不同炮制方法对栀子姜炙前后二萜色素类成分的影响

目的：比较不同方法炮制的姜栀子中二萜色素类成分的变化情况。方法：按照《全国中药炮制规范》和《北京市中药饮片炮制规范》收载的方法分别炮制姜栀子,以HPLC法对两种姜栀子进行3个二萜色素苷及1个二萜色素苷元含量的比较。结果：两种方法炮制的姜栀子与生栀子相比,藏红花糖苷-1（crocin-1）和藏红花糖苷-2（crocin-2）含量显著降低,藏红花糖苷-3（crocin-3）含量无明显变化,藏红花酸（crocetin）含量明显增加。结论：两种姜炙法对栀子二萜色素苷类成分均有较大影响,而且辅料姜汁的加入方式对该类成分的变化也有着不同程度的影响,“先拌姜汁后炒”《北京市中药饮片炮制规范》的姜炙方法对二萜色素苷类成分的影响明显大于“炒中喷姜汁”《全国中药饮片炮制规范》。应进一步开展两种姜栀子以及藏红花酸糖苷-1和藏红花酸糖苷-2不同比例的药理作用比较研究,以科学揭示二者的炮制原理。     

栀子炭炮制工艺研究

采用正交试验法，对栀子炭的炮制工艺进行优选。结果表明，栀子炭的最佳炮制工艺为２１０℃烘制１０ｍｉｎ。     

基于Box-Behnken设计-响应面法和电子眼的栀子姜炙工艺研究

目的 对栀子姜炙过程中的外观性状、含量变化进行客观量化,以此优选出姜栀子的最佳炮制工艺。方法 建立Box-Behnken设计-响应面法(Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology,BBD-RSM)考察炒制火力、炒制时间、姜汁用量3因素对姜炙过程的影响;采用CM-5型分光测色计(电子眼)从外在角度测定栀子姜炙后的颜色变化(同时辅以姜炙后的气味变化综合得分);选取栀子苷与西红花苷I2个指标性成分的含量作为内在指标,结合醇溶性浸出物的含量变化进行组合加权评分,以评分作为响应值,在此基础上优选出姜栀子的最佳炮制工艺并用试验进行验证。结果 姜栀子的最佳炮制工艺为炒制功率400 W、炒制时间4.5 min、姜汁用量10%。最佳工艺的色度范围为L^*:44.600～45.500,a^*:21.800～22.700,b^*:23.500～23.700,Eab^*:55.300～56.600。含量测定结果表明,栀子饮片经姜炙后京尼平龙胆双糖苷、栀子苷的含量均有上升,西红花苷...     

正交试验法优选姜半夏炮制工艺

目的筛选确定姜半夏最佳炮制工艺。方法采用L9（3）4正交试验法,以姜半夏中有机酸、生物碱和白矾残留量为考察指标,用综合加权评分法优选姜半夏炮制工艺。结果白矾用量为主要影响因素,生姜用量影响不显著,优选的炮制工艺为：每100 g半夏用生姜25 g,白矾12.5 g,煮制5 h。结论优选得到的炮制工艺简便易行,有良好的重复性和可操作性,有助于姜半夏质量控制。     

姜厚朴的微波炮制工艺研究

目的:优选微波炮制姜厚朴的最佳工艺。方法:采用正交试验法,以HPLC测得的厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的总含量为考察指标,优选姜厚朴的最佳炮制工艺。结果:微波炮制姜厚朴的最佳工艺为:生姜用量10%,微波功率550W,微波时间20min。结论:微波炮制姜厚朴的工艺合理可行,其HPLC方法准确,重复性好,适用于厚朴饮片的质量控制。     

正交设计法优选建昌帮姜制天麻炮制工艺研究

目的优选建昌帮姜制天麻炮制工艺。方法以天麻素和天麻苷元的含量为评价指标,采用L9(34)正交设计法,对炮制工艺中浸润时间、姜汁的用量、烘干温度3个因素进行优选。结果姜制天麻的炮制工艺:以浸润时间为15h,姜汁用量为0.12 g·g~(-1)(占药材质量总比例),烘干温度为20℃。结论优选的炮制工艺合理,稳定可行。     

多指标正交试验优化姜黄连炮制工艺

目的:通过正交试验设计,探索量化的姜黄连评价指标,对姜黄连的炮制工艺进行优化。方法:选择生姜用量、炮制时间和炮制温度3个因素,采用L9(34)安排试验,以姜黄连指纹图谱峰面积、抑菌作用为指标,进行综合评价。结果:姜黄连饮片最佳工艺为:取黄连饮片加20%姜汁闷润,待姜汁被吸尽后,置烘箱中烘制,温度100℃,时间90 min,取出,放凉。结论:优化的炮制工艺结果可靠,同药典法比容易操作,评价指标可控。     

正交试验法优选炒栀子的炮制工艺

目的:优选炒栀子的炮制工艺。方法:以水浸出物、醇浸出物、栀子苷、西红花苷-Ⅰ及西红花苷-Ⅱ的综合评分为指标,采用单因素试验和正交试验考察炒制温度和炒制时间对炒栀子炮制工艺的影响。结果:炒制时间对炮制工艺的影响>炒制温度,最佳炮制工艺为150℃炒15 min。结论:优选的炮制工艺稳定性好,能更好地保证炒栀子的质量。     

熟地黄酒炖法炮制工艺研究

目的:基于正交试验优化熟地黄酒炖法炮制工艺。方法:采用L_9(3~4)正交试验设计,以性状评分及毛蕊花糖苷、5-羟甲基糠醛、水溶性浸出物的含量为指标,以闷润时间、黄酒用量、蒸制时间为考察因素,利用综合指标评分法对正交试验结果进行评价,优选熟地黄酒炖法炮制工艺,并进行炮制工艺验证。结果:优选的熟地黄酒炖法炮制工艺参数为每100g生地黄,加黄酒50g,隔水炖制8h;验证试验中3批样品的综合评分分别为89.73、82.28、86.34,RSD为4.33%。结论:优选的熟地黄酒炖法炮制工艺合理,可为熟地黄酒炖法炮制工艺提供客观评价指标。     

川乌高温烘制工艺优选

目的:优选川乌高温烘制工艺.方法:HPLC和滴定法测定炮制品中6种生物碱和总生物碱的含量,并以此为指标,选取烘制时间、烘制温度及软化方式等为考察因素,采用正交试验法综合评价其高温烘制工艺.结果:川乌高温烘制的最佳工艺为A5B3C1,即川乌经润透法处理,110℃烘制8h.结论:该优选工艺简单可行且易于控制,可替代川乌传统炮制工艺.     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

贝母类药材湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis系统位置的探讨——来自ITS,rpl16,matK序列的证据

湖北贝母为传统中药,然而《Flora of China》将其基原植物湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis归并于天目贝母F.monantha项下。该实验采用分子系统学方法,以川百合Lilium davidii为外类群,用核基因ITS序列和叶绿体基因rpl16序列、matK序列等3个片段对湖北贝母及其近缘类群天目贝母F.monantha、安徽贝母F.anhuiensis等进行联合建树分析,对湖北贝母植物的系统位置进行了探讨,为湖北贝母药材的安全使用提供分子证据。结果显示,分子系统树上,3种贝母各自的居群聚为一支,之后天目贝母与安徽贝母聚为一支,最后与湖北贝母聚为一支。表明湖北贝母与天目贝母的亲缘关系可能要远于安徽贝母与天目贝母之间的关系,因此不适宜将湖北贝母归并于天目贝母。     

金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆金银花类药用植物4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase,IspE)和4-羟基-3-甲基-2-邻苯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase,IspH)基因,并对其基因序列、蛋白特性和转录活性进行分析、比较.方法:从忍冬Lonicera japonica转录组测序结果中分析获得了IspE,IspH基因.分别以忍冬、红白忍冬L.japonica var.chinensis、红腺忍冬L.hypoglauca和水忍冬L.dasystyla新鲜花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了4种金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因的全长cDNA.运用生物信息学分析软件,预测编码蛋白的结构和功能,并通过RT-PCR检测IspE和IspH在忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬花蕾中的转录情况.结果:金银花类药用植物IspE基因含有1个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 221 bp,编码406个氨基酸;IspH含有一个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸.IspE和IspH均为非分泌蛋白,均定位于叶绿体中.RT-PCR分析结果表明在忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬的花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平没有显著差异,但红白忍冬花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平均显著高于忍冬.结论:克隆获得忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬中IspE,IspH基因,并证实了其在不同金银花类药用植物中的表达,为进一步研究IspE,IspH基因对萜类化合物生物合成和花香气以及颜色的影响奠定了基础.     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.