中药水蛭提取及精制工艺的研究

目的:研究中药水蛭的提取及精制工艺,为水蛭提取物入制剂工艺提供技术依据。方法:依正交试验法,逆流循环提取技术,以效价法检测抗凝血酶活性为指标,对水蛭提取工艺进行优化,并运用膜分离技术对提取液进行精制。结果:最佳工艺为以12倍量0.9%氯化钠溶液提取5 h,循环3次最好,选择相对分子质量为30×103和0.5×103的膜即可达到精制的目的。结论:该提取、精制工艺稳定、合理、可行。     

蚂蟥中抗凝血活性组分的提取精制工艺研究

目的:对蚂蟥中抗凝血活性组分的提取、精制工艺进行优化.方法:以抗凝活性为指标,采用单因素及正交实验考察提取精制工艺.结果:最佳工艺为蚂蟥药材用4倍量40%的丙酮常温浸渍提取4次,每次24 h,提取液浓缩后先用60%的乙醇除杂,再用85%的乙醇沉淀出活性组分,并真空干燥,whitnumin的提取率为0.072%.结论:该提取工艺方法简单、科学,有推广应用价值.     

组合式膜分离对银黄方水煎剂中有效成分分离的研究

目的:探讨膜分离技术用于银黄口服液制备的可行性.方法:采用超滤和纳滤组合方式对银黄水煎液进行分离、浓缩,用HPLC法,以有效成分黄芩苷、绿原酸为检测指标,与水煎液相应成分比较,计算收率.结果:所得纳滤膜浓缩液有效成分收率黄芩苷84.12%,绿原酸91.30%;澄明度好.结论:膜分离方法用于银黄水煎剂中有效成分的分离,有效成分收率高、澄明度好,工艺合理、简单可行.     

膜分离技术在板蓝根颗粒生产中的应用

目的研究用膜分离技术精制及浓缩板蓝根水提液的工艺。方法以药液质量和膜运行指标优选出板蓝根精制浓缩的膜分离工艺，并通过中试加以检验。结果所优选的G2＋GM＋R02膜分离工艺中试运行稳定，流膏内在质量较传统的工艺更优。结论G2＋GM＋R0：膜分离工艺可以对板蓝根水提取液进行有效的精制和浓缩，在技术上已基本具备工业化的条件。     

地龙抗血栓有效部位的提取方法初探

目的:考察地龙中抗血栓有效部位的提取方法。方法:分别用水和50%、70%、80%乙醇,渗漉,水提取、50%醇沉以及稀HCl和磷酸缓冲液提取物进行体外对兔血凝血酶原时间的影响和抗凝血酶作用试验。结果:从抗凝血试验看,地龙的乙醇渗漉液优于地龙的水提液。结论:以70%乙醇对地龙进行渗漉提取方法简便,适于工业化生产。     

响应曲面法优化鲜地龙可溶性蛋白提取工艺

目的优化鲜地龙中可溶性蛋白的提取工艺。方法冰浴超声提取法,采用响应曲面Box-Benhnken设计,考察搅碎时间、料液比、提取液的p H对可溶性蛋白得率的影响,对鲜地龙可溶性蛋白冰浴超声提取工艺进行优化。结果冰浴超声提取鲜地龙蛋白的最佳工艺条件为加入2倍量p H 7.46的缓冲液后搅碎256 s,再加入4.63倍的缓冲液冰浴超声15 min,此条件下蛋白质得率为21.01%。结论冰浴超声法简单、快速、高效,工艺稳定可行,适用于鲜地龙可溶性蛋白提取。     

响应面分析法优化湿法超微粉碎地龙蛋白的提取工艺

目的:优选采用湿法超微粉碎法提取地龙蛋白的工艺.方法:在单因素试验基础上,以浸泡时间、料液比、提取温度、粉碎时间为影响因素,蛋白质得率为响应值,根据中心组合试验设计原理采用四因素三水平的4.7h分析法,对湿法超 微粉碎提取地龙蛋白条件进行优化.结果:湿法超微粉碎提取地龙蛋白的最佳工艺条件为浸泡时间4.7 h,料液比1∶11,提取温度17℃,粉碎时间10 min.在此条件下蛋白质得率3.46％.结论:湿法超微粉碎提取技术适用于地龙蛋白提取.该试验优选提取工艺稳定可行,适于工业化推广.     

不同干燥方法对猴头菌-地龙生物转化物水提浓缩液抗凝血活性的影响

目的:优选猴头菌-地龙生物转化物水提浓缩液的最佳干燥方法及工艺参数。方法:以体外抗凝血活性为评价指标,首先采用响应面分析法优化其喷雾干燥工艺参数,再比较喷雾干燥(按最优参数)、常压干燥、减压干燥对其体外抗凝血活性的影响,从而优选其最佳干燥方法。结果:最优喷雾干燥工艺参数为:药液相对密度1.10g/m L,进风温度142℃,泵药速度2.00 r/min。3种干燥方法抗凝血活性(APTT值)大小为:喷雾干燥减压干燥(P=0.0001),喷雾干燥常压干燥(P=0.0001),而常压干燥≈减压干燥(P=0.1539)。结论:建议工业化生产中,其提取浓缩液采用喷雾干燥法制备干浸膏粉为佳。     

中药提取与精制现代新技术的研究进展

近年来中药材及中成药复方制剂的研究得到了飞速的发展，出现了一些新型、高效的提取与精制新技术、新方法。提取方法有超临界流体萃取法，微波萃取法、超声提取法，荷电提取法，酶法提取技术，半仿生提取法等。精制方法有：分子蒸馏技术、超速离心法，膜分离法，大孔吸附树脂法，澄清剂吸附法等。     

USMM技术在丹参提取分离中的应用探讨

目的:探讨USMM联用技术在丹参活性成分提取分离中的应用.方法:采用SFE-CO2提取分离丹参酮类脂溶性成分,超声提取丹参酚酸类水溶性成分,膜分离与大孔树脂纯化丹参水提物,以丹参活性成分的转移率及纯度为考察指标,探索USMM技术在丹参提取分离中的可行性.结果:丹参SFE-CO2萃取工艺稳定、可行;丹参SFE渣超声提取物丹参酚酸类成分提取率高;大孔树脂纯化技术能提高丹参活性成分的纯度;膜分离及膜分离与大孔树脂技术联用对丹参酚酸的纯化工艺还有待进一步研究.结论:USMM技术应用于丹参活性成分提取分离基本可行.     

列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属植物传统药物学调查

通过野外资源调查、整理各大标本馆标本原始记录和查阅文献记载等方法,系统整理、总结、归纳了列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属民族药用植物种类、功效及民间使用情况,结果表明列当属6种药用植物在4个少数民族间作为7种民族药应用,草苁蓉属2种药用植物在8个少数民族间作为10种民族药应用,肉苁蓉属2种药用植物在3个少数民族间作为3种民族药应用,且同种药用植物常作不同民族药;发现3属植物的传统疗效主要集中在补肾壮阳、止血和止痛3个方面,并且该传统疗效与现代药理研究结果基本吻合。因此深入研究植物种类丰富的列当属植物资源对缓解肉苁蓉植物资源匮乏局面和扩大药源具有积极意义。     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

Antimalarial and safety evaluation of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern: In-vitro and in-vivo study

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Many of the effective therapeutic strategies have been derived from ethnopharmacologically used natural products. Pluchea lanceolata is an herb employed in Indian folk medicine for malaria like fever but it lacks proper pharmacological intervention.

Aim of the study

To evaluate antimalarial and safety profile of Pluchea lanceolata: an in-vitro, in-vivo for its ethnopharmacological validation.

Materials and methods

Methanol, butanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, hexane extracts and its isolate, taraxasterol acetate (TxAc) were obtained from air dried aerial part of Pluchea lanceolata. These were tested in-vitro against chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum NF54 by measuring the parasite specific lactate dehydrogenase activity. The most potent hexane extract and TxAc were further validated for in-vivo antimalarial and safety evaluation. TxAc, a pentacyclic-triterpene isolated from the most active fraction was further evaluated with special emphasis on inflammatory mediators involved in malaria pathogenesis. Murine malaria was induced by intra-peritoneal injection of Plasmodium berghei infected red blood cells to the male Swiss inbred mice. Mice were orally treated following Peters 4-Day suppression test. In-vivo antimalarial efficacy was examined by evaluating the parasitaemia, percent survival, mean survival time, blood glucose, haemoglobin and pro-inflammatory mediators involved in malaria pathogenesis.

Results

Hexane extract and TxAc showed promising antimalarial activity in-vitro and in-vivo condition. TxAc attributed in inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as afford to significant increase in the blood glucose and haemoglobin level when compared with vehicle treated infected mice. We have not observed the synergistic action of combinations of chloroquine and TxAc from our experimental results. In-vitro and in-vivo safety evaluation study revealed that hexane extract is non toxic at higher concentration.

Conclusion

Present study further validates the ancient Indian traditional knowledge and use of Pluchea lanceolata as an antimalarial agent. Study confirms the suitability of Pluchea lanceolata as a candidate for further studies to obtain a prototype for antimalarial medicine.     

追风伞中黄酮类成分的研究

目的:对追风伞中的黄酮类成分进行分离、鉴定。方法:追风伞干燥全草用95%乙醇溶液加热回流提取,减压回收乙醇,浓缩液依次用石油醚、氯仿萃取后,水层部分利用大孔吸附树脂、硅胶柱色谱、反相Rp-18柱色谱及重结晶等方法进行分离及纯化,并通过1H-NMR,13C-NMR,EI-MS及理化常数对分离化合物进行结构鉴定。结果:从追风伞提取物中分离鉴定9个黄酮类化合物,分别为:木犀草素(1),木犀草素-4′-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2),刺槐素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(3),芦丁(4),刺槐素(5),槲皮素(6),槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7),山柰酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(8),异鼠李素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(9)。结论:所得化合物均为首次从追风伞中分离鉴定。     

In vitro and in vivo anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of Calophyllum brasiliense Camb.

Aims of the study

Calophyllum brasiliense (Camb.) is a medicinal tree that grows particularly in the hilly and forested regions of Brazil. Preparations from its stem bark are popular remedies for the treatment of chronic ulcers. Since earlier investigations on bark extracts evidenced gastroprotective and gastric acid inhibitory properties, this study evaluated the effects of hydroethanolic extract (HEECb) and the dichloromethanic fraction (DCMF), from Calophyllum brasiliense stem bark, against Helicobacter pylori, in vitro and in vivo.

Materials and methods

The in vitro assays were performed using the disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. The test substances were evaluated in vivo taking into account the delay in the gastric ulcer healing in Wistar rats, infected with Helicobacter pylori.

Results

DCMF appeared the most active and potent in vitro against Helicobacter pylori growth with an MIC of 31 μg/mL. In the in vivo assays, rats ulcerated by acetic acid, and inoculated with Helicobacter pylori showed a marked delay in ulcer healing. Treatment with HEECb (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and DCMF (100 and 200 mg/kg) reduced the ulcerated area in a dose-dependent manner. While DCMF, at 200 mg/kg, increased the prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) level, both HEECb and DCMF decreased the number of urease-positive animals, as confirmed by the reduction of Helicobacter pylori presence in histopathological analysis.

Conclusion

The results suggest that the antiulcer activity of Calophyllum brasiliense is due, in part, to its anti-Helicobacter pylori action, validating the popular use of this species.     

In vitro activity of Tridax procumbens against promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Tridax procumbens is an active herb against leishmaniasis.

Aim of the study

Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases caused by Leishmania protozoa. We investigated the antileishmanial activity of Tridax procumbens extracts and a pure compound against promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana, the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World.

Materials and methods

Extracts and (3S)-16,17-didehydrofalcarinol (1) were obtained by chromatographic methods from Tridax procumbens, and the latter identified by spectroscopic analysis. The effect of these extracts and 1 on the growth inhibition of promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana was evaluated. In order to test the safety of extracts and 1, mammalian cells were treated with them, and cell viability was assessed using trypan blue and MTT.

Results

We demonstrated that extracts of Tridax procumbens and 1 showed a pronounced activity against Leishmania mexicana. The methanol extract inhibited promastigotes growth of Leishmania mexicana with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 3 μg/ml, while oxylipin 1 exhibited the highest inhibition at IC₅₀ = 0.478 μg/ml.

Conclusions

In this study we report the biological activity of extracts and (3S)-16,17-didehydrofalcarinol (1), obtained from Tridax procumbens, on the promastigote form of Leishmania mexicana, with no effect upon mammalian cells.     

暗紫贝母、栽培瓦布贝母及浙贝母药效学比较

目的:比较暗紫贝母、栽培瓦布贝母及浙贝母镇咳、祛痰及平喘作用,明确栽培瓦布贝母作为野生川贝母替代资源的可行性.方法:采用小鼠氨水引咳及豚鼠枸橼酸引咳法比较3种贝母的镇咳作用.小鼠酚红排痰法及大鼠毛细管排痰实验法比较3种贝母的祛痰作用;整体动物引喘实验法比较3种贝母的平喘作用.每个实验均分为5个组,分别为阴性对照组,阳性对照组,暗紫贝母组,栽培瓦布贝母组及浙贝母组.阴性组采用蒸馏水或生理盐水灌胃5d.镇咳实验中3种贝母的剂量分别为2.5g·kg-1·d-1(小鼠),1.5g·kg-1·d-1(豚鼠);祛痰实验中3种贝母的剂量分别为2 g·kg-1·d-1(小鼠),1 g·kg-1·d-1(大鼠),平喘实验中3种贝母的剂量为1.5 g·kg-1·d-1.结果:栽培瓦布贝母祛痰作用与暗紫贝母相当,小鼠酚红排泌量与阴性对照组比较,P＜0.01,大鼠毛细管排泌量与阴性对照组比较P＜0.05,栽培瓦布贝母平喘作用与暗紫贝母相当,哮喘潜伏期与阴性对照组比较,P＜0.05,暗紫贝母与栽培瓦布贝母作用差异无统计学意义;栽培瓦布贝母镇咳作用与暗紫贝母及浙贝母相当,减少枸橼酸引咳后5 min内咳嗽次数与阴性组比较,差异有统计学意义.结论:栽培瓦布贝母可作为野生川贝母的替代资源推广种植与应用.     

Anthelmintic activity of Arisaema franchetianum and Arisaema lobatum essential oils against Haemonchus contortus

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Arisaema franchetianum and Arisaema lobatum are two perennial plants native to China. Arisaema franchetianum is universally used to promote the subsidence of induration and swelling, quicken blood and relieve pains, and kill intestinal parasites in humans and animals. Arisaema lobatum is used to treat malaria, intestinal parasites, and snake and insect bites in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to determine the composition of the essential oils from Arisaema franchetianum and Arisaema lobatum and evaluate the anthelmintic effect against Haemonchus contortus.

Materials and methods

Two oils were investigated by GC and GC–MS. The anthelmintic bioassay tests of Arisaema franchetianum and Arisaema lobatum essential oil, linalool and carvacrol were performed using egg hatch assay (EHA), larval development assay (LDA) and larval migration inhibition assay (LMIA).

Results

Fifty six components representing 96.88% of the Arisaema franchetianum oil and 64 components representing 96.88% of the Arisaema lobatum oil were identified. Carvacrol and linalool were found to be the major constituents of two oils. In the EHA, greater than 99% inhibition were observed with Arisaema franchetianum oil at 10 mg/mL (CE₅₀ 1.63 mg/mL) and Arisaema lobatum oil at 5 and 10 mg/mL (CE₅₀ 0.48 mg/mL). In the LDA, both oils induced complete inhibition at 10 mg/mL, with the CE₅₀ being 1.10 mg/mL for Arisaema franchetianum oil and 0.73 mg/mL for Arisaema lobatum oil. In the LMIA, the Arisaema franchetianum oil and Arisaema lobatum oil at best inhibited 74.1% and 95.6% of larval migration at 10 mg/mL, respectively. Carvacrol exhibited similar activity to Arisaema lobatum essential oil and linalool did not show high activity in every assay.

Conclusions

These data show for the first time that the essential oils obtained from Arisaema franchetianum or Arisaema lobatum had promising anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus. Arisaema plant may offer an alternative source for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats.     

丛枝菌根真菌与哈茨木霉菌合用对连作丹参生长及质量的影响

该文探讨田间条件下丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)与哈茨木霉菌合用对丹参生长及质量的影响。采用田间小区试验来进行研究,使用HPLC测定丹参地上部分和地下部分有效成分含量,通过形态观察并计算根部发病率,并结合方差统计学方法对各指标的测定结果进行分析。结果显示,单独接种AMF以及AMF与哈茨木霉菌合用能够有效的降低连作丹参根部病害的发生率,其中AMF与哈茨木霉菌合用效果更佳,比CK组降低了61.50%。几种处理对丹参生物量影响没有显著差异,但都能提高丹参根部各种有效成分的含量。单独接种AMF以及AMF+哈茨木霉都能显著提高丹参根中丹酚酸B的含量(P<0.05),其中AMF对丹酚酸B促进作用最明显,提高了27.97%;接种AMF能显著提高丹参根丹参酮I和丹参酮ⅡA的含量(P<0.05),其中丹参酮I约提高了70.14%;丹参酮ⅡA约提高了51.42%。另外,单独接种AMF以及AMF+哈茨木霉均能显著提高丹参根中隐丹参酮的含量,提高了约30.67%。从而得出单独接种AMF以及AMF+哈茨木霉能够有效减低连作丹参病害的发生率,同时提高连作丹参药材的质量。     

金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆金银花类药用植物4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase,IspE)和4-羟基-3-甲基-2-邻苯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase,IspH)基因,并对其基因序列、蛋白特性和转录活性进行分析、比较.方法:从忍冬Lonicera japonica转录组测序结果中分析获得了IspE,IspH基因.分别以忍冬、红白忍冬L.japonica var.chinensis、红腺忍冬L.hypoglauca和水忍冬L.dasystyla新鲜花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了4种金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因的全长cDNA.运用生物信息学分析软件,预测编码蛋白的结构和功能,并通过RT-PCR检测IspE和IspH在忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬花蕾中的转录情况.结果:金银花类药用植物IspE基因含有1个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 221 bp,编码406个氨基酸;IspH含有一个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸.IspE和IspH均为非分泌蛋白,均定位于叶绿体中.RT-PCR分析结果表明在忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬的花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平没有显著差异,但红白忍冬花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平均显著高于忍冬.结论:克隆获得忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬中IspE,IspH基因,并证实了其在不同金银花类药用植物中的表达,为进一步研究IspE,IspH基因对萜类化合物生物合成和花香气以及颜色的影响奠定了基础.