201O年欧洲肝硬化腹水临床实践指南介绍

欧洲肝病研究会(European Association for the Study of the Liver,EASL)肝硬化腹水临床实践指南[1]依据GRADE系统(Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation)将证据按强度分为三个级别:A(高)、B(中)、C(低);推荐分为两个级别:1(强)、2(弱),见表1.     

欧洲肝病学会2011年丙型肝炎诊治指南介绍

欧洲肝病学会(EASL)于2011年3月3日发布了HCV 感染诊治指南(原文参见:European Association for the Study of the Liver.EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines:Management of hepatitis C virus infection.J Hepatol,2011),该指南采用的循证等级为"推荐等级的评估,制定与评价"(GRADE)系统,证据等级分为高质量(A):进一步研究也不可能改变该疗效评估结果的可信.     

欧洲肝病学会2011年丙型肝炎诊治指南介绍

欧洲肝病学会(EASL)于2011年3月3日发布了HCV 感染诊治指南(原文参见:European Association for the Study of the Liver.EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines:Management of hepatitis C virus infection.J Hepatol,2011),该指南采用的循证等级为"推荐等级的评估,制定与评价"(GRADE)系统,证据等级分为高质量(A):进一步研究也不可能改变该疗效评估结果的可信.     

《世界卫生组织指南:慢性丙型肝炎感染者的筛查、护理和治疗(2016年更新版)》推荐意见

2014年4月世界卫生组织(WHO)发布了首份《丙型肝炎感染者的筛查、护理和治疗指南》,旨在帮助各国改进对肝炎的治疗和关护,并由此减少肝癌和肝硬化导致的死亡.近2年来,随着疗效更佳、疗程更短、使用方便、安全性好的直接抗病毒药物(direct-acting antiviral agent,DAA)陆续上市,WHO于2016年4月对丙型肝炎指南进行更新,此版指南主要在治疗推荐方面有了较大的改变,治疗中推荐了7种DAAs,包括西咪匹韦(simeprevir,SMV)、索非布韦(sofosbuvir,SOF)、雷迪帕韦(leidpasvir,LDV)、达卡他韦(daclatasvir,DCV)、翁比他韦(ombitasvir,OBV)、帕利瑞韦(paritaprevir,PTV)和达萨布韦(dasabuvir,DSV).笔者对本指南的推荐意见及部分图表内容进行了翻译,供业内同行参考.每条推荐建议后标注新或旧以区别2016年更新或未更新的内容.本指南依据的循证医学证据质量等级和推荐强度等级按照GRADE系统.     

EASL《2015丙型肝炎治疗指南》解读

正2015-03-25,EASL官方杂志Journal of Hepatology接受了EASL的《2015丙型肝炎治疗指南》,并于7月份发表。指南由Alessio Aghemo,David Back和Geoffrey Dusheiko等执笔,推荐意见185项,证据等级A级,104项(56.2%),强推荐143项(77.3%)。现将主要内容与读者共享。按GRADE     

《2016年欧洲肝病学会丙型肝炎治疗指南》推荐意见

欧洲肝病学会(EASL)于2016年对丙型肝炎治疗的推荐意见进行了修订更新,近日发表于J Hepatol,新版推荐意见仍沿用GRADE系统,证据质量分为高(A)、中(B)、低(C),推荐等级分为强(1)、弱(2).新版推荐意见的要点如下. 1 急型丙型肝炎和慢性丙型肝炎(CHC)的诊断 (1)诊断是否存在HCV,首先检测抗HCV(A1).     

HBV/HCV相关性肝细胞癌抗病毒治疗专家建议

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)和丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染在肝细胞癌(HCC)的发生发展中起重要作用.我国近年发布的《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2010版)》和《原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2011版)》都强调了肝癌患者抗病毒治疗的重要性,但未作深入具体阐述.《丙型肝炎防治指南(2004版)》也注意到抗病毒治疗延缓HCC的发生.有鉴于此,中华医学会肝病学分会肝癌学组召开了三次专题讨论会,系统收集分析了现有HCC综合治疗中抗病毒治疗的临床研究文献,回顾了HCC治疗中抗病毒药物临床应用进展,依据现有病毒相关性HCC抗病毒治疗的循证医学临床资料,综合部分专家的意见,按照循证医学证据分级的GRADE系统(表1)进行细化和补充,针对这些患者抗病毒治疗的应用达成共识,提出如下具体建议,供国内同道参考,以期在临床实践过程中依据新的临床医学证据进行修改和更新,进一步完善《原发性肝癌诊疗规范》、《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》和《丙型肝炎防治指南》的实施.     

脑血管疾病诊断与治疗临床指南

循证医学实践就是要提供高质量证据和应用高质量证据,因此三级评分证据质量是循证医学实践的重要内容。而循证临床实践指南正是依据临床研究证据的级别提出推荐意见(见表1),不仅使临床医生知道当前的证据,而且使他们更容易了解证据的级别和推荐的强度。这使循证指南成为近年来规范临床实践、提高医疗服务质量的有效措施之一。因此,本文介绍缺血性卒中、脑出血及蛛网膜下腔出血的循证指南推荐意见。以提供国际上脑血管疾病诊断与治疗方面的循证医学证据现状,为临床实践和研究方向的选择提供参考依据。对某些尚无指南推荐意见的重要临床问题,…     

临床实践指南制订方法——GRADE方法理论篇

科学的证据分级与推荐强度对指南的制订、实施具有重要意义。证据是循证医学的核心,GRADE证据质量分级和推荐强度系统是证据发展史上的里程碑事件。本文从GRADE方法的发展,基本概念与原理,应用范围及工具等理论方面系统的介绍GRADE。     

《2015年日本胃肠病学会肝硬化循证医学临床实践指南》摘译

本指南是日本胃肠病学会根据2015年肝硬化循证医学临床实践指南修订的更新版本,主要是为肝硬化及其并发症在临床实践中提供最佳的治疗方案和干预措施.美国或欧洲肝硬化临床实践指南将肝硬化分为乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎、酒精性肝病、门静脉高压、腹水/肝肾综合征和肝性脑病等不同部分分别进行阐述.而本指南首次将肝硬化作为一个整体,对肝硬化及其并发症的管理进行综合性概述.其主要包括6部分:概念、诊断、治疗、并发症、预后和肝移植.现将文中的推荐意见及相关内容进行摘译,以供相关专业人士参考.本指南根据GRADE系统进行推荐强度及证据质量分级.证据质量分为A(高)、B(中)、C(低)及D(极低)等级;推荐强度分为1(强烈推荐)和2(较弱推荐)等级.     

REVIEW: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a reasonably well-defined clinicopathological entity; it has been reported more commonly in women than in men or children of both sexes and it appears to be most closely associated with obesity, diabetes mellitus and related abnormalities, such as hyperlipidaemia and hyperglycaemia. However, the association with female gender, obesity and diabetes may not be as close as suggested by the literature and an underlying condition cannot be discerned in all cases. The natural history of the disease is poorly understood; the associated biopsy features span a wide spectrum, reaching from uncomplicated, clinically non-progressive fatty liver (not NASH in a strict sense) to a slowly progressive fatty liver with inflammation and fibrosis, to steatohepatitis with submassive hepatic necrosis, which has a subfulminant course and is often fatal. Non-progressive fatty liver appears to be very common but is of little clinical importance. The slowly progressive form of the disease represents NASH as encountered by most clinicians and pathologists. It is a common liver disease in current practice; patients may present with cirrhosis and even HCC arising from steatohepatitic cirrhosis. Subfulminant NASH has become exceedingly rare because many clinicians are now aware of the hazards of sudden weight loss, particularly in morbidly obese patients. Treatment options for NASH are still limited. The promotion of gradual weight loss in obese patients is the most widely recommended therapy but, unfortunately, this is very difficult to achieve. Avoidance of precipitous weight loss and careful control of diabetes mellitus are important and undisputed parts of patient management. Administration of UDCA as a treatment of NASH is still under study; it may be effective in some patients. The treatment of established steatohepatitic cirrhosis does not differ substantially from that of other types of cirrhosis and includes orthotopic liver transplantation.     

CASE REPORT: Helicobacter pylori-induced lymphonodular hyperplasia: A new cause of gastric outlet obstruction

A 30-year-old female was seen with symptoms and radiological evidence of gastric outlet obstruction. Endoscopic examination revealed findings suggestive of gastric outlet obstruction with nodularity of the antral mucosa leading to deformity of the pylorus. Endoscopic biopsies from the nodular antral mucosa showed presence of Helicobacter pylori-induced lymphonodular hyperplasia without evidence of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Anti-H. pylori therapy resulted in eradication of the H. pylori infection and the signs and symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction. The case demonstrates that H. pylori-induced lymphonodular hyperplasia can also cause gastric outlet obstruction. We believe this is the first such case to be reported.     

Inflammatory bowel disease:Pathogenesis

Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis,is characterized by chronic relapsing intestinal inflammation.It has been a worldwide health-care problem with a continually increasing incidence.It is thought that IBD results from an aberrant and continuing immune response to the microbes in the gut,catalyzed by the genetic susceptibility of the individual.Although the etiology of IBD remains largely unknown,it involves a complex interaction between the genetic,environmental or microbial factors and the immune responses.Of the four components of IBD pathogenesis,most rapid progress has been made in the genetic study of gut inflammation.The latest internationally collaborative studies have ascertained 163susceptibility gene loci for IBD.The genes implicated in childhood-onset and adult-onset IBD overlap,suggesting similar genetic predispositions.However,the fact that genetic factors account for only a portion of overall disease variance indicates that microbial and environmental factors may interact with genetic elements in the pathogenesis of IBD.Meanwhile,the adaptive immune response has been classically considered to play a major role in the pathogenesis of IBD,as new studies in immunology and genetics have clarified that the innate immune response maintains the same importance in inducing gut inflammation.Recent progress in understanding IBD pathogenesis sheds lights on relevant disease mechanisms,including the innate and adaptive immunity,and the interactions between genetic factors and microbial and environmental cues.In this review,we provide an update on the major advances that have occurred in above areas.     

Acute drug overdose: one hospital's experience

A retrospective review of all patients admitted to an urban teaching hospital emergency department with the complaint of overdose, poisoning, or ingestion during a 10-month period was conducted. Analysis of these 82 episodes involving 69 individuals revealed: 1) a preponderance of women in the 20- to 40-year old range; 2) poly-drug character of the ingestion, with alcohol the most common secondary drug; 3) increased utilization of antidepressants and minor tranquilizers and decreased use of barbiturates; 4) non-concordance between drug history of ingested drug and toxicological findings. All patients survived and there was no apparent residual morbidity. Except for one patient requiring hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, all patients were treated with aggressive supportive care.     

Ventilation during CPR: two-rescuer standards reappraised

Current American Heart Association standards for ventilation during two-rescuer CPR recommend that a 0.8- to 1.2-L breath be delivered in 0.5 second after every fifth chest compression. Delivering a high-volume breath over a brief inspiratory time (TI) may lead to hypoventilation and gastric insufflation in victims with an unprotected airway. We reasoned that lengthening TI would lower peak inspiratory pressure and peak inspiratory flow rate, and thus improve lung inflation. To study this possibility, a mechanical model of the airway and upper gastrointestinal tract was designed. A ventilator delivering a sinusoidal wave form was used to simulate artificial ventilation. A 0.8-L breath was delivered at 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 seconds at three lung compliances (CLs). Also, the effect of lengthening TI was studied with increased airway resistance. Lengthening TI improved lung inflation and decreased gastric insufflation at all CLs, but more so with normal CL than with decreased CL. This study demonstrates the need for evaluating alternative ventilatory patterns with longer TI during CPR.     

REVIEW: Hepatitis delta

The causative agent of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is the most unusual of all causative agents for all hepatitis viruses. Current knowledge of the molecular biology of HDV strengthens its proposed classification within the satellites, a family of subviral agents, some of which are pathogens of higher plants. Hepatitis delta virus is the only virus in the satellite family known to infect animal species, with hepatitis D having affected more than 10 million people worldwide who are also infected with its helper virus, HBV. Recently, the world map for hepatitis D appears somewhat modified, with decreasing HDV prevalence in certain areas and some new foci of HDV endemicity. Despite changing HDV prevalence, hepatitis D, particularly the chronic form, is still an important health problem worldwide in terms of morbidity and mortality (mainly due to chronic liver disease, including hepatocellular carcinoma). Molecular studies have greatly advanced our understanding of the life cycle of HDV and of the function of its proteins. The new molecular information is of clinical relevance, with implications for the pathogenesis of liver damage, the diagnosis of HDV infection, for the natural course of the disease and, potentially, for therapy. Sensitive assays for HDV-RNA by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing techniques have clarified the patterns of HDV transmission and have confirmed the existence of unusual clinical forms of the virus and their relationship to replicative levels and genotypes of HDV. Prevention and treatment of hepatitis D are still in their infancy. However, liver transplantation for delta cirrhosis has proven far more successful than in any other viral form of cirrhosis, with few reinfections of the grafted liver, and has given important information on HDV biology and the pathogenesis of liver damage.