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1.
青藤碱对大鼠佐剂性关节炎治疗作用及机制的研究   总被引:17,自引:1,他引:17  
杨德森  刘芳  曾繁典  陈汇 《中国中药杂志》2005,30(17):1361-1363
目的:观察青藤碱对佐剂性关节炎的治疗作用和对继发性炎症区域一氧化氮(NO)及相关炎症介质的影响,进一步探讨其治疗类风湿性关节炎的可能作用机制。方法:用Freund’s完全佐剂诱导大鼠佐剂性关节炎,设立正常组、模型组、泼尼松组、青藤碱低、中、高剂量组(30,60,120 mg.kg-1),记录各组大鼠足跖肿胀度和关节炎指数,检测大鼠关节浸液内NO,前列腺素E2(PGE2)及细胞因子白细胞介素1(IL-1),肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)水平。结果:与正常组比较,模型组大鼠关节浸液内NO,PGE2及IL-1,TNF水平显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组相比,青藤碱组大鼠佐剂性关节炎继发病变显著受抑制,佐剂性关节炎大鼠关节浸液内NO,PGE2及细胞因子IL-1,TNF水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:青藤碱对类风湿性关节炎的治疗作用与其抑制炎症局部区域细胞因子活性和降低炎症介质含量有关,其中青藤碱使NO水平下降可能是抗类风湿性关节炎的重要作用机制。  相似文献   

2.
栀子总苷对大鼠佐剂性关节炎治疗作用及部分机制的研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
目的:观察栀子总苷(TGCJ)对大鼠佐剂性关节炎的治疗作用和对炎症区域一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)及相关炎症介质的影响,探讨其治疗类风湿关节炎(RA)的作用机制。方法:弗氏完全佐剂(FCA)免疫诱导大鼠佐剂性关节炎(adjuvantarthritis,AA);SD大鼠随机分为6组:正常组、模型组、TGCJ3个剂量组(20,40,80mg·kg-1)和雷公藤多苷(GTW)组;足爪容积测定法和关节炎评分法观察关节炎的发生情况;测定大鼠关节滑膜组织中NO、NOS、前列腺素E2(PGE2)及白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)水平。结果:与正常组比较,模型组大鼠关节滑膜组织NO、NOS、PGE2I、L-1β和TNF-α水平显著升高;与模型组相比,TGCJ组大鼠佐剂性关节炎继发病变显著受抑制,关节滑膜组织NO、NOS、PGE2及炎性细胞因子IL-1β和TNF-α水平显著降低。结论:抑制关节炎炎症局部炎性细胞因子活性和降低炎症介质含量是栀子总苷发挥治疗类风湿关节炎作用的重要机制之一。  相似文献   

3.
基于PK-PD模型研究雷公藤治疗类风湿关节炎生物靶标   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
运用PK-PD模型观察血清样本及雷公藤治疗类风湿关节炎(RA)的抗炎作用,并分别对浓度-时间、效应-时间曲线进行相关分析,采用PCR检测各组大鼠的RORγt,IL-17,STAT3,IL-6 mRNA转录水平.甲氨蝶呤、雷公藤红素和高剂量的雷公藤,均可下调AA大鼠淋巴结中RORγt,IL-17,STAT3,IL-6 mRNA转录水平.根据PK-PD模型研究表明炎症因子与雷公藤的血药浓度存在一定的相关性.雷公藤及其主要活性成分雷公藤红素可通过抑制IL-17细胞因子实现抗炎作用来治疗RA.  相似文献   

4.
克湿灵治疗类风湿性关节炎的作用机制研究   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
目的:了解克湿灵(KSL)对大鼠佐剂性关节炎动物模型的作用机制。方法:氟氏完全佐剂诱发大鼠佐剂性关节炎;以炎性肿胀足的前列腺素E2含量、细胞因子、淋巴细胞的功能变化作为观察指标;用紫外分光光度法测定炎性肿胀足的前列腺素E2含量,采用MTT法检测胸腺、脾淋巴细胞增殖反应;用活化的小鼠脾淋巴细胞MTT比色法检测胸腺淋巴细胞产生的IL-2的活性。结果:克湿灵高(540 mg.kg-1)、中(270 mg.kg-1)、低(135 mg.kg-1)3个剂量均能降低炎性肿胀足前列腺素E2的含量,其降低的量分别为25.6,16.1,10.0(A×1 000);克湿灵高、中2个剂量组可明显抑制刀豆蛋白A(ConA)诱导的T淋巴细胞增殖反应和IL-2的生成,体内给药对T淋巴细胞增殖反应的抑制率分别为32.1%,31.0%,对IL-2生成的抑制率分别为17.5%,14.0%;体外给药对T淋巴细胞增殖反应的抑制率分别为39.0%,22.1%,对IL-2生成的抑制率分别为27.3%,18.2%;脂多糖(LPS)诱导的B淋巴细胞增殖无明显变化。结论:克湿灵对类风湿性关节炎具有抗炎作用。  相似文献   

5.
目的 :探讨祛风湿方剂抗风湿作用的机制。方法 :采用大鼠佐剂性关节炎 (AA)作为类风湿性关节炎的病理模型 ,强的松作为阳性对照药。结果 :方剂大、中剂量能使AA大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放升高的过氧化氢(H2O2 ) ,白细胞介素 1(IL-1)水平显著降低 (P<0.05) ,作用强度与强的松相近。结论 :该方剂使AA大鼠升高的IL-1及H2O2 的水平下降可能是其抗风湿的作用机制之一。  相似文献   

6.
叶蕾 《辽宁中医杂志》2006,33(11):1508-1509
目的:观察调肝脾方药对佐剂性关节炎大鼠细胞因子的影响。方法:将W istar大鼠按体重随机分为调肝脾方组、补肝肾方组、芬必得组、火把花根片组、正常对照组、模型组,采用佐剂性关节炎大鼠模型,检测各组对AA大鼠足肿胀度及细胞因子影响。结果:调肝脾方能明显降低AA大鼠原发与继发性关节肿胀度,表现出较好的抗炎作用,可降低异常增高的细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α和IFN-γ,升高IL-4,改善IFN-γ/IL-4的比值,并且强于补肝肾组。结论:调肝脾方药对佐剂性关节炎大鼠有显著的治疗作用。  相似文献   

7.
目的: 建立大鼠肺纤维化动物模型,探讨甘利欣治疗博莱霉素致肺纤维化大鼠的作用机制。 方法: 将SD级雄性大鼠60只,体重(180±20)g,随机分成4组:博莱霉素所致大鼠肺纤维化模型组(BLM组)、生理盐水对照组、甘利欣治疗组、地塞米松(Dexamethasone,DXM)治疗组,每组10只。博莱霉素致肺纤维化动物模型第28 d开始,各治疗组在每天同一时间段内连续14 d腹腔内注射。治疗的剂量分别为地塞米松注射液3 mg/(kg ·d)(浓度为5 mg/mL)、甘利欣150 mg(kg ·d);在治疗后第15 d取大鼠左肺下叶1 cm×1 cm×l cm大小的组织,固定于10%甲醛溶液,供免疫组化TGF-β1、IFN-γ、IL-4表达观察;同样取大鼠右肺下叶供HE染色病理观察。抽取大鼠6~8 mL血液静置30 min后中速离心15 min,取其血清用ELISA双抗体夹心法测定各组大鼠血清TGF-β1 IL-4、IFN-γ含量。 结果: ①采用分级方法定性评价HE染色大鼠肺组织的肺纤维化程度,发现甘利欣治疗组、DXM治疗组大鼠肺纤维化程度均较轻微。②模型组大鼠肺组织TGF-β1染色呈强阳性反应,IFN-γ染色较淡,而甘利欣治疗组、DXM治疗组TGF-β1、IFN-γ染色则相反。免疫组化TGF-β1定量分析结果显示:与模型组均数相比,对照组、地塞米松组、甘利欣组的P值分别为0.007,0.000,0.001;而甘利欣组与地塞米松组相比,P值为0.018。免疫组化IFN-γ定量分析:模型组与甘利欣组、地塞米松组相比,P值分别为0.004,0.010;而甘利欣组与地塞米松组相比,P值为0.618。③模型组大鼠血清TGF-β1,IL-4含量较高,IFN-γ含量较低,而甘利欣治疗组、DXM治疗组则相反。模型组大鼠血清TGF-β1均数与对照组、地塞米松组、甘利欣组相比,P值分别为0.008,0.044,0.005;地塞米松组与甘利欣组相比P值0.169。模型组大鼠血清IL-4均数与对照组、地塞米松组、甘利欣组相比,P值分别为0.013,0.029,0.013,地塞米松组、甘利欣组两两相比无差异(P>0.05)。地塞米松组、甘利欣组大鼠血清IFN-γ均数两两相比无差异(P=0.389),但两者与模型组相比P值分别为0.001,0.000。 结论: 甘利欣可以减轻大鼠肺纤维化损伤和肺组织的TGF-β1、IL-4的表达,并降低他们在血清中的含量,增加血清中的IFN-γ含量,增强肺组织IFN-γ的表达,为临床治疗肺纤维化提供理论支持。  相似文献   

8.
甘利欣对肺纤维化大鼠的TGF-β1,IFN-γ,IL-4的影响   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
目的 :建立大鼠肺纤维化动物模型,探讨甘利欣治疗博莱霉素致肺纤维化大鼠的作用机制。 方法 :将大鼠40只,随机分成4组:博莱霉素所致大鼠肺纤维化模型组(BLM组)、生理盐水对照组、甘利欣治疗组、地塞米松(dexamethasone,DXM)治疗组。经实验后观察各组大鼠免疫组化TGF-β1、IFN-γ表达观察;HE染色病理观察及测定各组大鼠血清TGF-β1 IL-4、IFN-γ含量。 结果 : ①甘利欣治疗组大鼠肺纤维化程度较轻微;②模型组大鼠肺组织TGF-β1染色呈强阳性反应,IFN-γ染色较淡,而甘利欣治疗组TGF-β1、IFN-γ染色则相反。免疫组化TGF-β1甘利欣组与地塞米松组相比,P为0.018。免疫组化IFN-γ甘利欣组与地塞米松组相比,P为0.618;③模型组大鼠血清TGF-β1、IL-4含量较高,IFN-γ含量较低,而甘利欣治疗组、DXM治疗组则相反。大鼠血清TGF-β1地塞米松组与甘利欣组相比P为0.169;大鼠血清IL-4地塞米松组、甘利欣组相比无差异;地塞米松组和甘利欣组IFN-γ均数相比也无差异(P>0.05),但两组与模型组相比P分别为0.001,0.000。 结论 :甘利欣可以减轻大鼠肺纤维化损伤和肺组织的TGF-β1 、IL-4的表达,并降低他们在血清中的含量,增加血清中的IFN-γ含量,增强肺组织IFN-γ的表达。  相似文献   

9.
目的:观察郑氏一号熏洗药对小鼠的抗炎作用以及对急性软组织损伤大鼠病理组织变化及局部组织白细胞介素1β、 前列腺素E2含量影响。方法:成年SD大鼠及昆明种小鼠按实验需要分别随机分为赋形剂对照组,郑氏一号熏洗药低、中、高剂量组(0.013,0.026,0.053 g·mL-1),云南白药酊组(0.01 g·mL-1),采用小鼠热板刺激诱发疼痛,醋酸扭体、大鼠蛋清性足肿胀和棉球性肉芽肿等急、慢性炎症模型,观察本品抗炎镇痛作用;采用打击法建立大鼠急性软组织挫伤模型,分别应用相应药物予以治疗,并于造模后2,4,6 d取材,采用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)及蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测损伤局部骨骼肌组织白介素1β(IL-1β)、前列腺素E2(PGE2)的含量。结果:郑氏一号熏洗药可明显降低小鼠热板刺激及醋酸所致疼痛反应(P<0.05),可显著抑制大鼠蛋清性足肿胀和棉球性肉芽组织增生(P<0.05);能显著抑制大鼠急性软组织损伤后受伤局部 IL-1β和PGE2含量的升高(P<0.01)。结论:郑氏一号熏洗药具有明显的抗炎镇痛作用,是通过抑制受伤局部 IL-1β,PGE2含量升高来实现,可能是其治疗软组织损伤的疗效机制之一。  相似文献   

10.
目的: 研究雷公藤多苷联合来氟米特普配伍使用对佐剂性关节炎(AA)大鼠的治疗效果及其可能的作用机制。方法: 建立AA大鼠关节炎模型,分为对照组、模型组、来氟米特组、雷公藤多苷组和雷公藤多苷联合来氟米特配伍组;来氟米特20 mg ·kg-1 ig,1次/d;雷公藤多苷组:雷公藤多苷20 mg ·kg-1 ig,1次/d;配伍组:来氟米特20 mg ·kg-1 ig,8 h后,雷公藤多苷20 mg ·kg-1 ig,1次/d均于造模后14 d开始给药,连续处理21 d。治疗后,观察AA大鼠足爪肿胀程度及关节炎指数(AI),采用放射免疫法检测血清中白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达水平,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清中干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、IL-4和前列腺素E2(PGE2)含量。结果: ① 相较于AA模型组,来氟米特组、雷公藤多苷组和配伍组中大鼠足爪肿胀程度及AI评分均显著下降(P均<0.01),其中以配伍组大鼠关节炎症状改善最为明显(P<0.05)。② 模型组大鼠血清IL-1β,TNF-α,IL-6和PGE2水平明显高于正常对照组(P<0.01),而经过治疗后血清中各细胞因子含量均发生不同程度的下降,且以配伍组降低最为显著(P<0.01或P<0.05);③ 模型组大鼠血清中IFN-γ表达水平明显高于正常对照组,而IL-4含量明显低于对照组(P<0.01),治疗后各组中AA大鼠血清中IFN-γ水平显著降低,而IL-4水平明显升高(P<0.05),其中以配伍组变化最为明显(P<0.01)。结论: 雷公藤多苷和来氟米特联合使用可显著降低血清中炎症因子水平,减少关节破坏,减轻AA大鼠的关节炎症状。  相似文献   

11.
The anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol (EEP) and water (WSD) extracts in ICR mice and Wistar rats were analyzed. Both WSD and EEP exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects in animal models with respect to thoracic capillary vessel leakage in mice, carrageenan-induced oedema, carrageenan-induced pleurisy, acute lung damage in rats. The mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory effects probably involve decreasing prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) levels. In rats with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) induced arthritis, propolis extracts significantly inhibited the increase of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in inflamed tissues, but had no significant effect on levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The results are consistent with the interpretation that EEP and WSD may exert these effects by inhibiting the activation and differentiation of mononuclear macrophages.  相似文献   

12.
目的观察雷公藤多甙对大鼠胶原免疫性关节炎(collagen-Ⅱ induced arthritis,CIA)及佐剂性关节炎(adjuvant arthritis,AA)黏膜免疫功能的影响。方法分别以Ⅱ型胶原加完全弗氏佐剂和完全弗氏佐剂单独致炎免疫大鼠造成CIA和AA模型,以雷公藤多甙治疗,观察大鼠黏膜、全身免疫指标(外周血T细胞亚群)以及关节局部炎症因子(IL-6、TNF—α、COX-2和NF-κB等)的变化。结果CIA模型组派伊尔结(Peyer’s patch,PP)CD4^+、血中CD4^+、CD8^+均升高;AA模型组PPCD4^+降低,CD8^+升高,血中的CD4^+,CD8^+均升高。雷公藤对两模型组的PP和血中T细胞亚群存在不同影响。两种模型大鼠关节可见高水平IL-6、TNF—α、COX-2和NF—κB表达,雷公藤多甙可以抑制这些炎症介质的表达。结论两种关节炎模型在黏膜免疫反应方面及雷公藤多甙对这两种模型的影响存在异同。  相似文献   

13.
 目的研究鹿瓜多肽口服液(lugua polypeptide solution,LGPS)对大鼠佐剂性关节炎(adjuvant arthritis,AA)的治疗作用,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法复制大鼠AA模型后第8天,LGPS按3.5,7和14mg·kg-1给大鼠灌胃治疗,每天1次,连续16d。于给药第4,7,10,13,16及18天测定大鼠左、右足跖容积,计算肿胀率。治疗后第19天测定大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能,关节渗出液中PGE2含量,血液流变学,血清SOD活性及MDA、NO、IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-6含量。结果LGPS能明显降低AA大鼠右后关节的原发性肿胀和左后关节的继发性肿胀(P<0.05~P<0.001),可使腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能,全血低(5/s)、中(80/s)、高切(160/s)黏度,血沉,血清MDA、NO、IL-1β、TNF-α及IL-6含量明显降低,血清SOD活性明显提高(P<0.05或P<0.01),对关节渗出液中PGE2含量则无明显影响(P>0.05)。结论LGPS对大鼠AA有明显治疗作用,可能与其抑制巨噬细胞活化,降低血清中IL-1、TNF-α和IL-6含量,提高机体对氧自由基的清除力及改善血液流变性有关。  相似文献   

14.
Propolis obtained from honeybee hives has been used in Oriental folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, or immunomodulatory agent. However, the molecular basis for anti-inflammatory properties of propolis has not yet been established. Since nitric oxide (NO) synthesized by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been known to be involved in inflammatory and autoimmune-mediated tissue destruction, modulation of NO synthesis or action represents a new approach to the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The present study, therefore, examined effects of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) on iNOS expression and activity of iNOS enzyme itself. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with EEP significantly inhibited NO production and iNOS protein expression induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). EEP also inhibited iNOS mRNA expression and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) binding activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, transfection of RAW 264.7 cells with iNOS promoter linked to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene, revealed that EEP inhibited the iNOS promoter activity induced by LPS plus IFN-γ through the NF-κB sites of the iNOS promoter. In addition, EEP directly interfered with the catalytic activity of murine recombinant iNOS enzyme. These results suggest that EEP may exert its anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the iNOS gene expression via action on the NF-κB sites in the iNOS promoter and by directly inhibiting the catalytic activity of iNOS.  相似文献   

15.
Total glucosides of paeony (TGP) is the major active constituent of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of TGP on adjuvant arthritis (AA) of rat and its possible mechanisms. AA was induced by metatarsal footpad injection with complete Freund's adjuvant in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The secondary inflammatory reaction was evaluated by hind paw swelling, polyarthritis index. Activity of interleukin-1 (IL-1) was detected by Con A-induced thymocytes proliferation of C57BL/6J mice assay. The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in synoviocytes were assessed by radioimmunoassay (RIA). PGE(2) receptors, EP2 and EP4, were analyzed by Western blot analysis. The level of IL-6 was measured by ELISA. Intragastric administration of TGP (50,100 mg/kg) significantly decreased secondary inflammatory reaction in AA rats. Suppressing the activity of IL-1 and TNFalpha, decreased PGE(2) and increased cAMP levels in synoviocytes of AA rats were observed after administration of TGP. In the immunoblot analysis, TGP could up-regulate the expression of EP2 and EP4. These results showed TGP significantly inhibited the progression of AA, and the inhibitory effects might be associated with its ability to mediate the level of cAMP and inhibit the production of IL-1, TNFalpha, IL-6 and PGE(2) from activated synoviocytes.  相似文献   

16.
AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of total flavonoids of Turpinia Arguta Seen (TFS) on adjuvant arthritis in rats. METHODS: The model of adjuvant arthritis was induced by injection of Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA). Secondary paw swelling of AA rats was measured with volume meter and polyarthritis index were scored. The splenocyte proliferation, (interleukin-1) IL-1 and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production were assayed by cell proliferation assay. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production was determined by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: TFS (80, 160, 320 mg/kg, i.g.) could significantly inhibit secondary inflammatory reaction (secondary swelling, multiple arthritis, pathologic change of ankle arthritis) in AA rats. The results in vivo showed that the low response of splenocytes to concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the decreased IL-2 synthesis were restored in AA rats treated with TFS (160, 320 mg/kg, i.g.), while the elevated IL-1 and PGE(2) released from peritoneal macrophages (PMphi) were also reduced. CONCLUSION: TFS has significant therapeutic effect on AA rats, which might be relate to its immunoregulatory actions.  相似文献   

17.
野菊花总黄酮对佐剂性关节炎大鼠氧自由基代谢的影响   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
目的:探讨野菊花总黄酮(total flavonoids of Chrysanthemum indicum,TFC)对佛氏完全佐剂诱导的佐剂性关节炎(AA)大鼠模型的继发性肿胀作用及自由基代谢和免疫调节的影响.方法:用佛氏完全佐剂(FCA)建立大鼠的佐剂性关节炎模型,用足趾容积测量仪检测大鼠的继发性肿胀,观察TFC对其的治疗作用;采用试剂盒检测佐剂性关节炎大鼠的血清和腹腔巨噬细胞培养上清中的SOD活性、MDA含量以及NO水平;采用ConA诱导测定大鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖反应,采用小鼠脾细胞增殖法测定IL-2活性.结果:与模型组比较,TFC能改善佐剂性关节炎大鼠的继发性足趾肿胀,能降低血清和腹腔巨噬细胞中MDA和NO含量,升高SOD活性,同时促进脾淋巴细胞增殖和IL-2活性.结论:TFC可以抑制佐剂性关节炎大鼠的继发性足趾肿胀,其机制可能与其抗氧化作用和免疫调节有关.  相似文献   

18.
Propolis has been used as a medicinal agent to treat infections and promote wound healing for centuries. The aim of the present study was to test the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of a new type of Brazilian propolis, popularly called red propolis, as well as to analyze its chemical composition. The antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Staphylococcus mutans UA159 was evaluated and the chloroform fraction (Chlo-fr) was the most active with lower MIC ranging from 25 to 50 μg/ml. The hexane fraction (H-fr), having the highest concentration of total flavonoids, showed the best sequestrating activity for the free radical DPPH. The ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) showed cytotoxic activity for the HeLa tumor cells with an IC50 of 7.45 μg/ml. When the EEP was analyzed by GC–MS, seven new compounds were found, among which four were isoflavones. Our results showed that the red propolis has biologically active compounds that had never been reported in other types of Brazilian propolis.  相似文献   

19.
20.
Recently, two chemically different types of Brazilian propolis (type-3 and -12) were shown to have cariostatic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of their isolated fractions on mutans streptococci viability, glucosyltransferases (GTFs) activity and caries development in rats. The ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEPs) were serially fractionated into hexane (H-fr), chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The ability of the four fractions and EEP to inhibit Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus growth and adherence to a glass surface was examined. The effect on GTFs B and C activity was also determined. For the caries study, 60 Wistar rats infected with Streptococcus sobrinus were treated topically twice daily as follows: (1) EEP type-3, (2) H-fr type-3, (3) EEP type-12, (4) H-fr type-12, and (5) control. In general, the H-fr from both types of propolis showed the highest antibacterial activity and GTFs inhibition. Furthermore, the EEP and H-fr type-3 and -12 were equally effective in reducing dental caries in rats. The data suggest that the putative cariostatic compounds of propolis type-3 and -12 are mostly non-polar; and H-fr should be the fraction of choice for identifying further potentially novel anti-caries agents.  相似文献   

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