三维超声检测糖尿病胃轻瘫患者胃排空功能的研究

目的应用三维超声扫描技术检测2型糖尿病患者胃液体半排空功能的改变,以利于糖尿病性胃轻瘫的诊断和治疗。方法采用三维超声技术检测30例2型糖尿病患者及20例健康志愿者进食液体试餐后胃排空的指标,经计算机拟合出不同时点胃容积的变化,计算出胃半排空时间（T1/2）、胃排空时间（T）及液体胃排空曲线,并与正常对照组比较。结果2型糖尿病胃轻瘫组胃半排空时间及胃排空时间均较正常对照组延长,30名糖尿病患者中有17名患者存在胃排空延迟,约占56．7％。结论应用三维超声技术检测液体胃排空功能,方法简单易行、患者易接受、可多次重复。为临床诊断糖尿病性胃轻瘫提供一种可靠、无创性的检测手段。     

糖尿病胃轻瘫患者的胃排空迟缓与血浆胃肠激素变化相关性探讨

对２１例糖尿病胃轻瘫患者进行了空腹血浆胃肠激素水平和胃排空功能检测，结果表明，胃轻瘫患者空腹血浆生长抑素和血管活性肠肽水平均较对照组明显升高，且与胃半排空时间呈显著正相关，Ｐ物质水平明显变化。提示ＳＳ和ＶＩＰ分泌异常是其胃排空迟缓的原因之一，在胃烃瘫的发病机制中起重要作用。     

糖尿病胃动力障碍和促胃动力药的作用

目的 研究2型糖尿病(DM)胃动力变化和观察西沙必利对DM胃轻瘫的疗效。方法 对74例2型DM患者以SPECT显像技术用核素标记~(113)In液体试餐、~(99m)Tc固体试餐测定胃半排空时间(GET_(1/2))和进行胃电图(EGG)检查,同时检测空腹血糖(FBG)。结果 (1)22例FBG≤7.8mmol/L的糖尿病患者,未见GET_(1/2)延迟;52例FBG>7.8mmol/L的糖尿病患者,36例(69.2％)固相GET_(1/2)延迟,其中14例伴液相GET_(1/2)延迟(P<0.01)。(2)正常对照组和DM组的空腹和餐后胃电图主频、平均过零频率差异均无显著性,两组餐后振幅均显著高于空腹(P<0.05)。DM组的胃电节律紊乱率较对照组显著增高(P<0.05)。(3)FBG>7.8mmol/L的DM患者,核素胃排空(RGE)与EGG相关。(4)36例DM胃轻瘫分两组:A组降糖药加西沙必利和B组单用降糖药用药4周。A组对胃轻瘫有效率85％,B组无效。结论FBG与DM患者胃排空呈负相关;血糖控制不良的DM患者,RGE与EGG相关;西沙必利对DM胃轻瘫有一定疗效。     

糖尿病胃轻瘫患者胃黏膜Ghrelin表达与血糖水平、胃排空的关系

目的 研究糖尿病胃轻瘫(DGP)患者胃黏膜Ghrelin的表达与血糖水平、胃排空的关系.方法 收集30例DGP患者并按近1周空腹血糖控制水平分为A组(＜9 mmol)和B组(≥9 mmol);收集20例功能性消化不良(FD)患者作为对照组(FD组),分别采用核素法与免疫组化法检测三组患者的胃液体排空功能及胃黏膜Ghrelin表达.结果 A组平均胃半排空时间为24.57 min,明显快于FD组的32.86 min(q=6.32,P＜0.01);B组平均胃半排空时间为41.92 min,较A组与FD组明显减慢(q=14.58,P＜0.01;q=9.22,P＜0.01).A、B两组胃黏膜腺体内Ghrelin阳性染色均较FD组明显变淡,部分腺体呈空泡状,其积分吸光度较FD组显著降低(q=8.80,P＜0.01;q=10.25,P＜0.01).其中B组胃黏膜大部分腺体呈空泡状,肉眼观其腺体内Ghrelin含量较A组减少,积分吸光度也低于A组,但差异无统计学意义(q=2.03,P＞0.05).A、B两组患者血糖水平与Ghrelin积分吸光度均呈负相关(r=-0.378,P＜0.01;r=-0.155,P＜0.05).结论 DGP患者胃黏膜Ghrelin表达主要与血糖水平有关,而与胃排空异常无关.     

糖尿病性胃轻瘫的动力学研究

目的研究糖尿病性胃轻瘫患者胃动力学异常的机制．方法非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病（ｎｏｎｉｎｓｕｌｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｍｅｌｉｔｕｓ，ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者３２例，正常人２２例作对照．采用同位素方法测定固体液体胃排空．另外，用胃频谱图机做胃频谱分析．结果ＮＩＤＤＭ患者的固体液体胃半排空时间较正常对照组明显延缓／ｍｉｎ．（９１５±２３７ｖｓ４９２±９２及５９１±１１４ｖｓ３３２±１４８，Ｐ＜００１），固体胃排空延迟主要在排空３０ｍｉｎ以后，液体胃排空延迟主要在６０ｍｉｎ以后；ＮＩＤＤＭ患者中糖尿病性胃轻瘫检出率为５６３％；ＮＩＤＤＭ胃轻瘫患者伴有胃动过速者（４４４％）多于ＮＩＤＤＭ不伴胃轻瘫的患者（７１％，Ｐ＜００５）；ＮＩＤＤＭ患者的胃排空延迟与自主神经病变有关（Ｐ＜００１）；ＮＩＤＤＭ患者的胃排空延迟与外周神经病变、肾脏病变、空腹血糖和病程无关（Ｐ＞００５）．结论ＮＩＤＤＭ患者胃固体液体胃排空延迟，胃轻瘫检出率５６３％，其特点：固体液体胃排空延迟和胃节律紊乱．自主神经病变是引起糖尿病性胃轻瘫的重要因素．     

2型糖尿病胃轻瘫与胃肠激素的相关性

61例2型糖尿病患者中固体胃半排空延迟的发生率为57.4%,相关分析显示固体胃排空时间与空腹血糖、HbA1c及空腹胃动素存在正相关,提示糖尿病胃轻瘫与高血糖、高HbA1c和高血浆胃动素水平存在正相关。     

2型糖尿病合并胃轻瘫患者血糖水平的临床观察

目的观察T2DM合并胃轻瘫(T2DM+胃轻瘫组)患者与单纯T2DM(T2DM组)患者不同时期血糖水平和胃排空率变化,探讨T2DM合并胃轻瘫患者血糖水平变化规律,为临床应用降糖药物提供时间调整依据。方法选取单纯T2DM组50例,T2DM+胃轻瘫组50例,比较两组空腹及进食馒头餐150g后1hPG、2hPG、3hPG及4hPG水平变化。超声胃液体排空功能检查比较两组30、60、90、120及180min胃排空率。结果 T2DM+胃轻瘫组FPG、4hPG高于T2DM组[FPG(12.56±3.48)vs(9.84±2.13)mmol/L;4hPG(15.26±4.87)vs(10.16±1.27)mmol/L](P0.01);T2DM+胃轻瘫组1~3hPG水平低于T2DM组[1hPG(13.16±2.87)vs(16.58±2.64)mmol/L;2hPG(14.27±3.10)vs(19.86±4.34)mmol/L;3hPG(14.89±4.13)vs(16.86±2.17)mmol/L](P均0.01)。T2DM+胃轻瘫组各时间胃排空率低于T2DM组[30min(10.2±1.3)%vs(30.8±3.9)%;60min(17.9±2.3)%vs(38.8±3.5);90min(30.1±4.1)%vs(56.8±6.1)%;120 min(47.9±5.6)%vs(78.9±7.6)%;180min(68.9±8.1)%vs(95.7±9.6)%](P均0.01)。血糖水平与胃排空率呈正相关(r=0.75,P0.05)。结论 T2DM合并胃轻瘫患者胃排空率异常导致血糖水平的明显变化有时相特点,可为临床降糖药物给药时间调整提供理论依据,避免血糖波动过大。     

2型糖尿病合并胃轻瘫患者的动态血糖谱

目的 探讨2型糖尿病合并胃轻瘫患者的动态血糖特征.方法 对31例2型糖尿病患者以核素扫描评估胃排空,并以7例正常糖调节者作对照;所有入组对象在平衡饮食状态下用动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)进行72 h血糖监测.结果 31例2型糖尿病患者中胃轻瘫占58.1%.胃轻瘫组和非胃轻瘫组在早餐后2 h平均血糖值[(7.82 4-1.42)mmol/L比(9.35 4±2.28)mmol/L]、早餐后血糖最高值[(10.21±2.17)mmol/L比(12.24±2.82 mmol/L)]和2 h平均血糖曲线下面积[(877.62±272.78)min·mmol·L-1比(1028.40±283.98)min·mmol·L-1],差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 2型糖尿病胃轻瘫患者胃排空延迟可能有助于降低餐后平均血糖.     

糖尿病性胃轻瘫的药物治疗

糖尿病性胃轻瘫是指由于糖尿病引起的全胃肠道动力障碍所致的一系列临床症状。据报道，此病可能与糖尿病导致的自主神经（又称植物神经）损害有关，特别是迷走神经的损伤可降低胃肠消化功能，还与肠肌间神经丛和肠粘膜下神经丛的变性坏死有关。另外，糖尿病长期的高血糖状态本身就可以直接影响到胃肠道的运动功能，使30％～65％的患者胃张力降低，胃排空减慢，特别是吃固体食物时更加明显。当患有糖尿病胃轻瘫时，患者常感觉烧心、厌食、恶心、呕吐、早饱、腹胀和便秘。有时患者也可能出现腹泻，并且腹泻和便秘可以交替出现，特点为夜间阵发性大量腹泻或清晨腹泻，这可能与小肠功能紊乱有关。糖尿病患者血糖控制不良时还可以减慢胆道的运动，使胆汁排出减慢，胆汁淤积。最近研究发现，糖尿病胃轻瘫患者在吃固体和液体食物时，胃排空都比正常人要慢，而固体食物比液体食物更早出现排空延迟，是最早和最灵敏的糖尿病胃轻瘫的检查方法。     

根除幽门螺杆菌对糖尿病胃轻瘫的疗效观察

目的 探讨根除幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)治疗对糖尿病胃轻瘫(diabetic gastro-paresis,DGP)的疗效.方法 将Hp阳性DGP患者随机分为2组.对照组给予吗丁啉10 mg tid,治疗2周;治疗组给予丽珠得乐220 mg bid,阿莫西林1.0 bid,克拉霉素0.5 mg bid加吗丁啉10 mg tid,口服2周,观察记录治疗前后症状、体征变化,并做X线胃排空试验.结果 2型糖尿病伴胃轻瘫病人Hp感染率为76.2%(90/118),不伴胃轻瘫患者Hp感染43%(56/132),两者之间有显著差异(P＜0.01).Hp阳性DGP患者根除Hp后症状缓解,总有效率94.7%,单用吗丁啉治疗组,治疗后症状缓解有效率68%.两组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.01).结论 对DGP病人行Hp检测及根除治疗可显著缓解症状.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin administration on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in rats with both ovaries intact or after unilateral ovariectomy

Abstract: In earlier studies from other laboratories it was shown that melatonin decreased ovarian weight in rats and inhibited compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining ovary after unilateral ovariectomy. This study was designed to examine the influence of melatonin on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in adult female rats with both ovaries preserved and with either an intact pineal gland or with the pineal gland removed (pinealectomy, PX) or, finally, in sham-PX animals. Similar studies were conducted on rats after unilateral ovariectomy, referring the examined parameters to the remaining intact ovary. The studies included mitotic activity of granulosa layer cells and corpus luteum cells, ovarian weight, ovarian cross-sectional area, cross-sectional area of the granulosa layer of all the Graafian follicles and the cross-sectional areas of the corpora lutea, visible on the ovarian cross-section. On the basis of results, we conclude that: 1) the effect of PX on the processes of ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy may vary; analogously, exogenous melatonin administration may influence ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy in different ways; 2) PX and exogenous melatonin may, under certain conditions, exert similar biological effects, even synergistic effects; 3) melatonin inhibits ovarian growth processes, while the effects of PX are variable; 4) the results indicate that in experiments performed on rats, with the use of two control groups, i.e., intact and sham-PX, melatonin effects on these two groups may differ.