那保胶囊质量标准研究

目的:建立那保胶囊(黄芪、当归、延胡索、白花蛇舌草、铁棒锤等)的质量标准。方法:采用TLC对处方中当归、延胡索及白花蛇舌草进行鉴别,对毒性药材铁棒锤进行限量检查,采用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测器(HPLC-ELSD)法测定黄芪甲苷的含量。结果:TLC鉴别分离度好,专属性强;铁棒锤中乌头碱含量不超过规定;黄芪甲苷在1～10μg的范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9990),平均回收率为99.05(RSD=2.48,n=6)。结论:所建立的质量标准方法可靠、准确、专属性强,可有效控制那保胶囊的质量。     

复方三芪丹胶囊质量标准的研究

目的:建立复方三芪丹胶囊的质量控制方法.方法:采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对方中所含的三七、黄芪、丹参、桑椹进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法–蒸发光散射检测器(HPLC-ELSD)测定方中所含黄芪甲苷的含量.结果:薄层色谱法可鉴别出三七、黄芪、丹参、桑椹,且阴性对照无干扰;黄芪甲苷在1.016～5.08 μg范围内呈良好线性关系,r=0.999 7,平均回收率为98.09%,RSD= 1.15 %.结论:本方法操作简便、准确可靠,重现性好、可作为复方三芪丹胶囊的质量控制方法.     

肾康颗粒的质量控制研究

目的建立肾康颗粒的质量控制方法。方法采用薄层色谱法对肾康颗粒中黄芪、白花蛇舌草进行定性鉴别,对雷公藤内酯甲进行限量检查,采用薄层扫描法测定君药黄芪中有效成分黄芪甲苷的含量。结果薄层色谱法简便、专属性强;雷公藤内酯甲在限量范围内;黄芪甲苷在0.510～2.550μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0.99775,平均回收率为97.99%,RSD=2.52%。结论所建立的方法可准确地进行定量检测,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

陈芪益胃口服液的质量标准研究

目的:研究并建立陈芪益胃口服液的质量控制方法。方法:采用薄层色谱法(TLC)对制剂中苦参、陈皮、白芍等进行定性鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对黄芪中的黄芪甲苷进行含量测定,并制定合理的含量限度。结果:TLC法可专属鉴别陈皮、苦参和白芍,且特征斑点圆整清晰,阴性对照无干扰;含量测定结果显示,黄芪甲苷在5.02~25.10μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9997,平均加样回收率为96.87%(RSD=1.19%,n=6)。结论:所建立的方法简便可行,专属性高,重复性好,可有效控制陈芪益胃口服液的质量。     

前列通窍胶囊的质量标准研究

目的:建立前列通窍胶囊的质量标准.方法:采用薄层色谱法对处方中的黄芪、水蛭、肉桂进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC-ELSD)对样品中的黄芪甲苷进行含量测定.结果:薄层色谱法能对黄芪、水蛭、肉桂进行专属性鉴别;HPLC-ELSD法测定黄芪甲苷含量时,进样量在1.49～7.44μg范围内呈线性关系,r=0.9991(n=5),平均回收率为100.55%,RSD为1.59%(n=6).结论:定性、定量方法简单可行,结果准确可靠,重现性好,可作为该制剂的质量控制方法.     

肝舒健丸的质量标准研究

目的:建立肝舒健丸的质量标准。方法:用薄层色谱法(TLC)对人参/三七、虎杖、丹参、白花蛇舌草、当归进行定性鉴别;用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定虎杖中虎杖苷的含量。结果:薄层色谱图斑点清晰,阴性对照无干扰;虎杖苷的线性范围为0.038~0.38μg,r=0.9999,平均回收率99.1%,RSD为0.82%(n=6)。结论:该方法专属性强,灵敏度高,重现性好,可有效地控制肝舒健丸的质量。     

香元丸质量标准研究

香元丸是广东省第二中医院医院制剂,由香附、黄芪、延胡索、薏苡仁、白花蛇舌草等药物组成,具有益气、行气活血、化瘀止痛的功效,在临床上用于治疗血瘀症有较好的效果,为了更好地控制其内在质量,保证临床疗效,笔者采用薄层色谱法对方中延胡索、薏苡仁、白花蛇舌草进行了定性鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法对方中黄芪甲苷的含量进行了测定。     

生胃颗粒的质量标准研究

目的:建立生胃颗粒的质量控制分析方法。方法:采用薄层色谱法(TLC)鉴别生胃颗粒中所含的黄芪、三七、柴胡、枳壳,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定方中黄芪甲苷的含量。结果:所建立的薄层色谱法能较好地鉴别出黄芪、三七、柴胡、枳壳,斑点对应清晰,阴性无干扰;黄芪甲苷在2.014~10.070μg范围内呈现良好的线性关系(r=0.9994),加样回收试验平均回收率为97.31%,RSD=1.08%。结论:本研究所建立的TLC和HPLC方法操作简单快速、准确度高,且专属性较好,可用于生胃颗粒的质量控制。     

丹黄通络丸质量标准的研究

目的:建立丹黄通络丸的质量标准。方法:采用显微鉴别法对丹黄通络丸方中黄芪、天麻、茯苓等进行显微特征鉴别;采用薄层色谱法对方中丹参、全蝎进行TLC定性鉴别;采用HPLC-ELSD法对方中黄芪甲苷含量进行测定,并进行方法学考察。结果:黄芪甲苷在0.414~4.14mg(r=0.9997)范围呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率为100.19%,精密度、稳定性、重复性RSD均小于3.0%。结论:所建立质量标准方法稳定,重复性好,可有效控制成品质量。     

至宝咳喘胶囊的质量标准研究

目的:建立至宝咳喘胶囊的质量控制标准。方法:采用薄层色谱法(TLC)鉴别至宝咳喘胶囊中的栀子、黄芩、陈皮;采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定栀子苷的含量。结果:薄层鉴别斑点清晰;栀子苷平均加样回收率为99.5%,RSD=1.03%。结论:所建立的方法操作简便、重复性好,可作为至宝咳喘胶囊的质量控制标准。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

贝母类药材湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis系统位置的探讨——来自ITS,rpl16,matK序列的证据

湖北贝母为传统中药,然而《Flora of China》将其基原植物湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis归并于天目贝母F.monantha项下。该实验采用分子系统学方法,以川百合Lilium davidii为外类群,用核基因ITS序列和叶绿体基因rpl16序列、matK序列等3个片段对湖北贝母及其近缘类群天目贝母F.monantha、安徽贝母F.anhuiensis等进行联合建树分析,对湖北贝母植物的系统位置进行了探讨,为湖北贝母药材的安全使用提供分子证据。结果显示,分子系统树上,3种贝母各自的居群聚为一支,之后天目贝母与安徽贝母聚为一支,最后与湖北贝母聚为一支。表明湖北贝母与天目贝母的亲缘关系可能要远于安徽贝母与天目贝母之间的关系,因此不适宜将湖北贝母归并于天目贝母。     

金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆金银花类药用植物4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase,IspE)和4-羟基-3-甲基-2-邻苯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase,IspH)基因,并对其基因序列、蛋白特性和转录活性进行分析、比较.方法:从忍冬Lonicera japonica转录组测序结果中分析获得了IspE,IspH基因.分别以忍冬、红白忍冬L.japonica var.chinensis、红腺忍冬L.hypoglauca和水忍冬L.dasystyla新鲜花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了4种金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因的全长cDNA.运用生物信息学分析软件,预测编码蛋白的结构和功能,并通过RT-PCR检测IspE和IspH在忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬花蕾中的转录情况.结果:金银花类药用植物IspE基因含有1个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 221 bp,编码406个氨基酸;IspH含有一个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸.IspE和IspH均为非分泌蛋白,均定位于叶绿体中.RT-PCR分析结果表明在忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬的花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平没有显著差异,但红白忍冬花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平均显著高于忍冬.结论:克隆获得忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬中IspE,IspH基因,并证实了其在不同金银花类药用植物中的表达,为进一步研究IspE,IspH基因对萜类化合物生物合成和花香气以及颜色的影响奠定了基础.     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.