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1.

Aim of the study

Olive (Olea europaea) leaves are used as anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antipyretic, vasodilatory, hypotensive, antidiuretic and hypoglycemic agents in traditional medicine. Recently, it has been shown that olive leaf extract (OLE) has calcium channel blocker property; however, its influences on nociceptive threshold and morphine effects have not yet been clarified.

Materials and methods

All experiments were carried out on male Wistar rats. The tail-flick, hot-plate and formalin tests were used to assess the effect of OLE on nociceptive threshold. To determine the effect of OLE on analgesic and hyperalgesic effects of morphine, OLE (6, 12 and 25 mg/kg i.p.) that had no significant nociceptive effect, was injected concomitant with morphine (5 mg/kg and 1 μg/kg i.p., respectively). The tail-flick test was used to assess the effect of OLE on anti- and pro-nociceptive effects of morphine.

Results

The data showed that OLE (50-200 mg/kg i.p.) could produce dose-dependent analgesic effect on tail-flick and hot-plate tests. Administration of 200 mg/kg OLE (i.p.) caused significant decrease in pain responses in the first and the second phases of formalin test. In addition, OLE could potentiate the antinociceptive effect of 5 mg/kg morphine and block low-dose morphine-induced hyperalgesia.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that olive leaf extract has analgesic property in several models of pain and useful influence on morphine analgesia in rats. Therefore, it can be used for the treatment and/or management of painful conditions.  相似文献   

2.

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Juniperus oxycedrus L. (Cupressaceae) fruits and leaves are used internally and pounded fruits are eaten for diabetes in Turkey.

Aim of the study

To evaluate the interrelationships between the levels of chosen trace elements (copper, iron, and zinc) and hepatic, renal lipid peroxidation (TBARS) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus (J.o.s.o.) leaf and fruit extracts for 10 days.

Materials and methods

J.o.s.o. fruit and leaf extracts were administered in STZ-induced diabetic rats, at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg. The blood glucose levels were measured in the 1st, 4th, 7th and 10th day of experiment. Fe, Cu, and Zn contents and lipid peroxidation levels of liver and kidney tissues were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and ultraviolet spectrophotometry, respectively.

Results

Treatment of diabetic rats with the J.o.s.o. fruit and leaf extracts decreased the blood glucose levels and both the levels of lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney tissues. J.o.s.o. extracts have augmented Zn concentrations in liver of STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Conclusions

Results indicated that J.o.s.o. fruit and leaf extracts might be beneficial for diabetes and its complications.  相似文献   

3.

Ethnopharmacological relevance

A traditional mastic named yak? sak?z? prepared from the roots of Scorzonera latifolia (Fisch. and Mey.) DC. is used as a folk remedy for treatment of pain in Turkish folk medicine.

Aim of the study

To isolate and identify the compounds responsible for the antinociceptive activity of S. latifolia using bioassay-guided fractionation.

Materials and methods

The methanolic extract of the S. latifolia roots was prepared and subjected to isolation procedures such as solvent-solvent partitioning and column chromatography. Writhing and tail-flick tests were used to determine the antinociceptive activity.

Results

The n-hexane fraction of the S. latifolia root methanolic extract showed potent antinociceptive activity in both writhing and tail-flick tests. Three compounds were isolated from n-hexane fraction using bioassay-guided chromatographic purification. Isolated compounds were the triterpene taraxasteryl myristate, taraxasteryl acetate, and fern-7-en-3-β-one, structures were elucidated by means of MS and NMR techniques. Both taraxasterol derivatives showed promising antinociceptive activity when compared to reference compounds.

Conclusion

Results of the present study support the usage of S. latifolia in Turkish folk medicine. Both plant root extract and the isolated compounds showed promising antinociceptive activities. Our results suggested that antinociceptive activity of the plant extract is probably caused by the synergistic interaction of the isolated compounds.  相似文献   

4.

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker have been traditionally used in Thailand to treat abscesses, gout, and peptic ulcers.

Aim

Previously, we reported that the chloroform fraction of a Kaempferia parviflora extract had an inhibitory effect on rat paw-edema. In the present study, we isolated the constituents of this fraction and investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanism against nitric oxide (NO) production, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as well as phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK). In addition, effects of trimethylapigenin (4) on the enzyme activities of protein kinases possibly leading to iNOS expression were examined to clarify the targets.

Materials and methods

The chloroform fraction was isolated using silica gel column chromatography and HPLC. Isolated compounds were tested against NO and TNF-α using RAW264.7 cells. Cytotoxicity and iNOS, p-ERK and p-JNK expression were also examined.

Results

Three active components, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (2), trimethylapigenin (4), and tetramethylluteolin (5), markedly inhibited the production of NO in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells. Compounds 2, 4, and 5 moderately inhibited production of TNF-α. Compounds 2, 4, and 5 strongly inhibited expression of iNOS mRNA and iNOS protein in a dose-dependent manner, but did not inhibit p-ERK or p-JNK protein expression. The most active compound, 4, did not inhibit the enzyme activity of inhibitor of κB kinases or mitogen-activated protein kinases, but inhibited that of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK).

Conclusion

The mechanism responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of methoxyflavonoids from the chloroform fraction of the rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora is mainly the inhibition of iNOS expression, and the inhibition of SYK by 4 may be involved in the suppression of LPS-induced signaling in macrophages.  相似文献   

5.

Aim of the study

This study aims to investigate the hypoglycemic properties of Vernonia amygdalina Del. (VA) and its possible mechanisms of action in a single-dose STZ induced diabetic rat model.

Materials and methods

A dose-response study was conducted to determine optimum dose for the hypoglycemic effect of VA in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The optimum dose (400 mg/kg) was used throughout the 28-day chronic study. Body weight, food and water intakes of the rats were monitored daily. Fasting blood serum, pancreas, liver and soleus muscle were collected for biochemical analyses. Chemical composition of VA was analysed using HPLC and LC-ESI-MS.

Results

The study reveals that ethanolic extract of VA contains high level of polyphenols mainly 1,5-dicaffeoyl-quinic acid, dicaffeoyl-quinic acid, chlorogenic acid and luteolin-7-O-glucoside. In an oral glucose tolerance test, 400 mg/kg VA exhibited a significant improvement in glucose tolerance of the STZ-induced diabetic rats. 28-day treatment with 400 mg/kg VA resulted in 32.1% decrease in fasting blood glucose compared to diabetic control. VA also caused significant decrease (18.2% and 41%) in triglyceride and total cholesterol level. Besides, VA showed protective effect over pancreatic β-cells against STZ-induced damage, causing a slight increase in insulin level compared to diabetic control. VA administration also showed positive regulation of the antioxidant system, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic. Furthermore, VA was found to increase expression of GLUT 4 (24%) in rat skeletal muscle. Further tissue fractionation revealed that it can increase the GLUT 4 translocation (35.7%) to plasma membrane as well, suggesting that VA may stimulate skeletal muscle's glucose uptake. This observation is in line with the restoration in skeletal muscle glycogenesis of VA-treated group. However, no alteration was observed in GLUT 1 expression. In addition, VA also suppressed (40% inhibition) one of the key hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase).

Conclusions

VA possesses antihyperglycemic effect, most probably through increasing GLUT 4 translocation and inhibiting hepatic G6Pase. The polyphenols in the extract may be the candidates that are responsible for the above-mentioned biological activities.  相似文献   

6.

Aim of the study

Parkia biglobosa leaves are traditionally used as an antihypertensive agent in Benin. The present study assessed the vasorelaxant activity of different Parkia biglobosa leaf extracts using isolated porcine coronary artery rings.

Materials and methods

A hydroalcoholic leaf extract was submitted to a multi-step liquid-liquid fractionation with solvents of increasing polarity and the polyphenolic content of the different fractions was analyzed. Vascular reactivity of the different extracts was assessed using porcine coronary artery rings, in the presence or absence of specific pharmacological inhibitors.

Results

The hydroalcoholic, ethyl acetate and butanolic extracts contained mainly procyanidins and monomeric flavonoids. Parkia biglobosa leaf crude extract induced a redox-sensitive endothelium-dependent relaxation mediated by both nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). The fractionation of the butanolic extract generated 6 fractions, two of which induced stronger vasorelaxation than the original extract and they had a higher phenolic content.

Conclusions

Parkia biglobosa leaf extract is able to induce endothelium-dependent NO- and EDHF-mediated relaxation in porcine coronary artery rings. The vasorelaxant activity is dependent on their phenolic content and appears to involve mainly procyanidins.  相似文献   

7.

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Zhen-wu-tang (ZWT) is a blended traditional Chinese medicine specifically used for various kidney diseases.

Aim of the study

The present study is to evaluate the effects of ZWT on diabetic nephropathy and investigate the potential anti-diabetic mechanisms.

Materials and methods

Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were orally administrated ZWT (80,320 mg/kg b.w.) once a day, for a period of 12 weeks. Body weight, urinary volume, urine protein and blood biochemical parameters were measured every 3 weeks. At the end of the observation period, kidneys were isolated for histology, angiotensin II content determination, real time PCR and Western blot analyses.

Results

ZWT (320 mg/kg b.w.) prevented body weight loss, reduced polyurea, urinary protein excretion, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, although it did not alter the hyperglycemia. It ameliorated glomerular hypertrophy and expansion of the mesangial area, swell and effacement of foot process. It also suppressed the increased expression of angiotensin II, nephrin and podocin.

Conclusions

Data from this study suggest that ZWT possess a protective effect on renal damage of STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats, by suppressing hyperactivity of renal renin-angiotensin system that turns in to modulate renal nephrin and podocin expressions, thereby protecting podocyte from injury.  相似文献   

8.

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) fruits have been used traditionally for centuries, especially for treating diabetes and associated complications.

Aim of the study

The present study was performed to evaluate neuroprotective effect of lyophilized M. charantia fruit juice against global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion induced neuronal injury in diabetic mice.

Materials and methods

Global cerebral ischemia induced by occluding both common carotid arteries for 10 min followed by 24 h reperfusion was used to induce neuronal injury. Ischemia-reperfusion induced neuronal injury was evaluated in terms of cerebral infarct size, generation of free radicals measured as thiobarbaturic acid reactive substances (TBARS), and neurological functions measured as short term memory and motor activity.

Results

The cerebral oxidative stress and damage, and neurological deficits were dose dependently attenuated by pre-treatment with the lyophilized M. charantia juice (200-800 mg/kg, p.o., o.d.). Moreover, M. charantia also exhibited dose dependent antihyperglycemic activity in diabetic mice.

Conclusions

These results suggest that M. charantia has potent neuroprotective activity against global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced neuronal injury and consequent neurological deficits in diabetic mice.  相似文献   

9.

Aim of the study

The present study was carried out to isolate and identify trans-tiliroside as principal compound with anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects from Potentilla chinesis.

Materials and methods

A bioactive compound, trans-tiliroside was isolated from the ethanol extract of Potentilla chinesis and its administration dose was optimized and patented. The normal, alloxan-induced diabetic mice and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were used to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects of trans-tiliroside from Potentilla chinesis. Biochemical parameters were assayed in blood samples of different groups of alloxan-induced diabetic mice and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Results

The level of fasting serum glucose levels, triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in alloxan-induced diabetic mice were significantly decrease after daily oral administration of trans-tiliroside in normal and diabetic mice at doses of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 mg/kg/day, for 15 days. Blood glucose level was significant decrease in STZ induced diabetic rats by trans-tiliroside (1.2 and 0.3 mg/kg body weight for 10 weeks). The content of TC, low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and TG levels were decreased and high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) content was increased, so lipid metabolism was improved. Moreover, trans-tiliroside revealed antioxidant activity as shown by increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), decreased level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in diabetic rats. Histological morphology examination showed that the trans-tiliroside restored the damage of pancreas tissues in rats with diabetes mellitus.

Conclusion

Trans-tiliroside, a constituent from Potentilla chinesis, revealed significant anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities.  相似文献   

10.

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The plant Cocos nucifera Linn. (Arecaceae) is commonly known as coconut. Traditionally the juice of the young spadix when fresh is used in diarrhea and diabetes.The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of antidiabetic activity and effect on lipid profile as well as cardioprotective effect of hydro-methanol extract of Cocos nucifera (HECN) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

Materials and methods

After 72 h of STZ (50 mg/kg, b.w. i.p.) administration, animals showing plasma sugar level more than 250 mg/dl were considered as diabetic rat. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were measured on 0th (after 72 h of STZ), 5th, 10th, and 15th day. On the 15th day all the animals were sacrificed and the serum biochemical parameters and antioxidant enzyme status were measured.

Results

HECN treated animals showed a significant reduction in FBG level as compared with diabetic control group. Serum enzyme level (SGOT, SGPT, SALP), lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme level such as CAT, GSH, SOD and cholesterol and triglycerides in the HECN treated groups were restored towards normal level as compared to diabetic control groups and the values were comparable with the standard groups (glibenclamide).

Conclusion

Improvement in the FBG and the restoration of all other biomarker as well as enzymes indicates that HECN has very good antidiabetic activity with very low side effects and provides a scientific rationale for the use as an antidiabetic agent.  相似文献   

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