金银花配方颗粒的位点特异性PCR鉴别研究

中药配方颗粒已失去所有形态学辨识特征,传统鉴定方法无法有效鉴定其真伪。该文使用位点特异性PCR鉴别技术,根据金银花trnL-trnF的一个SNP位点设计特异性鉴别引物,对金银花基原植物及配方颗粒进行鉴定。经过优化DNA提取方法后,药材与配方颗粒均成功提取到DNA,金银花基原植物及配方颗粒均可扩增获得约110 bp的条带,混伪品无条带。且BLAST结果比对证明PCR产物序列为金银花trnL-trnF序列。该文研究结果表明,DNA分子鉴定方法可弥补性状、显微鉴别局限性,对中药配方颗粒真实性进行快速准确的鉴定,为其生产、流通、用药安全提供科学依据和保障。     

何首乌等位基因特异性PCR鉴别方法研究

目的建立一种快速鉴别何首乌真伪的方法。方法通过何首乌及其混伪品的psb A-trn H基因序列,寻找SNP位点并设计特异性引物,对来自于不同产地的何首乌及其3个同属混伪品进行PCR扩增,优化反应体系条件,并对此方法进行考察。结果建立了何首乌特异性PCR的方法,在退火温度48℃、循环次数30时仅有何首乌能扩增得到191 bp的特异性条带,伪品则无。结论等位基因特异性PCR鉴别何首乌真伪方法简单、可靠。     

地龙的多重位点特异性PCR鉴别

目的:近年来,中药材地龙的商品价格不断上涨,市场的混伪品随之增加。其主要鉴别特征在药材中大部分丢失,难以区分。因此,急需建立一种准确、稳定的中药材地龙基原鉴别方法。方法:根据地龙及其混伪品的COI基因序列差异找到变异位点,从而设计参环毛蚓、通俗环毛蚓、威廉环毛蚓及栉盲环毛蚓的特异性鉴别引物,优化反应体系并进行耐受性和适用性的考察和验证。在此基础上将特异性引物组合,构建多重聚合酶链式反应(PCR)体系,从而建立了一种高效准确、操作简便、专属性强、重复性好的中药材地龙及其常见混伪品的多重位点PCR鉴别方法。结果:在该方法下广地龙基原参环毛蚓可得到366 bp片段,沪地龙基原通俗环毛蚓和威廉环毛蚓可得到487 bp片段,栉盲环毛蚓可得到475 bp片段,其他混伪品均无条带。将之组合形成的多重PCR可在一次鉴定操作中根据条带位置同时鉴别沪地龙和广地龙。结论:该文所建立的多重位点特异性PCR鉴别方法可准确鉴别中药材地龙真伪。     

柴胡及其常见伪品的DNA指纹鉴定

目的:建立柴胡及其伪品DNA指纹鉴别方法.方法:采用改良的CTAB法提取柴胡及常见伪品的干根基因组DNA,设计鉴别正品柴胡及其伪品的特异性引物,利用PCR扩增技术对正品柴胡及其伪品进行DNA指纹鉴定.结果:改良的CTAB法提取出大小为23 kb的基因组DNA条带,纯度在(1.71±0.11),且经特异引物PCR扩增,只有正品柴胡能扩增出173bp大小的片段,而伪品未能扩增出目的片段.结论:柴胡DNA具有特异性指纹特征,可作为市售柴胡的真伪鉴定依据.     

特异性PCR鉴别蜈蚣及其混伪品

目的:蜈蚣是我国传统的中药材,具有良好的药用价值。目前市场上蜈蚣的混伪品日益增多,临床用药的安全性和有效性难以保证。该研究建立了一种蜈蚣基原物种的特异性聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法,以准确、简便的鉴别蜈蚣及其常见混伪品。方法:通过比较蜈蚣及其混伪品基原物种的COI基因序列差异,根据变异位点设计蜈蚣正品少棘巨蜈蚣的特异性鉴别引物WG-500.F和WG-500.R,采集蜈蚣原动物样本及药材样本,优化反应体系并对此方法进行耐受性和适用性的考察和验证。结果:少棘巨蜈蚣原动物样本及蜈蚣正品药材使用设计的蜈蚣鉴别引物经PCR扩增和凝胶电泳后出约500 bp的单一明亮条带,其他混伪品如多棘蜈蚣、模棘蜈蚣、哈氏蜈蚣、海南蜈蚣等均无条带出现。结论:PCR鉴别方法可准确鉴别蜈蚣原动物和药材的真伪,具有高度特异性,为中药材蜈蚣的真伪鉴别提供了良好的科学依据。该方法具有简单、直观等特点,有利于广泛的普及与应用,在中药材鉴定方面有着广阔的应用前景。     

五倍子配方颗粒的位点特异性PCR鉴别

目的:为保障临床用药的安全性和有效性,建立五倍子药材及其加工制品混伪、掺假特异性聚合酶链式反应(PCR)鉴定方法。方法:根据五倍子细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(COⅠ)基因序列设计引物,筛选出五倍子的稳定引物区间,并在区间内筛选获得五倍子的特异性单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点,根据SNP位点设计五倍子特异性鉴别引物WBZ-F、WBZ-R,分别收集五倍子及其混伪品,建立五倍子配方颗粒特异性PCR鉴别方法并优化PCR体系,对该方法进行耐受性和适用性考察。结果:退火温度为53℃,循环36次,五倍子及其配方颗粒经PCR及凝胶电泳后,可在约138 bp处观察到单一明亮的特异性鉴别条带,伪品倍蛋蚜虫虫瘿无条带。结论:建立的特异性PCR鉴别方法可准确鉴别五倍子药材、标准汤剂冻干粉、配方颗粒中的五倍子蚜虫源性成分,也可为其他中药配方颗粒的质量标准研究提供参考。     

牛膝及川牛膝配方颗粒位点特异性PCR鉴别研究

为建立一种稳定准确鉴定牛膝和川牛膝配方颗粒的方法。该文使用位点特异性PCR技术,根据牛膝和川牛膝ITS序列的SNP位点设计特异性鉴别引物,经过优化DNA提取方法后,使用牛膝特异性引物进行扩增,牛膝基原植物和牛膝配方颗粒均可扩增出187 bp特异性条带,川牛膝及混伪品无条带;使用川牛膝特异性引物进行扩增,川牛膝基原植物和川牛膝配方颗粒均可扩增出162 bp特异性条带。并利用所建立的方法对不同生产企业的牛膝和川牛膝配方颗粒进行鉴别,可以充分弥补传统鉴别方法的局限性。     

特异性PCR方法鉴别鳖甲药材和饮片

鳖甲为临床常用的动物药材,炮制加工后鳖甲药材及饮片形态特征丢失,难以鉴别。为建立高效稳定的鳖甲DNA鉴别方法,该研究将SDS法与柱纯化相结合,使用通用引物进行PCR扩增和测序,并根据鳖甲及其混伪品序列差异,寻找特异性SNP位点设计了鉴别引物,对PCR反应条件进行优化,并进行适用性及准确性考察。当退火温度为62℃,循环次数为35,使用设计的鳖甲特异性鉴别引物Biejia-272.F/R进行PCR扩增,鳖甲药材、饮片及醋鳖甲均扩增获得约300 bp的特异性鉴别条带,混伪品无条带。该方法可作为一种快速准确鉴别鳖甲正伪品的鉴定方法。     

基于物种特异性PCR方法的鸡内金真伪鉴别

目的:建立鉴别鸡内金及其常见伪品的物种特异性聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法,对全国中药材及饮片专项抽验任务中所抽取的鸡内金饮片进行真伪鉴别,评价市场上鸡内金的真伪情况。方法:根据鸡、鸭、鹅的12S序列差异,设计或优化物种特异性PCR鉴别引物,对影响PCR结果的主要因素退火温度,PCR循环次数,模板DNA浓度,Taq酶种类等进行方法学考察和优化。使用优化的特异性PCR方法对鸡、鸭、鹅内金样品进行DNA分子鉴别。结果:在进行方法学考察确定最优鉴别条件的基础上,当PCR退火温度为55℃,循环次数为30次的条件下,当使用文中筛选得到的鸡物种特异性鉴别引物时,所测鸡内金饮片均检出约为273 bp的特异性扩增条带,混伪品鸭内金和鹅内金均无相应扩增条带;当使用鸭和鹅鉴别引物时,均未检出相应的扩增条带。结论:位点特异性PCR方法能够快速准确的鉴别出鸡内金真伪品,可用于全国中药材及饮片专项抽验任务中鸡内金的真伪鉴定,目前市场上用鸭内金和鹅内金充鸡内金现象较少,质量评价较好。     

鹿茸、鹿角的位点特异性PCR鉴别

目的:建立一种快速、高效、简便的鹿茸、鹿角位点特异性聚合酶链式反应(PCR)鉴别方法。方法:通过比较梅花鹿、马鹿及其混伪品的COI,Cytb基因序列差异,根据Cytb片段上的3个SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism)变异位点设计出一对鹿茸的特异性鉴别引物LR-238上游和LR-238下游,并对影响PCR结果的主要因素退火温度,PCR循环次数,模板DNA浓度,Taq酶用量和及影响重复性的Taq酶种类和PCR仪型号等进行方法学考察和优化。结果:进行方法学考察确定最优鉴别条件的基础上,当PCR退火温度为56℃,循环次数为35次的条件下,鹿茸、鹿角正品均能扩增出约250 bp片段,其他9种混伪品麋鹿、白唇鹿、水鹿、坡鹿、黇鹿、骡鹿、驯鹿、驼鹿、狍及阴性对照无条带。不同来源的药用的马鹿亚种东北马鹿、塔河马鹿、天山马鹿、阿拉善马鹿、阿勒泰马鹿、新西兰马鹿,梅花鹿亚种东北梅花鹿、华南梅花鹿样品使用建立的位点特异性PCR鉴别方法均产生约250 bp特异性鉴别条带。结论:该文设计的鉴别引物具有高度的专属性,所建立的位点特异性PCR鉴别方法可用于鹿茸、鹿角的准确鉴别。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

Experimental study on anti-inflammatory activity of a TCM recipe consisting of the supercritical fluid CO2 extract of Chrysanthemum indicum, Patchouli Oil and Zedoary Turmeric Oil in vivo

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Chrysanthemum indicum (Compositae) Linné, Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth and Curcuma wenyujin (Zingiberaceae) Y. H. Chen et C. Ling are three of the extensively used herbal remedies among traditional Chinese medicines for the purpose of anti-inflammation. A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) recipe named CPZ consisting extracts of the above three herbs, has shown noteworthy anti-influenza activity, which is closely related to its anti-inflammatory feature.

Aim of this study

To investigated the anti-inflammtory activity of CPZ in vivo for a further exploration of the recipe's anti-inflammatory properties.

Materials and methods

The anti-inflammatory property of CPZ on acute inflammation was evaluated by inflammatory models of dimethylbenzene (DMB)-induced ear vasodilatation and acetic acid-induced capillary permeability enhancement in mice, as well as the carrageenan-induced paw edema rat model, in which inflammation-related cytokine including prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nitric oxide (NO) in the edematous paw tissue were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, effect of CPZ on chronic inflammation was observed through granuloma formation in rats subjected to cotton pellet implantation.

Results

CPZ (340, 170, and 85 mg/kg for mice, p.o.) not only decreased the DMB-induced ear vasodilatation but also attenuated capillary permeability under acetic acid challenge in mice. And the significant inhibition on carrageenan-induced paw edema was observed. Further more, the ELISA results showed that CPZ (170, 85, and 42.5 mg/kg for rats, p.o.) could up-regulate the level of IL-1β in the edema paw tissue of rats significantly while down-regulate that of PGE₂, but no apparent effect on TNF-α or NO was observed in the test. Besides, CPZ had a certain degree of restraining effect on the cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats and the highest dose of 170 mg/kg even showed a significant suppression on it.

Conclusion

The above results indicated that CPZ possessed a potent anti-inflammatory activity, which is indicated to be closely associated with its regulation on IL-1β and PGE₂ thereby mediating the inflammatory response acting at an appropriate level.     

Regulation effects on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism of TZQ-F,a new kind of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Aim of the study

Based on the recipe of the traditional anti-diabetic formula TZQ, we developed TZQ-F, a new formula including 8 fractions isolated from Red Paeony root, Mulberry leaf, Lotus leaf, Danshen root and Hawthorn leaf with a good quality assurance. The study was aimed at fraction preparation and effects of the fractions on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism.

Materials and methods

The active fractions were obtained by macroporous resin, ion-exchange resin and polyamide resin column chromatographies. HPLC analyses were used for quality control. In vitro mechanism study included DPPH radical scavenging, AGEs formation inhibition, α-glucosidase inhibition and lipase inhibition, and rats on high-fat diet were used for in vivo study.

Results

In vitro mechanism study showed that among the 8 fractions, three of them had inhibition effects on intestinal disaccharase, three with inhibition effects on lipase, and five with effects of free radical scavenging. In vivo study showed that after 4 weeks of treatment, TZQ-F significantly decreased the levels of serum total cholesterol, TG, glucose, LDL-C and HDL-C in rats on high-fat diet. Consistent with the in vitro and in vivo results, histology study demonstrated that TZQ-F alleviated hepatic steatosis induced by high-fat diet.

Conclusions

TZQ-F possesses the potential regulation effects on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism.     

木蝴蝶种子化学成分研究

目的:研究紫葳科Bignoniaceae植物木蝴蝶Oroxylum indicum种子的化学成分.方法:采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱等手段进行分离纯化,通过化合物的理化常数和波谱数据鉴定其结构.结果:从木蝴蝶种子的95％乙醇提取物中分离并鉴定了20个化合物,分别为木蝴蝶苷A(1)、木蝴蝶苷B(2)、白杨黄素(3)、黄芩苷元(4)、槲皮素(5)、芹菜素(6)、山柰酚(7)、槲皮素-3-O-阿拉伯吡喃糖苷(8)、羽扇豆醇(9)、2α,3β-二羟基羽扇豆醇(10)、赤松素(11)、二氢赤松素(12)、胆甾-5-烯-3,7-二醇(13)、连翘环己醇(14)、异连翘环己醇(15)、zarzissine(16)、(E)-银松素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(17)、腺苷(18)、β-谷甾醇(19) 、β-胡萝卜苷(20).结论:化合物11-13,15～18为首次从木蝴蝶植物中分离得到,其中除化合物18外,其余6个化合物均为首次从紫葳科植物中获得.     

Evaluation of the wound healing effect of some Jordanian traditional medicinal plants formulated in Pluronic F127 using mice (Mus musculus)

The wound healing effect of the aqueous extracts of Inula viscosa, Ajuga chia, Rubia taenifolia and Parieteria diffusa, and the oil of Laurus nobilis, dispersed in water, were examined. The 10% (w/w) Pluronic F127 (PF127) was added to the applied preparations, in order to modify the aqueous extracts viscosity, and to stabilize the oil dispersion. A full thickness wound was made in the dorsal area of the mice. The wounds were treated with the different preparations with 12h intervals for four times in two successive days. For 16 days, the wounds were visually observed, photographically documented and the wound area was measured. After day 16, the animals were sacrificed and the histology of the wound area was examined. The best wound healing activity was observed with the extract of Inula viscosa, followed by Parieteria diffusa, Laurus nobilis, Ajuga chia and the least active extract was that of Rubia taenifolia.     

常用藏药“蒂达”(藏茵陈)基原物种药用合理性及资源利用价值评价

目的:对“蒂达”各品种不同基原植物药用合理性及其资源利用价值作出评价.方法:采用HPLC指纹图谱共有特征峰、结合SPSS聚类分析方法,评价“蒂达”不同品种基原植物的成分组成相似性.结果:“蒂达”不同品种涉及的来源有龙胆科獐牙菜属、花锚属、扁蕾属及肋柱花属共15种1变种33个样品,指纹图谱全谱相似度较差;以10个共有峰成分的相对面积聚类,其基原植物可分别聚为4个组;上述4个属的属间成分组成差异较大;其中獐牙菜属不同种间成分组成变化较大,而其他各属种间成分组成相似度较高.结论:上述龙胆科4属植物均含有具有保肝利胆生物活性的环烯醚萜类、(山)酮类及三萜类成分,藏医学将其归为“蒂达”一类药材使用具有一定的物质基础;鉴于“蒂达”类药材不同基原各品种间在成分组成上差异较大,分别制定各品种的HPLC指纹图谱,是鉴别和控制各品种质量的有效手段,可有效控制各基原品种质量.     

四川藏羌地区五加属主要资源种类的HPLC 指纹图谱特征和种类鉴定

目的:建立四川藏羌地区五加属主要资源种类的HPLC指纹图谱,为鉴别其种类提供依据.方法:采用梯度洗脱方法,以Kromasil C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),柱温30℃,以甲醇-0.5％磷酸水溶液为流动相.建立四川藏羌地区五加属药材的指纹图谱,并采用“中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统”软件进行相似度的计算.结果:建立的方法重现性较好,并根据检测结果确定了12个共有特征峰.应用DPSv3.0统计软件对获得的HPLC数量化特征进行系统聚类分析(组间距离法,欧氏距离),聚类分析结果为S1与S2,S3红毛五加药材的不同药用部位,成分最为接近;其次是S5(糙叶藤五加茎皮);再其次分别是S4(蜀五加茎皮)、S8(香加皮药材)、S6(刺五加药材)和S7(五加皮药材).结论:所建立的HPLC指纹图谱对四川藏羌地区五加属主要资源种类的鉴别具有参考价值.