低出生体重儿童围青春期生长发育和胰岛素样生长因子I水平

在我国 ,低出生体重 (ＬＢＷ)儿童的发生率为 4 .8%～8.5 %。大部分ＬＢＷ儿童在出生后两年内会获得明显的追赶生长 ,但约有 10 %的小于胎龄儿出生后生长障碍 ,最终身高低于其基因型所决定的高度而导致成年身材矮小〔1〕。本研究以 5 6例 7～ 14岁ＬＢＷ儿童作为研究对象 ,通过与正常出生体重儿童 (ＮＢＷ )比较 ,探讨ＬＢＷ儿童青春期生长发育以及生长激素 胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ (ＧＨ ＩＧＦ Ⅰ )轴发挥作用的可能机制。一、对象和方法1.对象与分组 :对象来自学校体检儿童 ,剔除出生有足先露和臀先露等难产史和围产期窒息者。按出生体重分为…     

低出生体重儿童围青春期生长发育和胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ水平

在我国,低出生体重(LBW) 儿童的发生率为 4.8%～8.5%.大部分LBW儿童在出生后两年内会获得明显的追赶生长,但约有10%的小于胎龄儿出生后生长障碍,最终身高低于其基因型所决定的高度而导致成年身材矮小[1]. 本研究以56例7～14岁LBW儿童作为研究对象,通过与正常出生体重儿童(NBW)比较,探讨LBW儿童青春期生长发育以及生长激素-胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(GH-IGF-Ⅰ)轴发挥作用的可能机制.     

责任制护理在低体重先天性心脏病婴幼儿术后监护中的应用

目的探究责任制护理在低体重先天性心脏病婴幼儿术后监护中的应用效果。方法选择2016年8月～2018年9月我院治疗的低体重CHD患儿82例,按照入院先后顺序分为两组,各41例。对照组采用常规护理干预,观察组在此基础上采用责任制护理干预,统计比较两组机械通气时间、撤机时间及肺部感染、低心排、心律失常、肺不张等并发症发生情况。结果观察组机械通气时间、撤机时间优于对照组(P0.05);观察组并发症发生率9.76%较对照组31.71%低(P0.05)。结论责任制护理应用于低体重先天性心脏病婴幼儿术后监护中,可缩短机械通气时间,降低并发症发生率。     

早期腹膜透析在儿童重症先天性心脏病术后的临床应用

目的:通过回顾性研究了解早期腹膜透析在儿童重症先天性心脏病术(CHD)后的临床应用价值。方法:选择2004年1月至2017年6月,河北省儿童医院心外科收治的71例重症CHD术后应用腹膜透析患儿,年龄3 d~11岁,中位体质量5.2个月;体质量2~8 kg,中位体质量5.5 kg。2004年至2010年,为传统透析组,腹透开始的时机较晚,适应证较严格;2011年至2017年,为早期透析组,腹透开始的时机较早,适应证适当放宽。对照性研究其生存率、并发症、呼吸机辅助时间及ICU滞留时间。结果:传统透析组23例,15例死亡,早期透析组48例,4例死亡;早期透析组应用腹膜透析后各项指标均有明显改善。结论:早期腹膜透析可提高患儿生存率,缩短呼吸机辅助时间及ICU滞留时间,有益于患儿及家属。     

替格瑞洛联合西洛他唑在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后低体重患者中抗血小板治疗的安全性和有效性

目的探讨经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后低体重患者替格瑞洛联合不同剂量西洛他唑抗血小板治疗的疗效与安全性。方法纳入体重≤65 kg,阿司匹林不耐受的急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者148例随机分为四组,即氯吡格雷分别联合西洛他唑50 mg组(CC50 mg组)和西洛他唑100 mg组(CC100 mg组),以及替格瑞洛分别联合西洛他唑50 mg组(TC50 mg组)和西洛他唑100 mg组(TC100 mg组)。分别于治疗后第7天和第30天检测血小板聚集程度比较分析。随访6个月,观察主要不良心血管事件发生率。结果治疗后第7天检测血小板聚集程度,TC 100 mg组花生四烯酸(AA)诱导的血小板聚集程度明显低于CC50 mg组、CC100 mg组、TC50 mg组[(0.71±0.63)比(1.22±0.79),P=0.029、[(0.71±0.63)比(1.03±0.65),P=0.031]、[(0.71±0.63)比(1.11±1.02),P=0.034];TC50 mg组腺苷二磷酸(ADP)诱导的血小板聚集程度显著低于CC50 mg组[(2.03±2.50)比(3.23±2.60),P=0.025];TC100 mg组ADP诱导的血小板聚集程度明显低于CC50 mg组、CC100 mg组、TC50 mg组[(1.86±1.24比(3.23±2.60),P=0.018](1.86±1.24)比(3.09±2.12),P=0.019]、[(1.86±1.24)比(2.03±2.50),P=0.012],差异均有统计学意义。第30天复查血小板聚集程度,TC100 mg组AA诱导的血小板聚集程度明显低于CC50 mg组、CC100 mg组、TC50 mg组[(0.82±0.76)比(1.26±0.87),P=0.021]、[(0.82±0.76)比(1.15±0.66),P=0.028]、[(0.82±0.76)比(1.11±0.79),P=0.031];TC50 mg组ADP诱导的血小板聚集程度显著低于CC50 mg组[(2.04±1.70)比(3.03±1.98),P=0.027];TC100 mg组ADP诱导的血小板聚集程度明显低于CC50 mg组、CC100 mg组、TC50 mg组[(1.78±1.07)比(3.03±1.98),P=0.007]、[(1.78±1.07)比(2.09±1.52),P=0.009]、[(1.78±1.07)比(2.04±1.70),P=0.009],差异均有统计学意义。随访6个月,主要不良心血管事件发生率,四组比较,差异无统计学意义。总出血事件比较,CC50 mg组总出血风险低于其他三组,差异无统计学意义。结论低体重(≤65 kg)ACS患者PCI术后抗血小板治疗,替格瑞洛联合西洛他唑50 mg抗血小板治疗安全有效,且出血风险小。     

Early development of visceral fat excess after spontaneous catch-up growth in children with low birth weight

CONTEXT: The sequence of prenatal growth restraint and infantile catch-up of weight is by the age of 4 yr associated with hyperinsulinemic adiposity. We studied whether the adiposity of post-catch-up children born small for gestational age (SGA) is further amplified between age 4 and 6 yr and whether visceral fat excess has already emerged by the age of 6 yr. SETTING: The study took place at a university hospital. STUDY POPULATION AND DESIGN: A longitudinal cohort (age 2-6 yr) of 22 children born appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and 29 born SGA were studied. Auxological, endocrine, metabolic, and body composition (by absorptiometry) assessments were made at 2, 4, and 6 yr, and visceral fat was assessed (by magnetic resonance imaging) at 6 yr. MAIN OUTCOMES: Outcome measures included fasting glucose, insulin, IGF-I, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, lean mass, and total, abdominal, and visceral fat mass. RESULTS: Between ages 4-6 yr, the relative adiposity of SGA children was further amplified. Between ages 2-6 yr, SGA children gained more total and abdominal fat and raised their insulin, IGF-I, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio more than did AGA children (all P<0.0001). At age 6 yr, the average amount of visceral fat was in SGA children more than 50% higher than in AGA children (P<0.005). The 0- to 2-yr increment in weight Z-score together with the 2- to 6-yr increment in fasting insulin accounted for 62% of visceral fat variability at age 6 yr. CONCLUSION: The amount of visceral fat is in post-catch-up SGA children excessive by the age of 6 yr. In populations at risk for type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome after fetal growth restraint, the time window for early intervention may have to be advanced into prepubertal childhood.     

Early development of adiposity and insulin resistance after catch-up weight gain in small-for-gestational-age children

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Low birth weight followed by rapid postnatal weight gain is associated with long-term risks for central obesity and insulin resistance. However, the timing of these changes is unclear. SETTING, DESIGN, AND PATIENTS: This was a longitudinal cohort study in low birth weight (SGA; birth weight < -2 sd; n = 29) and normal birth weight (AGA; n = 22) children from Barcelona. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Body composition, by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan, and insulin sensitivity, assessed longitudinally at ages 2, 3, and 4 yr, were measured. RESULTS: Mean height, weight, and body mass index at ages 2, 3, and 4 yr were not different between SGA and AGA children. At age 2 yr, SGA children had similar body composition but were more insulin sensitive than AGA children and had lower serum IGF-I levels and lower neutrophil counts. Between ages 2 and 4 yr, despite similar gains in weight and body mass index, SGA children gained more abdominal fat and body adiposity and less lean mass than AGA children; by age 4 yr, SGA children had greater adiposity, insulin resistance, and higher neutrophil counts than AGA children (P = 0.01-0.0004). In SGA children, total and abdominal fat mass at 4 yr was more closely related to rate of weight gain between 0 and 2 yr (P = 0.002-0.0003) than between 2 and 4 yr (P = 0.04-0.1). CONCLUSION: Consequent to catch-up weight gain between birth and 2 yr, SGA children showed a dramatic transition toward central adiposity and insulin resistance between ages 2 and 4 yr. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this predisposition to adverse future health could lead to specific preventive interventions during early childhood.     

Salt sensitivity of children with low birth weight

Compromised intrauterine fetal growth leading to low birth weight (<2500 g) is associated with adulthood renal and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of salt intake on blood pressure (salt sensitivity) in children with low birth weight. White children (n=50; mean age: 11.3+/-2.1 years) born with low (n=35) or normal (n=15) birth weight and being either small or appropriate for gestational age (n=25 in each group) were investigated. The glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the Schwartz formula, and renal size was measured by ultrasound. Salt sensitivity was assigned if mean 24-hour blood pressure increased by >or=3 mm Hg on a high-salt diet as compared with a controlled-salt diet. Baseline office blood pressure was higher and glomerular filtration rate lower in children born with low birth weight as compared with children born at term with appropriate weight (P<0.05). Salt sensitivity was present in 37% and 47% of all of the low birth weight and small for gestational age children, respectively, higher even than healthy young adults from the same region. Kidney length and volume (both P<0.0001) were reduced in low birth weight children. Salt sensitivity inversely correlated with kidney length (r(2)=0.31; P=0.005) but not with glomerular filtration rate. We conclude that a reduced renal mass in growth-restricted children poses a risk for a lower renal function and for increased salt sensitivity. Whether the changes in renal growth are causative or are the consequence of the same abnormal "fetal programming" awaits clarification.     

Metformin treatment for four years to reduce total and visceral fat in low birth weight girls with precocious pubarche

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: A low birth weight (LBW) tends to be followed by overweight due to an excess of fat, including visceral fat. LBW girls with precocious pubarche (PP) (pubic hair < 8 yr) are at high risk for developing an adipose state of hyperinsulinemic androgen excess that leads toward early menarche. We explored the effects of insulin sensitization with metformin in LBW-PP girls. SETTING, DESIGN, PATIENTS, INTERVENTION: Prepubertal LBW girls with PP (mean body weight 2.4 kg; age 7.9 yr; body mass index 18.4 kg/m(2)) were studied. Girls were randomly assigned to remain untreated (n=19) or receive metformin for 4 yr (n = 19; 425 mg/d for 2 yr, then 850 mg/d for 2 yr). MAIN OUTCOMES: At the start and after 4 yr, height, weight, fasting insulin, glucose, IGF-I, testosterone, lipids, leptin, high molecular weight adiponectin, body composition by absorptiometry, abdominal fat partitioning (only 4 yr) by magnetic resonance imaging, and menarcheal status were determined. RESULTS: Metformin-treated girls gained on average 5.5 kg (or approximately 50%) less fat, after 4 yr were less insulin resistant and less hyperandrogenic, had lower IGF-I levels and a less atherogenic lipid profile, and were less likely to be post-menarcheal than untreated girls, whereas their gain in height, lean mass, and bone mineral density were similar. After 4 yr, untreated girls had more visceral fat, a higher ratio of visceral-to-sc fat, and a higher leptin-to-high molecular weight adiponectin ratio (all approximately 50% higher) than metformin-treated girls. CONCLUSION: Long-term metformin treatment appears to reduce total and visceral fat in LBW-PP girls, and to delay menarche without attenuating linear growth, thereby opening the perspective that adult height may be increased.     

Lower birth weight and visceral fat accumulation are related to hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in obese Japanese children.

This study aimed to reveal the relation of birth weight (or the birth weight standard deviation score [BWSDS]) and visceral fat accumulation to hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. We examined obese Japanese children (650 boys and 317 girls) with a mean age of 10.3 years (range, 6-15 years). The mean percentage of overweight to the standard body weight of Japanese children was 52.1% in boys and 51.4% in girls. Abdominal fat thickness (maximum preperitoneal fat thickness; Pmax) was measured using ultrasonography. The fasting serum insulin and plasma glucose levels were measured, and the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-R) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were calculated. We divided the subjects into four groups according to their birth weight or BWSDS, and compared anthropometric measurements, Pmax, blood pressure, serum insulin levels, HOMA-R and QUICKI among the quartiles. The relationships of both birth weight (or BWSDS) and Pmax to serum insulin levels (or HOMA-R, QUICKI) were examined with multiple regression analyses. The fasting serum insulin level and HOMA-R were highest in the quartile with the lowest birth weight or BWSDS. The birth weight and BWSDS were inversely related to the serum insulin levels and HOMA-R, positively related to QUICKI, and independent of Pmax. Our findings suggest that both lower birth weight and visceral fat accumulation may be independently related to hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in obese Japanese children.     

Early childhood neurodevelopment in very low birth weight infants with predischarge apnea

Apnea commonly occurs in preterm infants and may persist beyond term. We prospectively investigated the relationship between apnea that persisted beyond 35 weeks post-conceptional age and subsequent neurodevelopment in early childhood. Between January, 1990-November, 1993, we performed predischarge respiratory recordings, using 24-hr, 4-channel pneumography, at 35 weeks or more of postconceptional age in 164 infants (birth weight, <1,250 g; gestational age, < or = 32 weeks), who subsequently underwent multidisciplinary neurodevelopmental assessment at 15-64 (median 24) months of adjusted age. The duration of initial artificial ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome and the grade of intraventricular hemorrhage were independent predictors of neurodevelopmental outcome. Mean oximetry desaturation and frequency of predischarge apnea correlated with mental and motor developmental scores. Mean oximetry desaturation during apnea was an independent predictor for motor score in the total population, and for both mental and motor scores in 50 infants with grade 3 or 4 intraventricular hemorrhage, but not in 114 infants without grade 3 or 4 intraventricular hemorrhage. Despite its limited predictability for early childhood neurodevelopment, predischarge respiratory recordings may be useful in predicting subsequent neurodevelopment of high-risk preterm infants, especially those with severe intraventricular hemorrhage.     

Inattention and development of toddlers born in preterm and with low birth weight

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of low birth weight and preterm birth on a toddler's inattention and development, including cognitive, language, motor, social-emotional and adaptive behaviors. A total of 105 toddlers enrolled for the study; they were divided into four groups: 40 full-term and normal birth weight (NBW, birth weight greater than 2500 g) toddlers, 24 moderate birth weight (MLBW, birth weight between 2499 and 1500 g) toddlers, 20 very to extremely low birth weight (V-ELBW, 12 between 1000 and 1499 g and 8 lower than 1000 g) toddlers, and 21 term toddlers who were recruited from a clinic of developmental delay as the developmental delay at risk (DDR) group. The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition (BSID-III) and Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale-Toddler were used. The findings were as follows: (1) DDR group performed worst in BSID-III; (2) although there were no statistical differences among the NBW, MLBW, and V-ELBW groups in BSID-III, the lower the birth weight, the lower the average performance, especially in language, adaptive social behavior, and adaptive practical behavior; and (3) comparing the inattention score, the DDR group was the poorest, normal and V-ELBW groups were the best, and MLBW group was in the middle. In conclusion, low birth weight and preterm delivery affected children's inattention and development of language, adaptive social behavior, and adaptive practical behavior.     

低体重危重婴幼儿先天性心脏病的早期心内直视手术治疗

目的:回顾性分析低体重婴幼儿危重先天性心脏病早期心内直视手术的效果.方法:对17例出生体重<2 500 g的患儿在中低温体外循环下行心内直视矫治术.结果:手术效果满意,手术成功16例.结论:患先天性心脏病的低体重患儿,若临床心脏症状危重,早期行体外循环心内直视手术可有较满意的效果.