清半夏工业化大生产炮制工艺优化研究

目的:比较浸泡法和煎煮法对清半夏饮片质量的影响，并优选清半夏的最佳生产工艺。方法:采用浸泡法和煎煮法分别对不同大小的半夏药材进行炮制加工，并对制得的清半夏饮片的外观性状、水分、总灰分、白矾限量、浸出物、出膏率和总酸含量进行比较；以浸出物、出膏率及总酸含量为评价指标，采用正交试验设计优选清半夏的最佳煎煮工艺。结果:煎煮工艺在制备不同规格清半夏饮片外观性状、水分、总灰分、浸出物、提率、白矾限量及总酸含量均优于浸泡法，且在生产效率和时长上远优于浸泡法。正交试验得到清半夏饮片的最佳煎煮工艺为浸泡24 h,煎煮8 h, 70℃干燥5 h, 3次平行试验证实该工艺稳定可行。结论:煎煮法炮制清半夏工艺简便，能够在较短时间内使半夏达到透心状态，饮片的外观性状、水分、总灰分、白矾限量、浸出物、提率及总酸含量均较佳，且生产效率高，能够较好地实现生产自动化，使工业化大生产过程中的质量进一步提高、稳定和可控。     

清半夏药典方法与北京市中药饮片炮制规范方法现代工艺研究比较

目的:比较药典半夏传统炮制工艺与北京市中药饮片炮制规范方法半夏有效成分和毒性成分的差异。方法:半夏分别采用清半夏药典方法和北京市中药饮片炮制规范方法进行炮制。通过单因素实验考察炮制温度、炮制时间和半夏与白矾质量比对半夏总生物碱含量的影响,3因素4水平正交实验优化炮制方法;比较清半夏药典方法和北京市中药饮片炮制规范方法在半夏总生物碱、总有机酸、草酸钙和白矾含量的差异。结果:结果显示炮制时间为120 min,炮制温度100℃,药材与白矾质量比为5∶1时,总生物碱含量最高,达到0.044%;炮制时间、炮制温度和药材与白矾质量比均可显著影响半夏总生物碱含量;北京市中药饮片炮制规范方法组总生物碱和总有机酸显著高于清半夏药典方法组(P<0.05),北京市中药饮片炮制规范方法组草酸钙含量显著低于药典方法组(P<0.05)。结论:北京市中药饮片炮制规范方法炮制工艺可显著提高半夏中的有效成分,降低有毒成分。     

响应面法优化蒸制姜半夏的炮制工艺

目的:研究蒸制姜半夏炮制工艺的关键影响因素,优选蒸制姜半夏的炮制工艺。方法:在单因素试验的基础上,以包含水溶性浸出物含量及性状外观指标的质量综合评分为指标,对白矾姜水浓度、浸泡时间及蒸制时间这3个因素进行响应面试验研究,从而得出最佳炮制工艺。结果:优选最佳工艺条件为:白矾姜水浓度6.8%,浸泡时间68 h,蒸制时间140 min。结论:实验结果可靠,方法可行,根据最佳炮制工艺生产的产品质量好,可很好应用于实际生产。     

清半夏炮制工艺的优化

目的优化清半夏炮制工艺。方法在单因素试验基础上,以浸泡温度、白矾浓度、浸泡时间为影响因素,总有机酸含有量(以琥珀酸计)为评价指标,Box-Behnken响应面法优化炮制工艺。结果最佳条件为浸泡温度38.3℃,白矾浓度11%,提取时间72 h,总有机酸含有量0.46%。结论该方法简便可靠,可用于优化清半夏炮制工艺。     

姜半夏产地加工炮制一体化方法及工艺研究

目的对姜半夏产地加工炮制一体化方法和工艺进行客观评价和优化。方法以草酸钙针晶质量分数为指标筛选加姜方式和加热方法,以草酸钙针晶质量分数、水溶性浸出物得率及白矾残留量为指标,采用正交设计法和综合评分法优选鲜半夏的炮制工艺。结果优选出的炮制方法及工艺为每100 g鲜半夏,加白矾10g、生姜(捣烂)20 g,共同加热至沸腾30min后浸泡3 d,再以120℃加压蒸煮40 min,清水洗净,晾半干,切片后干燥。结论优选的姜半夏产地加工炮制一体化方法和工艺降低刺激性毒性成分草酸钙针晶质量分数,提高饮片质量。     

禹白附加压炮制工艺研究

目的:优选制禹白附炮制工艺。方法:以白矾含量、饮片厚度、煎煮时间、加压温度为因素,选取不同水平,以浸出物含量结合药理实验为指标,通过正交试验优选白附子炮制工艺。结果:确定炮制工艺为6%白矾浸泡,115℃加压煎煮30m in。结论:加压炮制工艺稳定,缩短炮制时间。     

多指标正交试验优化清半夏炮制工艺

目的：正交试验设计，对现有清半夏的炮制工艺进行客观量化的质量评价和优化？方法：选择白矾浓度、炮制时间及炮制温度3个因素，采用L9（3^4）正交试验设计，以RP—HPLC法测定炮制品中刺激性毒性成分草酸钙针晶的含量；家兔眼结膜刺激性评价刺激性程度；直接电位滴定法测定有效部位总游离有机酸的含量，进行综合评价。结果：根据因素的显著性影响，优选出清半夏炮制工艺：30℃左右，8％浓度的白矾溶液．浸泡24 h.结论：优选的炮制工艺达到了减毒增效的炮制目的，同药典法比较明确了炮制时间和炮制温度，显著缩短了炮制时间。     

正交实验优选油炸三七炮制工艺

目的:优选油炸三七炮制工艺。方法:以浸出物,三七皂苷R1,人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1的质量分数为评价指标,采用正交设计法考察加油量、油炸时间、油炸温度对炮制工艺的影响,确定最佳三七油炸工艺。结果:最佳炮制工艺参数为药材与油量比值20∶40,油炸时间为7 min,油炸温度为120~130℃。浸出物,三七皂苷R1,人参皂苷Rg_1和人参皂苷Rb_1的质量分数依次为28.6%,0.88%,7.76%,3.02%。三七炮制品外观色泽为棕黄色,炮制品的质量稳定。结论:结合三七炮制品的质量及外观色泽,优选的三七炮制工艺稳定可行,为三七的炮制工艺规范提供参考。     

基于Box-Behnken响应面法优化半夏蒸制工艺

目的:采用响应面法优选高压清蒸半夏最佳炮制工艺。方法:通过单因素试验确定炮制过程中的关键影响因素,通过Box-Behnken响应面法对浸润时间、蒸制温度、蒸制时间3个因素进行考察,以清蒸半夏水溶性浸出物和总有机酸含量归一化后的综合评分为考察指标进行炮制工艺优化。结果:清蒸半夏最佳炮制工艺为:浸润时间9.5 h,蒸制温度118℃,蒸制时间为2.0 h,在此工艺参数下清蒸半夏综合评分达到90.62,与预测值相对误差为2.53%,工艺稳定可行。结论:采用高压蒸制半夏,且通过响应面法优选清蒸半夏工艺简便易行,可为半夏新炮制品的开发与应用提供参考,为中药饮片生产提供科学的依据和新颖的思路。     

法半夏炮制工艺的Box-Behnken响应面法优化

目的研究法半夏炮制工艺的关键影响因素,优选法半夏炮制工艺。方法在单因素试验的基础上,以水溶性浸出物、鸟苷、甘草酸二铵含量的总评归一值(OD)为指标,对浸泡时间、干燥温度及干燥时间这3个因素进行响应面试验研究,从而得出最佳炮制工艺。结果优选最佳工艺条件为生半夏与甘草提取液和生石灰浸泡3天,于72℃干燥24h。该炮制工艺条件所测的实际值与理论值基本一致,偏差较小。结论通过响应面法优化法半夏炮制工艺,简便易行,结果可靠,能为法半夏质量控制和规模化生产提供科学依据和新颖思路。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定脉络宁注射液中25种矿物质元素

目的建立微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)直接稀释测定脉络宁注射液中25种矿物质元素(Mg、Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Al、B、Ba、Co、Cr、K、Li、Mo、Na、Ni、P、Pb、Sr、Th、Ti、V、As、Cd和Hg)的方法。方法分别对微波消解条件和测试条件进行考察;样品经微波消解后,采用电感耦合质谱仪测定25种矿物质元素,并对测定方法学进行考察。结果确定最佳消解条件为3步缓慢升温:400 W 80℃升温10 min,保留5 min;600 W 120℃升温10 min,保留5 min;900 W 200℃升温20 min,保留20 min;25种矿物质元素在各自的线性范围内线性关系良好,r≥0.999 6,精密度、稳定性和重复性试验的RSD均符合定量分析要求;加标回收率为94.7%~106.1%,RSD在0.34%~2.79%。脉络宁注射液中检测出Mg、Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Al、B、Ba、Co、Cr、K、Li、Mo、Na、Ni、P、Pb、Sr、Th、Ti、V,未检出As、Cd和Hg。结论该方法简便、迅速、准确,适用于脉络宁注射液中25种矿物质元素的同时测定。     

Die Lateralität und Lateralitätsinstabilität in der Diagnostik und Therapie

The disturbance and instability of laterality are obstacles to diagnostics and therapy. Correction prior to starting therapy is required. They also predispose toward defined health problems and unspecific diseases. Numerous research activities provide evidence of the relevance of undisturbed laterality in diagnostics and therapy. Techniques of testing and therapeutic corrections will allow for optimized therapy success.     

Journal of Acupuncture and Tuina Science Instructions for Authors

The Journal of Acupuncture and Tuina Science, a journal with an international scope （IS SN 1672-3597, CN 31-1908/R, Bimonthly）, is embodied by ＇Springer Verlag＇ Database, Index Copernicus （IC） and Chinese Scientific and Technical Paper and Citations Data （CSTPCD）. You can search full text on http：//www, springerlink, com/content/1672 -3597.     

Yerba Mate or Paraguay Tea

正Beverages based on Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.are used in the south Brazil and other Latin American countries located at the so-called southern cone.It is known as chimarro or mate in south and southeast Brazil,tererêin     

Ethnopharmacologic study of chinese rhubarb

This paper deals with an interdisciplinary study covering historic, botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological and clinical aspects of rhubarb and related species, to lay stress on the correlation between plant phylogeny, chemical constituents and purgative activity.

It was found that the official rhubarbs were exclusively restricted in the Sect. Palmata e.g. Rheum palmatum R. palmatum var. tanguticum R. officinale; the following criteria may serve as their standard, viz., the presence of sennoside derivatives and rhein, the occurrence of the reduced form of rhein and aloe-emodin, the leaves with any kind of palmate incision. Comprehensive multivariate analyses showed that there is a very close relationship between the leaf incision, existence of sennosides or rhein and purgative activity.     

Wirksamkeit der Akupunktur bei der Therapie von idiopathischen Schmeckstörungen: Eine randomisierte Placebo-kontrollierte Studie

Background

At present, the state-of-the-art medication in treating idiopathic taste disorder (gustatory dysfunction) is zinc. If zinc medication was unsuccessful, not tolerated or if it is contraindicated the persons affected can hardly be helped.

Objectives

In a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial an attempt was made to determine the efficacy of acupuncture.

Methods

The treatment group was treated with acupuncture needles, the placebo group with an inactive acupuncture-laser. Endpoints of the study were changes in the taste test, the quality of life and the severity of symptoms of depression (BDI) as well as mood changes (ZMS). Satisfaction with the success of the respective therapy was also evaluated. Data were collected before and after therapy and again for the treatment group 10 weeks after completion of the treatment period.

Findings

Treatment with real acupuncture showed a significant improvement in gustatory function as well as a significant improvement in psychological symptoms. Greater satisfaction with the treatment results was evident in the treatment group. The treatment results of acupuncture remained stable over a period of ten weeks after completion of the treatment.

Conclusion

Acupuncture was effective in the therapy of idiopathic taste disorders and therefore it is an effective alternative when zinc medication is not tolerated or unsuccessful. But it is also suitable as a therapy of first choice. Acupuncture can be considered as an extension of the therapeutic spectrum in the difficult treatment of taste disorders.     

Veränderungen der Herzratenvariabilität (HRV) während Low Level Lasernadelakupunktur: Placebokontrollierte Studie an 19 herzgesunden Probanden

Background

Experimental and clinical studies postulate a neurobiological mechanism of acupuncture by modulating central pain systems, neurohormones and -transmitters. It seems to be quite likely that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays an important mediating role in this neuromodulation.

Aim

In measuring heart rate variability (HRV), as a non-invasive approach to the ANS-function, the object of this study was to monitor probable acupuncture-induced changes of autonomic balance. The innovative technology of laser-needle acupuncture offers for the first time a stimulation method which fulfils the demands on a placebo-controlled acupuncture trial not requiring controversial sham acupuncture.

Method

19 healthy voluntary subjects underwent 3 treatments in randomized sequence, consisting of placebo-, 1-point- (PC 6) and simultaneous 3-point- (PC 6, LR 3, SI 3) laser-needle-stimulation over 20 minutes. Before, during and after placebo-/verum laser-needle acupuncture, HRV-data for normalized HF(high frequency)- and LF(low frequency)-Power (nHF, nLF) and their quotient nLF/nHF obtained by power spectrum analysis (FFT), were measured and analyzed statistically at 5 different time points (ANOVA repeated measures, p < 0,05).

Results

During both verum applications, the 1-point- (PC 6) as well as the simultaneous 3-point- (PC 6, LR 3, SI 3) laser-needle stimulation, significant changes of the ANS-activity were found in comparison to the placebo application. The most significant modification of HRV was an increase of nHF (p < 0,05 (PC 6), p < 0,0001 (PC 6, LR 3, SI 3)) as an expression of growing vagal activity during acupuncture.

Conclusion

Laser-needle acupuncture causes in 1-point-stimulation (PC 6) as well as in simultaneous 3-point-stimulation (PC 6, LR 3, SI 3) significant changes in HRV in comparison to placebo application. HRV-monitoring seems to be a suitable approach in exploration of acupuncture-induced changes of ANS and could possibly be established in combination with laser needle acupuncture as a standard for further scientific and clinical acupuncture investigations which are greatly needed.     

瑞香科五属植物中酚性聚合物的结构特征、分布及药理活性研究进展

瑞香科植物广泛分布于世界热带和温带地区,其中多种植物可供药用。在对该科植物的研究中发现,黄酮类、木脂素和香豆素等酚性化合物的低聚体为其重要的特征性成分,药理活性主要表现在抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗氧化、抗菌和抗病毒等方面。对已发现的酚性聚合体的化学结构、植物来源及药理活性进行综述,为瑞香科植物今后的研究和开发利用提供参考。     

HPLC法同时测定沉香化滞丸中11种成分

目的采用HPLC梯度洗脱法同时测定沉香化滞丸中沉香四醇、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、和厚朴酚、大黄素、厚朴酚、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚11种成分。方法采用Thermo Syncronis C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为水-乙腈,梯度洗脱:0～10 min,20%乙腈;10～20 min,20%～40%乙腈;20～24 min,40%乙腈;24～26 min,40%～52%乙腈;26～30 min,52%乙腈;30～31 min,52%～90%乙腈;31～35 min,90%乙腈;35～40 min,90%～100%乙腈;40～43min,100%乙腈;43～45min,100%～20%乙腈;检测波长215nm,体积流量1.0m L/min,柱温30℃,进样量20μL。结果各成分在43 min内分离良好,沉香四醇、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、和厚朴酚、大黄素、厚朴酚、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚的线性范围分别为1.4～13.6、10.0～200.0、31.5～315.0、1.0～120.1、1.8～50.6、0.93～10.1、1.8～30.0、0.2～40.3、1.8～18.1、1.7～25.0、0.45～10.70μg/mL;样品中各成分的平均回收率均在98.90%～100.87%;11种成分精密度RSD在0.55%～1.54%;供试品溶液在30 h内稳定性良好,RSD在0.75%～1.94%;重复性RSD在0.39%～1.73%。6批次样品中沉香四醇、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、和厚朴酚、大黄素、厚朴酚、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚质量分数分别为92.0～201.0、511.5～9 033.0、5 475.0～12 635.5、54.5～5 095.5、192.0～2 137.5、117.0～391.5、106.5～1 281.5、13.0～136.5、93.5～199.0、177.0～1 207.0、33.5～251.5μg/g。结论本方法准确、快速、简便,重复性好,精密度高,适用于沉香化滞丸中多种活性成分的定量分析。