黑龙江省2001年艾滋病病毒抗体初筛实验室质量评价及专业人员素质调查

目的　 为提高专业技术人员的素质 ,提高检测工作质量 ,最大限度地防止误检、漏检 ,保证检测工作的正确性和准确性 ,更好地发挥艾滋病病毒 (HIV)抗体检测在控制艾滋病 (AIDS)工作中的作用。黑龙江省疾病预防控制中心对全省各HIV抗体初筛实验室实施考评。 方法　 通过分发质量控制样品和采用问卷方式对实验室人员进行HIV/AIDS基本常识、检测方法及原理技能等的考核。 结果　 黑龙江省目前批准的 1 6个HIV抗体初筛实验室人员经过上岗前培训 ,其中有 1 2个优秀 ,综合评分 >90分 ;4个良好 ,80～ 90分。实验室工作人员基础理论知识答对率平均为 93 %。 结论　 各初筛实验室工作人员的业务知识水平、技术工作能力、业务态度等都得到了很大提高 ,检测工作的管理和质量完全可适应目前工作需求 ,并且逐步实行规范化     

注射吸毒人群HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗的研究进展

通过查阅相关文献了解并分析注射吸毒人群HIV感染者/AIDS患者(HIV/AIDS)抗病毒治疗的研究现状,为进一步完善我国注射吸毒人群中HIV/AIDS治疗策略提供参考依据。针对注射吸毒人群中HIV/AIDS,我国采取了针具交换、阿片类药物替代以及抗病毒治疗等措施治疗并预防新发感染,同时也广泛开展抗病毒治疗效果的评估研究,探讨了相关影响因素并不断优化药物治疗方案。今后需继续扩大检测监测覆盖面,最大限度地发现注射吸毒人群中HIV/AIDS,并尽早进行抗病毒治疗,提高依从性、降低其病死率。     

HIV临床检测技术进展及应用

HIV感染的实验室检测在AIDS防治中至关重要。为提高HIV相关检测的灵敏度和特异度，陆续出现了可同时检测HIV抗原和抗体的第四代试剂、用于病毒载量检测的实时荧光定量PCR技术、新近感染检测的IgG捕获BED酶联免疫法等方法。这些方法不断接受临床评估及验证。     

黑龙江省2001年艾滋病病毒抗体初筛实验室质量评价及专业人员素质调查

目的 为提高专业技术人员的素质，提高检测工作质量，最大限度地防止误检、漏检，保证检测工作的正确性和准确性，更好地发挥艾滋病病毒（HIV）抗体检测在控制艾滋病（AIDS）工作中的作用。黑龙江省疾病预防控制中心对全省各HIV抗体初筛实验室实施考评。方法 通过分发质量控制样品和采用问卷方式对实验室人员进行HIV／AIDS基本常识、检测方法及原理技能等的考核。结果 黑龙江省目前批准的16个HIV抗体初筛实验室人员经过上岗前培训，其中有12个优秀，综合评分＞90分；4个良好，80－90分。实验室工作人员基础理论知识答对率平均为93％。结论 各初筛实验室工作人员的业务知识水平、技术工作能力、业务态度等都得到了很大提高，检测工作的管理和质量完全可适应目前工作需求，并且逐步实行规范化。     

HIV实验室检测策略

目前,临床诊断和疫情监测对于艾滋病(AIDS)预防控制工作十分重要。但临床诊断及疫情监测则是基于实验室检测。随着艾滋病防治工作的不断深入,针对艾滋病病毒(HIV)的实验室检测策略也在不断完善和发展。因此建立一种敏感性高、特异性强的检测策略,对于控制艾滋病的流行尤为重要。该文从HIV检测策略的提出、评价和应用进行了阐述。通过对各种检测策略的综合分析,应用第四代抗原抗体联合检测试剂的检测策略可进一步缩短窗口期,发现急性期感染者,从而对中国现行的检测策略提出了新的选择。     

脊柱结核并发HIV感染/AIDS患者诊断及治疗专家共识

脊柱结核并发HIV感染/AIDS患者因免疫功能低下,治疗的难度成倍增加。为规范脊柱结核并发HIV感染/AIDS患者的诊疗流程,使更多同行了解此类疾病治疗细节,并在治疗时有可靠依据,中国防痨协会骨关节结核专业分会、中国西部骨结核联盟、中国华北骨结核联盟、《中国防痨杂志》编辑委员会共同制定了《脊柱结核并发HIV感染/AIDS患者诊断及治疗专家共识》。本共识从脊柱结核并发HIV感染/AIDS患者的流行病学背景开始论述,对其常见临床表现、实验室检查、诊断标准、药物及手术治疗方法、手术治疗过程中的职业暴露和注意事项,以及研究方向等方面做了深入的阐述与讨论。     

HIV感染者侵袭性真菌病的诊治进展

侵袭性真菌病是HIV/AIDS患者机会性感染和死亡的主要原因。近2年来国内外多部关于HIV/AIDS感染者侵袭性真菌病诊断与治疗的指南与共识相继发布, 真菌病原学诊断、抗原抗体检测、分子生物学检测方法均取得了新的进展。治疗方面, 国内外对于念珠菌病、隐球菌病、肺孢子菌肺炎等HIV/AIDS患者不同类型侵袭性真菌病的治疗方案求同存异, 新型抗真菌药物的研发及抗逆转录病毒疗法的优化也进一步推动了侵袭性真菌病诊疗的进步。本研究针对HIV/AIDS患者侵袭性真菌病相关的诊断及治疗进展予以综述, 以期为临床诊疗工作提供参考。     

2007～2011年广西艾滋病及艾滋病病毒感染孕产妇死亡状况调查分析

目的分析广西艾滋病(AIDS)及艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染孕产妇的死亡状况,为降低AIDS及HIV感染孕产妇死亡率提供依据。方法通过调查广西孕产妇死亡监测系统和预防艾滋病母婴传播网络直报信息系统资料,查阅孕产妇死亡报告卡、孕产妇死亡附卷、孕产妇死亡病历、AIDS及HIV感染孕产妇报告卡、随访卡以及有关实验室检测报告等资料,汇总分析AIDS及HIV感染孕产妇的死亡状况。结果 2007～2011年广西AIDS及HIV感染孕产妇死亡率高达483.09/10万,是同期广西普通孕产妇死亡率的22.96倍。AIDS及HIV感染孕产妇死亡原因以机会性感染为主,最多见为肺部感染。AIDS及HIV感染孕产妇死亡的主要社会因素为低文化层次、贫困和保健水平低下。结论加强婚育妇女的HIV筛查,将HIV感染孕妇纳入高危妊娠管理范围,全面落实《全国预防艾滋病母婴传播工作实施方案》等措施,是降低AIDS及HIV感染孕产妇死亡率的有效途径。     

云南省HIV/AIDS合并耐多药结核病病人的筛查结果——附6例临床分析

目的通过对新住院艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病人(简称HIV/AIDS病人)的结核病(TB)筛查及确诊,对HIV/AIDS合并耐多药结核病例的临床分析,提高对该病的认识。方法回顾性分析云南省传染病专科医院感染一科2014年11月至2016年9月新入院HIV/AIDS病人结核病筛查及耐药结核病确诊病例临床资料及特征。结果所有701例HIV/AIDS病人中最终诊断结核病153人,包括确诊HIV/AIDS合并耐多药结核病人6例。确诊TB/HIV双重感染病人中,Xpert MTB/RIF阳性率为25.56%(23/90),TB/HIV诊断效力最优。住院HIV/AIDS病人中,结核病患病率21.83%(153/701),TB/HIV病人中,6例(3.92%)耐多药结核病患者均为男性,CD4+T淋巴细胞计数9~113个/μL;常见临床症状及实验室异常为消瘦、超过两周的发热、血沉增快。2例病人接受规范耐多药结核病治疗方案,临床显效。结论应加强应用以Xpert RIF/MTB为核心的新的结核病诊断技术,并进一步规范HIV/AIDS病人合并耐多药结核病的筛查、确诊和治疗。     

HIV抗体初筛检测质量影响因素的分析

检测特异性艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体是目前诊断HIV感染者和艾滋病(AIDS)患者的主要依据。抗体检测的正确性受多种因素影响，包括优质试剂的选择和操作技术的完善等。为进一步提高我市HIV初筛实验室检测的质量，最大限度地减少HIV抗体检测可能出现的错误和误差，现将近几年来检测工作中发现的有关影响HIV抗体初筛检测质量的因素进行分析。     

Temporal association between expanded HIV testing and improvements in population-based HIV/AIDS clinical outcomes,District of Columbia

In 2006, the District of Columbia Department of Health (DC DOH) launched initiatives promoting routine HIV testing and improved linkage to care in support of revised the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) HIV-testing guidelines. An ecological analysis was conducted using population-based surveillance data to determine whether these efforts were temporally associated with increased and earlier identification of HIV/AIDS cases and improved linkages to care. Publically funded HIV-testing data and HIV/AIDS surveillance data from 2005 to 2009 were used to measure the number of persons tested, new diagnoses, timing of entry into care, CD4 at diagnosis and rates of progression to AIDS. Tests for trend were used to determine whether statistically significant changes in these indicators were observed over the five-year period. Results indicated that from 2005 to 2009, publically funded testing increased 4.5-fold; the number of newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS cases remained relatively constant. Statistically significant increases in the proportion of cases entering care within three months of diagnosis were observed (p < 0.0001). Median CD4 counts at diagnosis increased over the five-year time period from 346 to 379 cells/µL. The proportion of cases progressing from HIV to AIDS and diagnosed with AIDS initially, decreased significantly (both p < 0.0001). Routine HIV testing and linkage to care efforts in the District of Columbia were temporally associated with earlier diagnoses of cases, more timely entry into HIV-specialized care, and a slowing of HIV disease progression. The continued use of surveillance data to measure the community-level impact of other programmatic initiatives including test and treat strategies will be critical in monitoring the response to the District's HIV epidemic.     

Impact of accelerated progression to AIDS on public health monitoring of late HIV diagnosis

Some patients develop AIDS within a year of HIV infection ("accelerated progression"). Classifying such cases as late HIV diagnosis may lead to inaccurate evaluation of HIV testing efforts. We sought to determine this group's contribution to overall late diagnosis rates. To identify cases of accelerated progression (development of AIDS within 12 months of a negative HIV test), we reviewed published HIV seroconverter cohort studies and used New York City's (NYC) HIV/AIDS surveillance registry. From the literature review, three seroconverter cohort studies revealed that 1.0-3.6% of participants had accelerated progression to AIDS. Applying this frequency estimate to the number of new infections in NYC (4762) for 2006 calculated by the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention's incidence formula, we estimated that 3.6-13.0% of 1317 NYC HIV cases who are diagnosed with AIDS within 12 months of HIV diagnosis are accelerated progressors, not persons HIV infected for many years who did not test and present with AIDS (i.e., delayed diagnosis). In addition, our analysis of the 2006 NYC surveillance registry confirmed the occurrence of accelerated progression in a population-based setting; 67 accelerated progressors were reported and 9 (13%) could be confirmed through follow-up medical record review. With increased HIV testing initiatives, the irreducible proportion of AIDS cases with accelerated progression must be considered when interpreting late diagnosis data.     

New strategies for HIV surveillance in resource-constrained settings: an overview

Additional funding recently became available to help resource-constrained countries scale up their HIV treatment and prevention activities. This increased funding is accompanied by an increased demand for accountability from stakeholders. Many countries will need to make substantial improvements in their current HIV surveillance methods to monitor the collective national impact of these treatment and prevention initiatives. However, whereas most resource-constrained countries have monitored the prevalence of HIV, they have collected little information on other events in the HIV disease process, such as HIV incidence, rate of HIV drug resistance, number of deaths due to AIDS and only modest emphasis has been placed on AIDS reporting in generalized epidemics, resulting in severe underreporting. In addition, data on mortality trends are often not gathered. Furthermore, less than half of the countries with low-level/concentrated epidemics have tailored their surveillance systems to the local epidemic, behavioral surveillance is often not present, an integrated analysis of data is not widespread, and data are rarely used to inform policy. In January 2004, a conference was convened in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to examine new strategies for surveillance in resource-constrained countries, and their use in monitoring and evaluating HIV activities. This supplement summarizes the newest approaches and lessons learned for HIV/AIDS surveillance, based on presentations and discussions from that conference. This article provides an overview of HIV/AIDS surveillance in resource-constrained settings and discusses the history, current approaches, and future directions for HIV/AIDS surveillance in generalized and low-level/concentrated epidemics.     

AIDS in Brazilian children: history, surveillance, antiretroviral therapy, and epidemiologic transition, 1984-2008

We present a systematic review of historical, political, and epidemiologic aspects of AIDS in Brazilian children. Over 25 years, Brazil has developed different strategies to control AIDS in children. Three revisions of criteria for defining AIDS cases in children and nine national guidelines on antiretroviral therapy administration for management of HIV infection were published. These guidelines represent important progress, including aspects of HIV/AIDS surveillance, antiretroviral treatment, opportunistic conditions, prophylaxis, and laboratory testing. Brazil has significantly expanded access to free therapy with different classes of antiretroviral drugs. Initially focusing on treatment for HIV and opportunistic conditions, the scope of treatment guidelines gradually expanded to comprehensive health care for children and adolescents. From 1996 to 2008, the number of AIDS cases and deaths in children has been reduced by 67% and 65%, respectively, as a result of different strategies to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy administration to infected children. Improved morbidity, mortality, and survival of Brazilian children with AIDS demonstrate clear benefits of adopting a policy of free and universal access to antiretroviral drugs associated with comprehensive care. However, important issues remain to be resolved, mainly concerning social, operational, and regional inequalities in coverage and quality of care, and epidemiological surveillance in different regions of the country. This broad review shows that the overall situation of pediatric AIDS in Brazil represents an incomplete process of epidemiologic and demographic transition, with the coexistence of old and new clinical and epidemiologic challenges.     

Evaluation of the care of women living with HIV/AIDS in São Paulo,Brazil

To evaluate care provided to women living with HIV in S?o Paulo, Brazil, based on their own experiences, patients from HIV/AIDS reference clinics answered a questionnaire on circumstances of HIV testing, health personnel's attitudes at diagnosis, adherence to follow-up, services provided by care centers and access to laboratory monitoring. From September 1999 to February 2000, 1,068 women were interviewed. Most had over 8 years of education and reported having regular sexual partners, being mothers and family caregivers. They were diagnosed as HIV-infected for 4.36 +/- 3.15 years. The majority had been referred to testing without counseling. Post-test counseling was provided depending on the testing center. Neither pre-test nor post-test counseling were associated to time since diagnosis. Some patients reported having felt indifference, discrimination or criticism at diagnosis, depending on where testing occurred. Compliance to medical follow-up was associated to adherence to antiretrovirals and to shorter time since diagnosis, but not with having a primary caregiver or with commuting time to the care center. Psychological support, nutrition care and oral health were women's less addressed needs. Access to gynecological care was associated with counseling on mother-to-child transmission and on safe sex. Access to CD4+ cell counts and HIV viral loads was concordant with guidelines, but the understanding of their meaning was incomplete. We conclude that women living with HIV/AIDS in S?o Paulo, Brazil have limited HIV risk perception and unmet care needs. Better training of professionals in charge of diagnosis and integrating women's health and family-planning actions to AIDS programs may enhance care.     

福建省AIDS流行特征及趋势分析

目的分析福建省艾滋病病毒／艾滋病(HIV／AIDS)流行现状、特征、影响因素及趋势，为制定AIDS防治策略提供依据。方法对全省1987～2003年AIDS常规监测、高危人群哨点监测、流行病学调查及实验室资料进行分析。结果自1987年发现首例AIDS病人至2003年底，累计报告发现HIV抗体阳性者457例，其中AIDS病人155例，死亡110例。HIV感染者／AIDS病例主要分布在福州、泉州等沿海经济发达地区，从境外感染为主转向境内蔓延扩散，经异性性接触感染是福建省HIV传播的主要途径，并已出现母婴传播的病例。HIV-1E亚型是福建省主要流行株。结论福建省AIDS流行速度明显加快，在静脉吸毒人群中也存在流行的危险，应采取措施预防HIV从商危人群向一般人群传播，加大健康教育、行为干预和监测力度。     

Strengthening HIV surveillance: measurements to track the epidemic in real time

Surveillance for HIV as a public health initiative requires timely, detailed and robust data to systematically understand burden of infection, transmission patterns, direct prevention efforts, guide funding, identify new infections and predict future trends in the epidemic. The methods for HIV surveillance have evolved to reliably track the epidemic and identify new infections in real time.

Initially HIV surveillance relied primarily on the reporting of AIDS cases followed by measuring antibodies to HIV to determine prevalence in key populations. With the roll-out of antiretroviral therapy (ART) resulting in better survival and the corresponding increase in HIV prevalence, the landscape of surveillance shifted further to track HIV prevalence and incidence within the context of programmes. Recent developments in laboratory assays that potentially measure and differentiate recent versus established HIV infection offer a cost-effective method for the rapid estimation of HIV incidence. These tests continue to be validated and are increasingly useful in informing the status of the epidemic in real time.

Surveillance of heterogeneity of infections contributing to sub-epidemics requires methods to identify affected populations, density, key geographical locations and phylogenetically linked or clustered infections. Such methods could provide a nuanced understanding of the epidemic and prioritise prevention efforts to those most vulnerable. This paper brings together recent developments and challenges facing HIV surveillance, together with the application of newer assays and methods to fast-track the HIV prevention and treatment response.     

Routine, rapid HIV testing.

HIV testing identifies HIV-positive persons, allowing for reduced future HIV transmission while simultaneously providing policy makers with surveillance data to inform policy planning. If current costs of HIV testing were reduced, these funds could be redirected to increase testing rates or to expand treatment. The cost of testing is lowered and impact increased if noninvasive (oral and urine), rapid-testing modalities are utilized, pretest counseling uses cost-efficient counseling methods (e.g., video, pamphlets, small group discussions), and opt-out consent strategies are implemented while posttest counseling is more narrowly targeted to HIV-positive persons. Rather than relying on one international standard, customizing HIV testing procedures to local environments may be more efficient and effective. In the United States, laboratories with substantial HIV testing revenues are likely to be most resistant to altering current practices. However, AIDS researchers, policy makers, and advocates may dramatically influence the epidemic's course by encouraging flexibility and innovation in HIV-testing guidelines.     

Tuberculosis,drug resistance,and HIV/AIDS: A triple threat

The worldwide epidemics of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV/AIDS have been joined by an insidiously developing third epidemic of TB drug resistance. Fueled by the disruption of TB control programs and the explosive growth of HIV/AIDS, the presence of TB drug resistance, particularly multiple drug resistance, is worldwide and threatens the gains made in the past decades in the treatment of both TB and HIV. Although treatment success is possible, the diagnosis and treatment of drug-resistant TB is difficult. Advances in TB diagnosis and treatment have been minimal in the past 40 years, and there is an urgent need for wider distribution of available diagnostic technology and for the development and testing of newer rapid molecular diagnostic techniques and therapeutic agents. This review discusses current information about the distribution of multiple drug-resistant and newer extensively drug-resistant TB as well as available diagnostic and therapeutic strategies with an emphasis on the relationship between TB drug resistance and HIV/AIDS.