补肾活血“对药”对兔膝骨关节炎NO、SOD、IL-1和TNF-α水平的影响

目的通过观察各组补肾活血对药对兔膝骨关节炎模型血清炎性细胞因子及氧自由基的影响差异,筛选出疗效显著药物。方法将日本大耳白兔随机分为6组,空白对照组及模型组予蒸馏水,诸药物组予相应中药灌胃,6周后,收集血清,生化法检测血清-氧化氮（NO）及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）含量,ELISA法检测白细胞介素1（IL-1）及肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）含量。结果药物组中,牛膝＋泽兰组、补骨脂＋骨碎补组及联合组均能降低血清IL-1、TNF-α及NO的含量,提高SOD水平,其中牛膝＋泽兰组效果最好,补骨脂＋骨碎补组与联合组比较无差异。结论在早期骨关节炎治疗中,活血对药具有明确作用。     

补肾活血"对药"对兔模型血液流变学影响的研究

目的 通过研究各组补肾活血对药对兔膝关节炎模型血液流变学影响的差异,筛选临床疗效显著药物.方法 将日本大耳兔随机分为6组.空白对照组8只,模型组及各药物组各10只,空白对照组及模型组予蒸馏水,余各组予相应中药灌胃,6周后收集血液,检测血液流变学指标.结果 各药物组红细胞电泳时间低于模型组(P<0.05);牛膝+泽兰组纤维蛋白原浓度、红细胞压积低于模型组(P<0.05);除熟地+鹿角组外,其他药物组全血高、中、低切及血浆黏度,红细胞变形及聚集指数,均低于模型组(P<0.05);牛膝+泽兰组全血高、中、低切及血浆黏度低于补骨脂+骨碎补组、熟地+鹿角+牛膝+泽兰组(P<0.05),但补骨脂+骨碎补组与熟地+鹿角+牛膝+泽兰组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 在早期骨关节炎治疗中,牛膝+泽兰组疗效更加显著.     

攻下清热活血中药对重症胰腺炎大鼠血清TNF-αIL-1β的影响

目的：观察攻下清热活血中药对重症胰腺炎大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-1β的影响。方法：胰胆管逆行注射建立大鼠模型后,分别以不同剂量的攻下清热活血中药灌胃治疗,以奥曲肽皮下注射为对照。取胰腺组织HE染色观察大鼠胰腺组织学改变,酶法测定大鼠血清淀粉酶含量,酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA法）检测血清中TNF-α、IL-1β的含量。结果：模型组大鼠胰腺组织病理评分及血清淀粉酶明显高于正常对照组（P〈0.01）;应用大、小剂量组中药和奥曲肽治疗后大鼠胰腺组织病理评分及血清淀粉酶较模型组明显下降（P〈0.05）。模型组大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-1β含量明显高于正常对照组（P〈0.05）;应用中药治疗后大、小剂量组和奥曲肽后大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-1β含量较模型组明显下降（P〈0.05）。结论：攻下清热活血中药能明显改善重症胰腺炎大鼠胰腺组织病理和血清淀粉酶,抑制大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-1β含量可能是其作用机理之一。     

独活寄生汤对兔膝骨关节炎体液中NO、SOD水平的影响

目的:通过观察独活寄生汤对兔膝骨关节炎模型血清及关节液中细胞因子的影响,探讨独活寄生汤治疗骨关节炎的作用机理。方法:将新西兰大耳白兔随机分为3组,空白对照组及予蒸馏水,药物组予独活寄生汤灌胃,30d后,检测血清、关节液中一氧化氮(NO)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量。结果:给药后药物组血清及关节液中NO的含量较模型组降低,SOD水平升高。结论:独活寄生汤能延缓早期骨关节炎关节软骨的退变。     

止痛消肿散对兔膝骨关节模型血清中IL-1β、TNF-α含量的影响

目的:观察外治方止痛消肿散对兔膝骨关节炎模型血清中IL-1β、TNF-α含量的影响,明确药物改善兔膝骨关节炎功能障碍的作用机制。方法:将36只兔随机分为6组,除正常对照组外,其余各组均采用膝关节制动法建立兔膝骨关节炎的动物模型,以止痛消肿散外洗兔膝关节2周,处死动物,取血液分离血清,应用酶联免疫吸附技术(ELSIA)检测各组动物血清中IL-1β、TNF-α含量。结果:与模型组比较,正常对照组IL-1β、TNF-α含量具有显著性差异(P<0.01);与正常对照组比较,各药物组无差异(P>0.05);模型组与其他各治疗组IL-1β、TNF-α水平有不同程度的下降(P<0.05);止痛消肿散低、中、高组与骨友灵搽剂组比较,无差异(P>0.05);止痛消肿散低、中、高组之间比较,其中IL-1β含量无差异(P>0.05),TNF-α含量有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:止痛消肿散能够降低兔膝骨关节模型兔血清中IL-1β、TNF-α的含量,表明药物具有减轻骨关节炎炎性细胞因子的作用,为临床进一步推广应用及药物研发提供了客观依据。     

蛭龙活血通瘀胶囊对肾性高血压大鼠IL-6、TNF-α及CRP的干预作用

目的：通过对IL-6、TNF-α及CRP的检测,探讨蛭龙活血通瘀胶囊对大鼠肾性高血压血压的保护机制。方法：将实验动物分为6组：正常对照组、模型组、假手术组、蛭龙活血通瘀胶囊大剂量组、蛭龙活血通瘀胶囊中剂量组、蛭龙活血通瘀胶囊小剂量组,建立肾性高血压模型,给予不同的药物治疗,8周后行IL-6、TNF-α及CRP的检测。结果：模型组大鼠血清CRP、IL-6及TNF-α较正常组、假手术组明显升高（P〈0.05）,假手术组大鼠血清CRP、IL-6及TNF-α与正常组比较无明显差异（P〉0.05）,治疗后高剂量组、中剂量组和低剂量组大鼠血清CRP、IL-6及TNF-α与模型组比较,高、中剂量组明显降低（P〈0.05）,高剂量组与低剂量组之间比较降低有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,但高剂量组与中剂量组之间比较无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：蛭龙活血通瘀胶囊能降低IL-6、TNF-α及CRP水平,具有一定的抗炎作用和免疫调节作用。     

活血熄风方对局灶性脑缺血模型大鼠血清及脑组织中IL-1β TNF-α含量的影响

目的：观察活血熄风方对局灶性脑缺血模型大鼠白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）含量的影响。方法：采用光化学法建立局灶性脑缺血大鼠模型,用放免法观察活血熄风方对模型大鼠血清及脑组织中IL-1β、TNF-α含量的影响。结果：活血熄风方能降低模型大鼠血清及脑组织中IL-1β和TNF-α含量,与模型组比较,差异均有显著性或非常显著性意义（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。结论：活血熄风方对局灶性脑缺血模型大鼠的保护作用可能与其降低血清及脑组织中IL-1β、TNF-α的含量有关。     

痹肿消散对急性痛风性关节炎大鼠血清IL-1、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8影响的试验研究

目的痛风性关节炎（GA）是一组嘌呤代谢紊乱所致的疾病,严重危害了人类的健康。本研究应用自制中药痹肿消散对GA大鼠血清细胞因子IL-1、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8的影响,探讨其疗效及作用机制。方法 选用健康雄性Wistar大鼠48只,按随机分组法将大鼠分为4组：空白对照组（A组）,模型组（B组）,痹肿消散治疗组（C组）,扶他林乳胶剂治疗组（D组）,每组12只。采用尿酸钠晶体制备大鼠GA模型,造模后外用药3天,A、B组予淀粉外敷,C组予痹肿消散外敷,D组外抹扶他林乳胶剂。末次给药后24小时,麻醉,取血采用放免法检测血清中IL-1、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α的含量,探讨中药外治法治疗痛风性关节炎的作用机制。结果 C、D组大鼠血清中IL-1、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8的含量较模型组比较均有明显降低,有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;C、D两组比较差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。结论 表明IL-1、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α在急性痛风性关节炎的发病过程中起重要作用。痹肿消散能有效降低痛风性关节炎大鼠血清中IL-1、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8的含量水平,是治疗急性痛风性关节炎有效中药。     

类风湿关节炎伴发抑郁症大鼠血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的变化及中药干预作用

目的:观察类风湿关节炎伴发抑郁症大鼠血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的变化及中药补肾活血解郁方对其干预作用。方法:建立风湿关节炎伴发抑郁症大鼠模型,放射免疫法观察风湿关节炎伴发抑郁症大鼠血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的含量及中药补肾活血解郁方对其干预作用。结果:与正常组相比,模型组、抑郁组和类风关组大鼠血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量明显增加,有非常显著性差异(P<0.01),中药组大鼠血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量降低,与模型组、类风关组、抑郁组相比有非常显著性差异(P<0.01、P<0.05),与正常组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:类风湿关节炎伴发抑郁症大鼠血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量明显增加,中药补肾活血解郁方能降低其血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量。     

复方土牛膝合剂对急性炎症大鼠MDA、SOD、NO及免疫功能影响的研究

目的：观察复方土牛膝合剂对急性炎症大鼠的丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、一氧化氮（NO）及免疫功能的影响。方法：采用二甲苯制备急性炎症大鼠模型,随机分为5组,正常对照组、急性炎症模型对照组和急性炎症模型复方土牛膝合剂低、中、高剂量治疗组（每次剂量分别为0.182 g.kg-1、0.363 g.kg-1、0.726 g.kg-1）进行对比研究。结果：与正常对照组及其相应的对照组比较,复方土牛膝合剂能降低急性炎症大鼠的MDA浓度,提高SOD和NO活性,增加外周白细胞数,提高T淋巴细胞增殖和自然杀伤细胞（NK）活性,降低肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）变化活性（P〈0.05）。结论：复方土牛膝合剂具有一定的抗炎症和增强免疫功能的作用。     

Phytochemistry, Metabolism, and Metabolomics of Ginseng

Ginseng, as a medicinal plant, has been used for thousands of years in China, Korea, and Japan, and the study on ginseng is a hotspot in the research field as evidenced by about 7000 scientific papers in PUBMED. In recent decades, many ginseng studies focused on the metabolism and metabolomics of ginseng or its active ingredients using modern bioanalytical technologies. To date, more than 200 ginsenosides and non-saponin constituents have been isolated and identified. In the past decades, rapid development of analytical technologies has facilitated the advancement of ginseng research in many ways. In this review, we focus on the advances of ginseng research in chemistry, pharmacology, and metabolomics. We also provide the comments on the significance as well as challenges of metabolomics-based ginseng studies.     

Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of eleutherans A, B, C, D, E, F, and G: glycans of Eleutherococcus senticosus roots

Intraperitoneal injection of an aqueous extract of the crude drug "shigoka" (Siberian ginseng), Eleutherococcus senticosus roots, remarkably diminished plasma-sugar level in mice. Fractionation of the extract by monitoring the activity yielded seven glycans, eleutherans A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, which exerted marked hypoglycemic effects in normal and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice.     

Correlation of Metabolism, Metabolomics, and Metabonomics

<正>In this issue,CHM published two reviews on drug metabolism of Chinese herbal medicines.Three key words have been found,they are metabolism,metabolomics,and metabonomics.As we known,drug metabolism is the biochemical modification of pharmaceutical substances respectively by living organisms through specialized enzymatic systems,the rate of metabolism determines the duration and intensity of pharmacological responses     

Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic activities of Galium mexicanum

Ethnopharmacological relevance

To study the potential benefit of the traditional Mexican medicinal plant Galium mexicanum Kunth (Rubiaceae). Hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts as well as various fractions from these extracts were tested to determine antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic or anti-inflammatory activities in vitro.

Materials and methods

Aerial parts of the plant were extracted with various solvents and fractionated accordingly. Their antibacterial and antifungal activities were assessed on nine bacterial and four fungal strains. Leishmania donovani was used as a protozoan strain for antiparasitic activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds was investigated by measuring the secretion of interleukin-6 when macrophages were exposed to lipopolysaccharide.

Results

Various extracts and fractions obtained from this plant exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Of special interest was the hexane fraction HE 14b, which show antibacterial (ranging between 67 and 666 μg/ml) and antifungal (at concentrations of 333 μg/ml) activities. Also the hexane fraction HE 5 exhibited antiparasitic activity (at concentrations of 260 μg/ml), whereas the methanol fraction ME 13-15 showed a potent anti-inflammatory activity when compared to dexamethasone. Chemical analyses of the chloroform extract show the presence of triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, and glucosides, but no tannins were detected in the assayed extract.

Conclusions

The benefit of Galium mexicanum as a traditional medicinal plant was confirmed using antibacterial and antifungal assays in vitro. We also report for the first time, and to the best of our knowledge, antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory activities of this plant.     

Isolation and structure of homotemsirolimuses A, B, and C

Homotemsirolimuses A, B, and C (2a, 2b, 2c) were found to be minor components of a temsirolimus preparation made from rapamycin. These three temsirolimus analogues are derived from the corresponding rapamycin analogues, homorapamycins A, B, and C (1a, 1b, 1c) produced by the strain Streptomyces hygroscopicus. The structures of homotemsirolimuses A, B, and C were determined by spectroscopic methods. These compounds were tested for mTOR kinase inhibition and in two proliferation assays using LNCap prostate and MDA468 breast cancer cells. The results suggested that the mTOR inhibition and antiproliferation potencies for 2a, 2b, and 2c are comparable to those of rapamycin (1) and temsirolimus (2).     

鲜姜黄挥发油化学成分的GC-MS分析

目的:分析广西产鲜姜黄挥发油的化学成分,为其利用提供科学依据。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取鲜姜黄挥发油,用GC毛细管柱进行分析,归一化法测定其相对含量,并用GC-MS法鉴定化学成分。结果:检出48个色谱峰,鉴定出48个化合物,占总挥发油的100%。结论:广西产鲜姜黄油的的主要成分是姜烯(16.25%),1,8-桉叶油素(13.52%),芳-姜黄酮(13.55%),姜黄酮(11.19%),β-倍半水芹烯(10.08%),表-α-绿叶烯(6.26%),芳-姜黄烯(5.43%),大根香叶酮(5.02%),γ-松油烯(2.38%),红没药醇(3.59%)。     

酸柏栀油软胶囊对小鼠学习记忆及脑中NO、Ach的影响

目的:观察酸柏栀油软胶囊对小鼠的促学习记忆作用并初步探讨其机制。方法:采用Morris水迷宫法观察酸柏栀油软胶囊对小鼠的学习记忆影响,并测定小鼠脑内NOS、ChaE、AChE的含量。结果:酸柏栀油软胶囊1.25～5 ml/kg能缩短小鼠登台潜伏期,增加穿越原平台次数,以中剂量作用最强;且登台潜伏期随训练时间的延长,各组作用均逐渐增强,d20的作用尤为明显。酸柏栀油软胶囊尚能增加小鼠脑内NOS、ChaE活性,降低AChE活性,也以中剂量作用为佳。结论:酸柏栀油软胶囊对小鼠学习记忆有促进作用,该作用可能与其富含不饱和脂肪酸,增加脑内NO、Ach的含量有关。     

白花蛇舌草氮、磷、钾吸收分配特性研究

目的在大田条件下研究了白花蛇舌草对氮、磷、钾的吸收分配规律。方法定期取样研究干物质积累规律,采用常规测定方法测定植株氮、磷、钾的量。结果白花蛇舌草苗期对氮、磷、钾吸收较少,分枝开花期和结果期吸收量快速增加,成熟期氮、磷吸收减少,钾出现"负吸收"。白花蛇舌草植株对氮素吸收最多、钾次之、磷最少,全生育期植株对氮、磷、钾的吸收比率为1.00:0.16:0.54。苗期和分枝开花期氮、磷、钾主要积累在叶和茎中,其中氮素以叶中分配最多,磷和钾则主要分配在茎中;结果期和成熟期氮、磷、钾多分配在花果和茎中,氮和磷花果中最多,钾则茎中最高。结论白花蛇舌草在苗期对肥料要求不多,可适当少施。分枝开花期和结果期吸收量骤增,要加大施肥用量,结果期对磷肥和钾肥要求较多,应适当补施磷肥和钾肥以满足此期果实生长的需要。     

Antimalarial activity of physalins B, D, F, and G

The antimalarial activities of physalins B, D, F, and G (1-4), isolated from Physalis angulata, were investigated. In silico analysis using the similarity ensemble approach (SEA) database predicted the antimalarial activity of each of these compounds, which were shown using an in vitro assay against Plasmodium falciparum. However, treatment of P. berghei-infected mice with 3 increased parasitemia levels and mortality, whereas treatment with 2 was protective, causing a parasitemia reduction and a delay in mortality in P. berghei-infected mice. The exacerbation of in vivo infection by treatment with 3 is probably due to its potent immunosuppressive activity, which is not evident for 2.