快速多层螺旋电脑断层摄影检测老年高血压患者冠状动脉钙化及狭窄

目的运用多排(16排)螺旋电脑断层摄影(MSCT)检测老年高血压患者冠状动脉钙化及狭窄情况,并探讨其与外周动脉粥样硬化及靶器官损伤的相关性。方法选择老年病例64例,分为2组:老年高血压组50例,年龄(76.1±6.5)岁;正常血压组14例,年龄(73.4±6.8)岁。所有50例病例行MSCT冠脉平扫,由CT软件计算得到AJ130和Volume2个冠脉钙化积分值。高血压组中44例进行MSCT冠脉增强扫描。所有病例行两侧颈动脉和股动脉超声、心脏彩超、踝/肱指数(ABI)超声检查和清晨尿微量蛋白测定,并测量身高、体质量及计算体质量指数(BMI),空腹静脉血测定血糖(FPG)、血脂系列、高敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP),并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果(1)除hsCRP、SBP、DBP外,两组年龄、性别、BMI、血脂系列、FPG、HOMA-IR无显著性差异(P>0.05)。老年高血压组前降支(LAD)、左旋支(LCX)的钙化积分及冠脉钙化总积分显著高于对照组(P<0.05);(2)MSCT冠脉增强造影显示,冠脉狭窄的老年高血压病例的冠脉钙化积分显著高于无冠脉狭窄的病例(P<0.05)。冠脉狭窄≥50%组的冠脉钙化积分虽较冠脉狭窄<50%组有增高趋势,但无明显差别(P>0.05);双支及以上显著狭窄的老年高血压病例的冠脉钙化积分高于单支显著狭窄病例和无冠脉病变病例(P<0.05);(3)心脏彩超向心性肥厚组与离心性肥厚组的冠脉钙化积分显著高于正常构型组和向心性重构组(P<0.05);老年高血压组中微量蛋白尿阳性组的冠脉钙化积分显著高于微量白蛋白尿阴性组(P<0.05);老年高血压组冠脉钙化积分与颈动脉分叉IMT、股动脉IMT、颈动脉斑块积分、股动脉斑块积分及ABI显著相关(P<0.05)。结论MSCT是评价老年高血压患者冠脉粥样硬化程度和进展的较好无创性方法,在老年人中有助于评估高血压靶器官损伤。     

多层螺旋CT检测老年单纯收缩期高血压患者冠状动脉钙化积分的意义

随增龄血压逐渐升高，其中最典型的是单纯收缩期高血压（ISH）。近年来研究表明，收缩压是比舒张压更强的心血管、卒中和肾脏疾病危险的预测因子。流行病学研究提示，冠状动脉钙化（CAC）是心血管疾病发生和死亡的预示征兆之一。CAC被认为是冠状动脉粥样硬化病变存在的标志和早期征象之一。检出CAC即意味着粥样硬化的存在，因此确定CAC的程度对冠心病的诊断具有重要的意义。Schuijf等新近发现，多层螺旋CT（MSCT）可准确评价高血压患者冠状动脉狭窄情况。我们采用MSCT检测老年高血压患者CAC积分，比较ISH与非ISH患者（NISH）的CAC积分的水平，以了解不同类型老年高血压患者CAC积分及其意义。     

多排螺旋计算机体层扫描对冠状动脉钙化检测的国外研究进展

冠状动脉钙化是冠状动脉粥样硬化病变存在的标志,反映了粥样硬化斑块,特别是钙化斑块的存在和分布。在过去10余年里.大量电子束计算机体层扫描研究围绕冠状动脉钙化的临床价值、检测方法和可重复性以及冠状动脉钙化演变等热点问题展开。随着多排螺旋计算机体层扫描的不断发展和普及,它在冠状动脉钙化检测方面的价值也在成为热点,现就对多排螺旋计算机体层扫描在这些方面应用的国外研究现状做一综述。     

多排螺旋CT对冠状动脉钙化的检测

冠状动脉钙化是冠状动脉粥样硬化病变标志之一，反映了粥样硬化斑块，特别是钙化斑块的存在和分布。在过去10余年里，大量电子柬CT研究围绕冠状动脉钙化的临床价值、检测方法和可重复性以及冠状动脉钙化演变等热点课题而展开。随着多排螺旋CT的不断发展和普及。它在冠状动脉钙化检测方面的价值也在进行研究，该文就多排螺旋CT在这些方面研究现状作一综述。     

多排螺旋CT对冠状动脉钙化的检测

冠状动脉钙化是冠状动脉粥样硬化病变标志之一,反映了粥样硬化斑块,特别是钙化斑块的存在和分布。在过去10余年里,大量电子束CT研究围绕冠状动脉钙化的临床价值、检测方法和可重复性以及冠状动脉钙化演变等热点课题而展开。随着多排螺旋CT的不断发展和普及,它在冠状动脉钙化检测方面的价值也在进行研究,该文就多排螺旋CT在这些方面研究现状作一综述。     

多层螺旋CT量化冠状动脉钙化的评价

目的 :探讨多层螺旋 CT（multi- slice spiral CT,MSCT）量化冠状动脉钙化的临床价值。方法 :对 4 1例临床可疑冠心病患者进行 MSCT冠脉成像及其钙化的量化分析 ,并与选择性冠状动脉造影 （CAG）进行对照。结果 :MSCT对冠状动脉钙化显示清晰 ;MSCT冠状动脉造影 （multi- slice spiral CT coronary angiography,MSCTCA）对冠状动脉各分支显示良好 ,其狭窄程度与冠脉造影一致。结论 :MSCT可作为冠心病普查和冠脉术后复查的较好方法。     

冠状动脉钙化与冠状动脉狭窄的相关性研究

目的探究冠心病患者冠状动脉钙化积分与冠状动脉狭窄的相关性。方法入选54例冠心病住院患者,年龄52～84岁,（平均68.47±9.35）岁;其中男性36例,女性18例,行16层螺旋计算机断层扫描,计算冠状动脉钙化积分,并与冠状动脉造影进行比较,分析冠状动脉总钙化积分及各冠状动脉节段（共分16个节段）钙化积分与冠状动脉造影所示冠脉狭窄程度的相关性,同时分析冠状动脉总钙化积分与年龄的相关性。结果冠状动脉总钙化积分与年龄呈正相关（r=0.372,P=0.009）、冠状动脉总钙化积分仅与部分冠状动脉节段狭窄程度呈正相关：RA（1#）、LAD（7#）、D1（9#）、LCX（11#）,（相关系数、P值分别为：r=0.499,P〈0.01;r=0.431,P〈0.01;r=0.440,P〈0.01;r=0.469,P〈0.01）。冠状动脉各节段钙化积分与对应血管节段狭窄程度相关分析结果提示：RA（1#）、LM（5#）、LCX（11#）节段钙化积分与对应节段狭窄程度呈正相关。结论总冠状动脉钙化积分与年龄呈正相关,提示随年龄增长冠状动脉钙化发生率增加,但冠状动脉钙化积分仅在部分冠状动脉节段与狭窄程度呈正相关,且限于三支冠状动脉近段。     

螺旋CT在检测老年原发性高血压患者冠状动脉病变中的应用

中国约有1.8亿高血压患者,高血压控制率仅为6.2％,其常会并发冠状动脉病变,出现冠状动脉狭窄和动脉粥样斑块钙化等表现[1].冠脉造影的临床诊断率虽然较高,但是其创伤性和昂贵的检测费用给很多患者带来较大的压力,检测依从性不是十分理想[2].本文拟分析螺旋CT在检测老年原发性高血压患者冠状动脉病变中的应用情况.     

16层螺旋CT冠脉钙化积分在冠心病诊断中的价值

研究表明,冠状动脉钙化几乎仅发生于冠状动脉粥样硬化的部位,因此,冠状动脉钙化能可靠地反映冠状动脉粥样硬化的情况.冠状动脉钙化积分(coronary artery calcification score,CACS)可检测冠状动脉钙化,并对其作定量分析,对于发现冠状动脉粥样硬化的存在并在一定程度上评价冠状动脉硬化及狭窄情况有着重要的临床意义.多层螺旋CT (multislice spiral computed tomography,MSCT)是目前检测冠状动脉钙化的最佳手段.本研究利用16层螺旋CT结合回顾性心电门控技术,将钙化积分方法应用于CAD的诊断,并与选择性冠状动脉造影(selective coronary angiography,SCA)对照,评价多层螺旋CT对冠心病的诊断价值.     

64排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像对女性及男性冠状动脉狭窄诊断价值的对比

目的评价64排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像(64-DSCTCA)对女性、男性冠状动脉狭窄的诊断价值是否相同。方法选择行心脏64-DSCTCA检查并同时行选择性冠状动脉造影检查怀疑为冠心病或已确诊为冠心病的男、女患者各75例。以冠状动脉造影结果作为金标准,分别计算64-DSCTCA诊断女性、男性冠心病(冠状动脉狭窄程度≥50%)、冠状动脉中度狭窄(狭窄程度50%~75%)、重度狭窄及完全闭塞(狭窄程度76%~100%)的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值。采用统计学方法对比分析64-DSCTCA诊断女性、男性冠心病、冠状动脉中度狭窄、重度狭窄及完全闭塞的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值是否不同。结果 64-DSCTCA诊断女性、男性冠心病的灵敏度、特异度、阴性预测值差异无统计学意义(P0.05),诊断女性冠心病的阳性预测值低于男性(P0.05)。64-DSCTCA诊断女性、男性冠状动脉中度狭窄的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。64-DSCTCA诊断女性、男性冠状动脉重度狭窄及完全闭塞的灵敏度、特异度、阴性预测值差异无统计学意义(P0.05),诊断女性冠状动脉重度狭窄及完全闭塞的阳性预测值低于男性(P0.05)。结论 64-DSCTCA对女性、男性冠状动脉狭窄的诊断价值不尽相同,诊断女性冠心病、冠状动脉重度狭窄及完全闭塞的阳性预测值低于男性。     

冠状动脉瘤样扩张与电子束CT检测的冠状动脉钙化

为探讨冠状动脉瘤样扩张患者电子束CT检测的冠状动脉钙化的特点及其临床和病理意义 ,将 2 7例经选择性冠状动脉造影确诊的冠状动脉瘤样扩张患者行电子束CT检查以计算钙化积分 ,并与 2 7例年龄和性别匹配的冠状动脉造影正常者进行比较。结果发现 ,冠状动脉瘤样扩张组钙化阳性率、钙化积分中位数及钙化积分的自然对数转换值均显著高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 1或 0 .0 0 1)。冠状动脉瘤样扩张组中 2 1例粥样硬化性瘤样扩张患者钙化阳性率为 81.0 % ;弥漫性扩张动脉的钙化积分对数转换值显著低于局限性扩张动脉 (1.2 2± 1.79比 2 .86± 1.85 ,P <0 .0 5 )。结果提示 ,粥样硬化性冠状动脉瘤样扩张患者多数存在较为广泛的冠状动脉钙化 ,且钙化程度与病变类型有关。     

Compositional Analysis of Coronary Artery Calcification in Dialysis Patients in vivo by Dual‐Energy Computed Tomography Angiography

While vascular calcification is an important factor regulating prognosis in dialysis patients, its components have not been adequately studied. We analyzed in vivo components of calcification in the coronary arteries of dialysis patients using the effective atomic number from dual‐energy computed tomography. In dialysis patients (hemodialysis, N = 10; peritoneal dialysis, N = 12), average of median effective atomic number was 13.8 in the hemodialysis group, and 13.7 in the peritoneal dialysis group. No significant differences were seen between groups, with calcium oxalate monohydrate identified as the most common component in each. To confirm the accuracy of this method, we investigated the composition of surgically removed calcified tissues using already established methods. Comparison with the effective atomic number from dual‐energy computed tomography showed that the results of calcification analysis were the same. We concluded that calcium oxalate monohydrate might be one of the major components of coronary artery calcification in dialysis patients.     

Coronary Artery Calcification in Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis: Evaluation by Electron Beam Computed Tomography

Abstract: In patients on chronic hemodialysis, the incidence of cardiovascular events and mortality rate are higher than those in the general population. These events are associated with coronary, aortic valve, or mitral valve calcification, and show a poor prognosis. However, no study has investigated coronary or cardiac valve calcification in patients on chronic hemodialysis and its prognosis. In this study, we performed electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) in 400 patients who underwent chronic hemodialysis at four dialysis units in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, between 1996 and 2003, and measured the coronary artery calcification score (CACS), aortic valve calcification score (AVCS), and mitral valve calcification score (MVCS) to analyze the association of these parameters with the prognosis. In addition, we examined the effects of sevelamer hydrochloride, which reduces the serum phosphorus level, reducing CACS. We reached the following conclusions with respect to the following examination items: (i) Factors involved in an increase in CACS in patients undergoing dialysis: in these patients with a rapid increase in CACS, the serum triglyceride and LDL cholesterol levels were higher than the values in the control group; (ii) Cut‐off value of CACS influencing the outcome in patients on dialysis: we reviewed 104 chronic dialysis patients after EBCT was initiated. The group with a CACS of 200 or more showed a significantly poorer outcome compared to the group with a CACS of less than 200; (iii) Accuracy (sensitivity, specificity) of CACS screening on EBCT: we investigated the sensitivity and specificity of CACS based on the presence or absence of coronary artery disease on coronary angiography. The CACS values ranged from 100 to 3000, and their diagnostic accuracy was not satisfactory. Therefore, in patients without symptoms, EBCT may not be appropriate for coronary disease screening; (iv) Does sevelamer hydrochloride inhibit an increase in CACS by reducing the serum phosphorus level in patients on chronic hemodialysis?: in 98 patients on dialysis, this agent reduced the serum phosphorus level, and we examined whether it inhibits an increase in CACS. However, no significant results have been obtained due to a short follow‐up period; and (v) Correlations of CACS, AVCS, and MVCS with the outcome in patients on hemodialysis: AVCS was correlated with the outcome. Aortic valve calcification may markedly influence cardiac hemodynamics.     

成人瓣膜病患者电子束CT检出冠状动脉钙化

评价成年瓣膜病患者电子束CT检查冠状动脉钙化的临床意义。208例42－75岁瓣膜病患者换瓣术前行电子束CT及选择性冠状动脉造影检查，同时进一步分析患者的冠心病危险因素。结果发现，208例瓣膜病患者中无冠状动脉钙化者114例，造影证实无冠心病者109例，占95．6％（P＜0．005），另5例合并冠心病，其中4例至少有一项冠心病危险因素。全组瓣膜病患者电子束CT检查既无冠状动脉钙化，临床又无冠心病危险因素共58例，造影证实仅1例有冠心病，占1．72％。结果表明，瓣膜病患者以电子束CT检查冠状动脉钙化阴性，并且无传统冠心病危险因素者排除冠心病的准确性高于95．6％。从而认为电子束CT检出冠状动脉钙化阴性对排除瓣膜病患者合并冠心病有重要的临床意义，术前行电子束CT检查，可以大大减少有创的冠状动脉造影检查的应用。     

The Relationship between Coronary Artery Calcification as Assessed by Multi-Detector Computed Tomography and Arterial Stiffness

Pulse wave analysis and intima-media thickness (IMT) of carotid artery are the non-invasive indicators of subclinical atherosclerosis. Coronary artery calcification (CAC) score measured by multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) is well known as a predictor of coronary heart disease (CHD). We investigated the association between coronary calcification assessed by MDCT and extracoronary atherosclerosis measured by pulse wave analysis and IMT of carotid artery. Arterial stiffness and carotid IMT were measured consecutively in 133 patients who underwent their first coronary MDCT angiography due to chest pain. Patients were divided into three groups according to the CAC score (group 1, score = 0, n = 62; group 2, 0 < score < 400, n = 58; group 3, score ≥ 400, n = 13). The classification of CAC score was associated with age, prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia, systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, percentage of brachial mean artery pressure, upstroke time (UT), augmentation index, and carotid IMT. In a multivariate analysis, age (P = .048), hypertension (P = .007), dyslipidemia (P = .24), and mean ankle UT (P = .038) were independent variables for the classification of CAC score. The UT of pulse wave was significantly associated with the CAC score. The increased UT of pulse wave might provide incremental risk prediction in addition to that defined by conventional CHD risk assessment.     

64层螺旋CT对冠状动脉病变的评价

目的 探讨64层螺旋计算机X射线断层造影（64-slice spiral computed tomography,64-sCT）评价稳定型心绞痛病人冠状动脉病变的准确性.方法 拟诊稳定型心绞痛34例,男28例,女6例;年龄（66±12）岁,行64-sCT冠状动脉扫描,并于检查15 d内行冠状动脉造影.对所有病人的冠状动脉544节段分析,将结果与冠状动脉造影结果对比.结果 64-sCT显示冠状动脉狭窄的敏感度为52%,特异度为96%,阳性预测价值74%,阴性预测价值90%.对每条冠状动脉进行分析,诊断敏感度为76%,特异度为99%,阳性预测价值98%,阴性预测价值83%.对病人进行评价,诊断敏感度为97%,特异度为33%,阳性预测价值94%,阴性预测价值50%.结论 64-sCT评价冠状动脉病变的准确性高,有临床应用价值.     

64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像在冠状动脉支架置入术后随访中的价值研究

目的以冠状动脉造影为金标准,评价64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像（64SCTCA）在冠状动脉支架术后随访中的临床价值。方法对33例支架术后患者共57个支架行CT冠状动脉成像,观察冠状动脉支架处是否再狭窄并与冠状动脉造影（CAG）结果对照。结果 64SCTCA检查显示57个支架部位再狭窄8处,与CAG相比误判3处,漏判一处,但两者差别无统计学意义。其敏感度和特异度分别达到了83.3%和94.1%。结论 64SCTCA能够较准确判断冠状动脉支架术后是否发生了再狭窄,可作为支架术后随访的重要手段。