工业生产,具有良好的应用前景。     

多指标综合加权评分法优选五味子与丹参混合醇提工艺研究

目的通过多指标综合加权评分法优选五味子与丹参混合醇提工艺,确定最佳提取工艺参数;通过DAD检测器优选最佳测定波长。方法单独和混合提取采用90%、70%、50%乙醇回流提取。优化工艺采用正交试验法,以乙醇体积分数、溶剂倍数、提取时间和提取次数为考察因素,以五味子醇甲、五味子酯甲、五味子甲素、五味子乙素、丹参酮ⅡA及丹酚酸B的量为考察指标,采用HPLC法,DAD检测器进行检测,综合加权评分法进行数据分析。结果混合提取五味子和丹参药材有效成分的提取率比单独提取更高;最佳工艺参数为90%乙醇回流提取3次,溶剂倍数为8倍量,每次1.5 h。结论五味子与丹参混合提取工艺简单、可行,有效成分提取率更高。不同物质同时测定时采用不同波长可有效消除干扰,准确性更高。     

多指标综合评分法优选生肌化瘀膏的提取工艺

目的:用正交试验优选生肌化瘀膏的最佳提取工艺条件。方法:以丹酚酸B含量、大黄酚含量以及得膏率为指标,采用正交试验法,以多指标综合评分法优选醇提工艺。结果:生肌化瘀膏最佳提取工艺为:加70%乙醇,8倍乙醇,提取0.5 h,提取3次。结论:该工艺合理可行,能较好地保证生肌代瘀膏的质量。     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

贝母类药材湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis系统位置的探讨——来自ITS,rpl16,matK序列的证据

湖北贝母为传统中药,然而《Flora of China》将其基原植物湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis归并于天目贝母F.monantha项下。该实验采用分子系统学方法,以川百合Lilium davidii为外类群,用核基因ITS序列和叶绿体基因rpl16序列、matK序列等3个片段对湖北贝母及其近缘类群天目贝母F.monantha、安徽贝母F.anhuiensis等进行联合建树分析,对湖北贝母植物的系统位置进行了探讨,为湖北贝母药材的安全使用提供分子证据。结果显示,分子系统树上,3种贝母各自的居群聚为一支,之后天目贝母与安徽贝母聚为一支,最后与湖北贝母聚为一支。表明湖北贝母与天目贝母的亲缘关系可能要远于安徽贝母与天目贝母之间的关系,因此不适宜将湖北贝母归并于天目贝母。     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆金银花类药用植物4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase,IspE)和4-羟基-3-甲基-2-邻苯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase,IspH)基因,并对其基因序列、蛋白特性和转录活性进行分析、比较.方法:从忍冬Lonicera japonica转录组测序结果中分析获得了IspE,IspH基因.分别以忍冬、红白忍冬L.japonica var.chinensis、红腺忍冬L.hypoglauca和水忍冬L.dasystyla新鲜花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了4种金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因的全长cDNA.运用生物信息学分析软件,预测编码蛋白的结构和功能,并通过RT-PCR检测IspE和IspH在忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬花蕾中的转录情况.结果:金银花类药用植物IspE基因含有1个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 221 bp,编码406个氨基酸;IspH含有一个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸.IspE和IspH均为非分泌蛋白,均定位于叶绿体中.RT-PCR分析结果表明在忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬的花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平没有显著差异,但红白忍冬花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平均显著高于忍冬.结论:克隆获得忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬中IspE,IspH基因,并证实了其在不同金银花类药用植物中的表达,为进一步研究IspE,IspH基因对萜类化合物生物合成和花香气以及颜色的影响奠定了基础.     

牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的显微和化学鉴别

目的:为苦苣苔科唇柱苣苔属植物牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的鉴定和分类提供解剖学和化学依据。方法:采用石蜡制片法和水合氯醛透化法对2种药用植物的根状茎和叶横切面和粉末特征进行研究,应用光学显微镜观察显微结构。采用HPLC-UV法进行化学鉴别。结果:牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵显微特征无明显区别,但是化学特征有明显的差异。结论:化学诞生特征鉴别方法可以作为2种药用植物的鉴定方法。