论点摘编

脾虚证动物模型的造模思路 陈小野在1995年第4期《中医杂志》发表文章,对脾虚证实验研究中的造模方法及其思路作了回顾和探索。作者认为,中医动物模型的意义,不仅在于它是一种现代形式的“比类取象”,更重要的是它使整个生物科学成为中医学发展的基础。1977年以来脾虚证模型使用过限量营养法、改变饲料法、饥饱失常法、苦寒泻下法、耗气破气法、利血平法以及相继出现的劳倦过度法、偏食法、溃疡性结肠炎法等,还创造了各要素综合致虚法;受试动物除常用实验动物外,还有大型动物如驴等。经过10多年的发展,这些造模方法已步入应用,     

脾虚胃溃疡动物模型研究概况

脾虚是胃溃疡发病或复发的根本因素,也是溃疡发病、复发、转归和愈合的关键因素。建立稳定、可靠的动物模型,是开展疾病相关基础与临床研究的重要基础,目前脾虚胃溃疡模型的复制主要是基于脾虚证候模型和胃溃疡疾病模型两者的结合。常用的方法有耗气破气加饮食失节结合醋酸浸蚀法、苦寒泻下结合无水乙醇灌胃法、饮食偏嗜法、耗气破气结合药物诱导法,以及幽门螺杆菌感染等方法建立脾虚胃溃疡动物模型。     

大小鼠脾虚及湿盛模型的研究

本文综述了脾虚、湿盛模型的构建。其中,脾虚大小鼠模型构建方法主要包括耗气破气加饮食失节法、过劳加饮食失节法、秋水仙碱法、X射线照射法、利血平法、苦寒泻下法等,而湿盛大小鼠模型构建方法有肥甘厚腻饮食法、"饮食+环境+生物致病因子"法等。对于大小鼠脾虚模型的单方面构建相对成熟,相关文献也较多。但是脾虚湿盛大小鼠模型的构建方法还寥寥无几,有待研究。     

4种脾虚造模法的横向对比研究

[目的]通过对4种常见脾虚小鼠造模方法进行横向对比研究,评价各造模法脾虚损伤程度及其适用性。[方法]100只小鼠随机分为空白对照组(去离子水每只每天0.5 mL)、苦寒泻下组(100%番泻叶水浸液每只每日0.5 mL)、饮食失节组(喂饲甘蓝并每2日加喂猪脂1次)、劳倦过度组(每日捆尾力竭游泳1次)、利血平组(1%利血平,每日2 mL/kg,皮下注射),每组20只。持续造模10 d后,每组随机抽取10只取材,做相关指标检测,10只自然恢复10 d,通过对宏观体征、进食量、体质量及游泳时长的测定,观察各组宏观指标的稳定性。计算各组胸腺、脾脏指数,血液分析仪检测血液学指标,比色法测定血清D-木糖水平,碘-淀粉酶比色法测定血清淀粉酶活性,实时荧光定量PCR法检测相对mtDNA拷贝数及线粒体自噬相关蛋白Pink1、Parkin mRNA的表达,对各组小鼠进行线粒体功能评价。[结果]与空白对照组相比:1)苦寒泻下组、饮食失节组,利血平组宏观指标表现差异明显(P<0.05),以利血平组最为显著,指标稳定性以苦寒泻下组显著(P<0.05),差异均具有统计学意义。2)苦寒泻下组、劳倦过度组、利血平组胸腺指数明显降低(P<0.05),差异具有统计学意义,劳倦过度组变化显著;苦寒泻下组与利血平组脾脏指数明显降低(P<0.05),差异具有统计学意义,利血平组变化显著。3)利血平组和苦寒泻下组红细胞(RBC)、白细胞(WBC)、血红蛋白(HGB)下降明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。4)各模型组小鼠血清D-木糖水平均降低(P<0.05),差异具有统计学意义。5)苦寒泻下组、饮食失节组、利血平组血清淀粉酶活性均有所降低(P<0.05),差异具有统计学意义,利血平组最为显著。6)苦寒泻下组、饮食失节组、劳倦过度组mtDNA拷贝数均有所降低(P<0.05),差异具有统计学意义,饮食失节组最为显著;苦寒泻下组和饮食失节组线粒体自噬相关蛋白Pink1 mRNA转录水平均有所降低(P<0.05),差异具有统计学意义;利血平组Parkin mRNA转录水平有所上升(P<0.05),差异具有统计学意义。[结论]利血平组宏观指标和理化指标变化明显,但宏观指标稳定性差,其造模法为短期造模的首选。苦寒泻下组宏观指标、理化指标及线粒体功能变化明显,宏观指标稳定性好,其造模法,适合多种脾虚指标的广泛研究使用。饮食不节组理化指标和线粒体功能变化较明显,但宏观指标表现不明显,其造模法可以作为长期造模研究的脾家损伤,更贴近临床实际的一种方法。劳倦过度造模法,可用于多因素造模法复制脾虚损伤模型进行相关研究。     

寒湿证动物模型的研究现状与评述＊

寒湿证泛指因寒湿邪犯肌表、络脉、筋骨，或阴寒凝滞于脏腑经络所引起，以寒湿合邪等相应征象为特征的一类证候。为了探究寒湿证发病本质，现代学者建立了一系列具有特色的寒湿证动物模型。本文将寒湿证的动物模型分为中医证候动物模型（寒饮蕴肺证、寒湿困脾证、阴黄证）和病证结合动物模型（类风湿关节炎、强直性脊柱炎、原发性痛经、新型冠状病毒肺炎）。中医证候模型的造模方法多根据中医的病因学以寒湿环境为基础或复合苦寒泻下、饮食不节、劳则耗气等因素进行造模，模型的稳定性和代表性相对西医的病理模型较薄弱，而病证结合动物模型更加符合临床实际。关于模型的评价多采用动物的宏观体征、微观指标、及反证方剂来验证模型是否成功。本文旨在对寒湿证动物模型的造模方法及模型评价方法做出分析与探讨。     

糖尿病肠病造模方法的实验研究

目的:运用不同方法制备糖尿病肠病大鼠模型以得出理想的造模方法.方法:在糖尿病大鼠模型的基础上,分别西药肌注及中药苦寒泻下的方法造模,对大鼠便稀度进行分级,并测定大鼠血浆胃肠激素(胃泌素,胃动素,生长抑素)的水平变化.结果:利血平组及氢化可的松加用利血平组较其他各组造模后稀便级升高(P＜0.01),这两组中大鼠生长抑素增高及胃泌素和胃动素降低较其他各组明显(P＜0.01).利血平组死亡率较高(30%).结论:氢化可的松加利血平肌注是制备糖尿病肠病大鼠模型理想的方法.     

虚寒性出血证大鼠模型的研究

目的比较几种虚寒性出血证动物的造模方法,寻找适宜的虚寒性出血证动物模型。方法采用大黄、龙胆草、中药复方、大黄联合利血平及苦降泻下、饮食失节加劳倦过度法造模分别给药造成虚寒模型,再结合放血法造成虚寒性出血证动物模型。结果采用大黄利血平加放血造模法,虚寒体征明显,血常规四项具有显著性差异。结论该方法操作简便,周期较短,症状明显,适合用于虚寒性出血证动物模型。     

四种脾虚证造模方法的差异性研究

目的:探讨D-木糖吸收值及外周血T淋巴细胞百分率在四种脾虚模型中的变化规律.方法:采用耗气破气法、耗气破气加饥饱失常法、劳倦加饥饱失常法及劳倦加饮食失节法塑造脾虚证动物模型.用间苯三酚法检测不同模型大鼠D-木糖吸收值的变化;用ANAE法检测不同模型大鼠外周血T淋巴细胞百分率的变化.结果:四组模型在D-木糖吸收值及外周血T淋巴细胞百分率等项指标上存在着明显差异.结论:在脾虚证中,D-木糖吸收值存在升高的情况;外周血T淋巴细胞百分率在耗气破气法中降低最明显.     

大鼠脾虚证的内分泌研究

大鼠脾虚证的内分泌研究中国中医研究院（１００７００）邹世洁，陈小野北京市中医研究所（１０００１０）易崇勤，王丽华，金敬善关键词脾虚证，内分泌耗气破气加饥饱失常法是一种较好的脾虚证动物模型造摸方法［１］，本实验以此法对大鼠行２６周造模，观察脾虚造模对大...     

应激等致大鼠实验性胃溃疡的证候特征及比较

目的刻画胃溃疡不同模型大鼠证候的发生和演变,以及疾病与证候的关系。方法在文献报道的基础上,采用应激法(水浸拘束)、消炎痛法、利血平法、乙醇法等4种不同方法建立大鼠实验性胃溃疡疾病模型,并设置空白及禁食对照组,运用业已建立的大鼠标准化、计量化的四诊检测和辨证方法,对以上各模型进行客观、动态、量化的检测和证候评价。结果4种造模方法均能不同程度地造成胃粘膜损伤。①应激法大鼠气血阴阳损伤程度轻,仅在造模后出现短暂的阴虚证与恢复性的气盛的表现,恢复快。②消炎痛大鼠造模后出现比较显著的胃寒、气虚、阴虚、阳虚证候表现,即具备严重的气血阴阳虚复合证表现,且持续时间长。③利血平大鼠造模后即出现胃寒证、气虚证、阳虚证表现,但恢复迅速。④乙醇法大鼠总体气血阴阳损伤程度轻,恢复迅速,出现个别死亡可能与其体质不能耐受有关。结论不同造模方法的胃溃疡模型大鼠存在各自的证候特点,符合"有是病便有是证"的中医理论;同时其证候是可以通过四诊客观化方法检测到,并可以用于治则治法制定的参考,以及作为疗效评价指标。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定脉络宁注射液中25种矿物质元素

目的建立微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)直接稀释测定脉络宁注射液中25种矿物质元素(Mg、Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Al、B、Ba、Co、Cr、K、Li、Mo、Na、Ni、P、Pb、Sr、Th、Ti、V、As、Cd和Hg)的方法。方法分别对微波消解条件和测试条件进行考察;样品经微波消解后,采用电感耦合质谱仪测定25种矿物质元素,并对测定方法学进行考察。结果确定最佳消解条件为3步缓慢升温:400 W 80℃升温10 min,保留5 min;600 W 120℃升温10 min,保留5 min;900 W 200℃升温20 min,保留20 min;25种矿物质元素在各自的线性范围内线性关系良好,r≥0.999 6,精密度、稳定性和重复性试验的RSD均符合定量分析要求;加标回收率为94.7%~106.1%,RSD在0.34%~2.79%。脉络宁注射液中检测出Mg、Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Al、B、Ba、Co、Cr、K、Li、Mo、Na、Ni、P、Pb、Sr、Th、Ti、V,未检出As、Cd和Hg。结论该方法简便、迅速、准确,适用于脉络宁注射液中25种矿物质元素的同时测定。     

Die Lateralität und Lateralitätsinstabilität in der Diagnostik und Therapie

The disturbance and instability of laterality are obstacles to diagnostics and therapy. Correction prior to starting therapy is required. They also predispose toward defined health problems and unspecific diseases. Numerous research activities provide evidence of the relevance of undisturbed laterality in diagnostics and therapy. Techniques of testing and therapeutic corrections will allow for optimized therapy success.     

Journal of Acupuncture and Tuina Science Instructions for Authors

The Journal of Acupuncture and Tuina Science, a journal with an international scope （IS SN 1672-3597, CN 31-1908/R, Bimonthly）, is embodied by ＇Springer Verlag＇ Database, Index Copernicus （IC） and Chinese Scientific and Technical Paper and Citations Data （CSTPCD）. You can search full text on http：//www, springerlink, com/content/1672 -3597.     

Yerba Mate or Paraguay Tea

正Beverages based on Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.are used in the south Brazil and other Latin American countries located at the so-called southern cone.It is known as chimarro or mate in south and southeast Brazil,tererêin     

Ethnopharmacologic study of chinese rhubarb

This paper deals with an interdisciplinary study covering historic, botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological and clinical aspects of rhubarb and related species, to lay stress on the correlation between plant phylogeny, chemical constituents and purgative activity.

It was found that the official rhubarbs were exclusively restricted in the Sect. Palmata e.g. Rheum palmatum R. palmatum var. tanguticum R. officinale; the following criteria may serve as their standard, viz., the presence of sennoside derivatives and rhein, the occurrence of the reduced form of rhein and aloe-emodin, the leaves with any kind of palmate incision. Comprehensive multivariate analyses showed that there is a very close relationship between the leaf incision, existence of sennosides or rhein and purgative activity.     

Wirksamkeit der Akupunktur bei der Therapie von idiopathischen Schmeckstörungen: Eine randomisierte Placebo-kontrollierte Studie

Background

At present, the state-of-the-art medication in treating idiopathic taste disorder (gustatory dysfunction) is zinc. If zinc medication was unsuccessful, not tolerated or if it is contraindicated the persons affected can hardly be helped.

Objectives

In a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial an attempt was made to determine the efficacy of acupuncture.

Methods

The treatment group was treated with acupuncture needles, the placebo group with an inactive acupuncture-laser. Endpoints of the study were changes in the taste test, the quality of life and the severity of symptoms of depression (BDI) as well as mood changes (ZMS). Satisfaction with the success of the respective therapy was also evaluated. Data were collected before and after therapy and again for the treatment group 10 weeks after completion of the treatment period.

Findings

Treatment with real acupuncture showed a significant improvement in gustatory function as well as a significant improvement in psychological symptoms. Greater satisfaction with the treatment results was evident in the treatment group. The treatment results of acupuncture remained stable over a period of ten weeks after completion of the treatment.

Conclusion

Acupuncture was effective in the therapy of idiopathic taste disorders and therefore it is an effective alternative when zinc medication is not tolerated or unsuccessful. But it is also suitable as a therapy of first choice. Acupuncture can be considered as an extension of the therapeutic spectrum in the difficult treatment of taste disorders.     

Veränderungen der Herzratenvariabilität (HRV) während Low Level Lasernadelakupunktur: Placebokontrollierte Studie an 19 herzgesunden Probanden

Background

Experimental and clinical studies postulate a neurobiological mechanism of acupuncture by modulating central pain systems, neurohormones and -transmitters. It seems to be quite likely that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays an important mediating role in this neuromodulation.

Aim

In measuring heart rate variability (HRV), as a non-invasive approach to the ANS-function, the object of this study was to monitor probable acupuncture-induced changes of autonomic balance. The innovative technology of laser-needle acupuncture offers for the first time a stimulation method which fulfils the demands on a placebo-controlled acupuncture trial not requiring controversial sham acupuncture.

Method

19 healthy voluntary subjects underwent 3 treatments in randomized sequence, consisting of placebo-, 1-point- (PC 6) and simultaneous 3-point- (PC 6, LR 3, SI 3) laser-needle-stimulation over 20 minutes. Before, during and after placebo-/verum laser-needle acupuncture, HRV-data for normalized HF(high frequency)- and LF(low frequency)-Power (nHF, nLF) and their quotient nLF/nHF obtained by power spectrum analysis (FFT), were measured and analyzed statistically at 5 different time points (ANOVA repeated measures, p < 0,05).

Results

During both verum applications, the 1-point- (PC 6) as well as the simultaneous 3-point- (PC 6, LR 3, SI 3) laser-needle stimulation, significant changes of the ANS-activity were found in comparison to the placebo application. The most significant modification of HRV was an increase of nHF (p < 0,05 (PC 6), p < 0,0001 (PC 6, LR 3, SI 3)) as an expression of growing vagal activity during acupuncture.

Conclusion

Laser-needle acupuncture causes in 1-point-stimulation (PC 6) as well as in simultaneous 3-point-stimulation (PC 6, LR 3, SI 3) significant changes in HRV in comparison to placebo application. HRV-monitoring seems to be a suitable approach in exploration of acupuncture-induced changes of ANS and could possibly be established in combination with laser needle acupuncture as a standard for further scientific and clinical acupuncture investigations which are greatly needed.     

瑞香科五属植物中酚性聚合物的结构特征、分布及药理活性研究进展

瑞香科植物广泛分布于世界热带和温带地区,其中多种植物可供药用。在对该科植物的研究中发现,黄酮类、木脂素和香豆素等酚性化合物的低聚体为其重要的特征性成分,药理活性主要表现在抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗氧化、抗菌和抗病毒等方面。对已发现的酚性聚合体的化学结构、植物来源及药理活性进行综述,为瑞香科植物今后的研究和开发利用提供参考。     

HPLC法同时测定沉香化滞丸中11种成分

目的采用HPLC梯度洗脱法同时测定沉香化滞丸中沉香四醇、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、和厚朴酚、大黄素、厚朴酚、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚11种成分。方法采用Thermo Syncronis C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为水-乙腈,梯度洗脱:0～10 min,20%乙腈;10～20 min,20%～40%乙腈;20～24 min,40%乙腈;24～26 min,40%～52%乙腈;26～30 min,52%乙腈;30～31 min,52%～90%乙腈;31～35 min,90%乙腈;35～40 min,90%～100%乙腈;40～43min,100%乙腈;43～45min,100%～20%乙腈;检测波长215nm,体积流量1.0m L/min,柱温30℃,进样量20μL。结果各成分在43 min内分离良好,沉香四醇、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、和厚朴酚、大黄素、厚朴酚、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚的线性范围分别为1.4～13.6、10.0～200.0、31.5～315.0、1.0～120.1、1.8～50.6、0.93～10.1、1.8～30.0、0.2～40.3、1.8～18.1、1.7～25.0、0.45～10.70μg/mL;样品中各成分的平均回收率均在98.90%～100.87%;11种成分精密度RSD在0.55%～1.54%;供试品溶液在30 h内稳定性良好,RSD在0.75%～1.94%;重复性RSD在0.39%～1.73%。6批次样品中沉香四醇、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、和厚朴酚、大黄素、厚朴酚、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚质量分数分别为92.0～201.0、511.5～9 033.0、5 475.0～12 635.5、54.5～5 095.5、192.0～2 137.5、117.0～391.5、106.5～1 281.5、13.0～136.5、93.5～199.0、177.0～1 207.0、33.5～251.5μg/g。结论本方法准确、快速、简便,重复性好,精密度高,适用于沉香化滞丸中多种活性成分的定量分析。