经颈静脉肝内门体分流术的规范化问题

经颈静脉肝门体分流术(transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, TIPS)临床应用以来,避免了危险而复杂的外科开放手术以及由此带来的较大创伤和全身麻醉的危险,控制了病情的发展,挽救了患者的生命.     

经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流治疗肝硬化的内科体会

我们自1994年4月开展经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流(TIPSS)治疗肝硬化5例,病例由内科选择推荐.经颈静脉放置导管引导支撑管(Palmaz 管),经肝静脉与门静脉之间架桥的全过程由介入放射学科医师进行.术中超声探查支撑管,并监测其合适位置由B超室协助.术中及术后由消化内科协助观察病人,并具体执行术前后的内科治疗,及追踪病人.本文仅就内科参予过程,总结初步体会.     

经颈静脉肝内门体静脉支撑架分流术

经颈静脉肝内门、体静脉支撑架分流术.Transi-ugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt,以下简称为TIPSS),是一种介入放射学新技术.其基本概念是采用经皮穿刺右侧颈静脉的介入性方法建立肝内的、位于肝静脉及门静脉主要分枝之间的分流通道,并以特殊的金属支撑架维持其永久性通畅,达到治疗门脉高压或同时治疗继发的静脉曲张性消化道出血.该技术首先由德国海德堡大学外科医院的     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术对肝脏及心脏的影响

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)是治疗肝硬化门静脉高压并发症的微创治疗技术。随着TIPS技术的逐渐成熟,支架材料的不断改进,TIPS的适应证不断扩展,并发症发生率逐渐降低,疗效越来越好。一直以来,TIPS术后对患者主要脏器的影响备受关注,就TIPS术对患者肝脏和心脏的影响作一综述。     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术预后模型的研究现状

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)是治疗失代偿期肝硬化门静脉高压并发症的一种安全有效的方法。目前存在多种预后评分工具用于TIPS不良预后的危险分层。简述了当前临床中应用较多的7种TIPS预后评分工具,并总结了每种评分工具的相关临床研究证据。通过文献综述表明,当前尚无充分研究证据能够明确TIPS的最优预后评分工具。未来临床研究应更全面地探究不同评分工具对TIPS近期及远期不良预后事件预测能力的优劣,以及结合新的预后相关标志物开发新的预后评分工具。     

经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术治疗肝肺综合征

我们采用经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术（ＴＩＰＳ）治疗了３例肝肺综合症（ＨＰＳ）患者，现报道如下。 １．资料与方法：（１）临床资料：３例ＨＰＳ患者，为肝炎后肝硬化，均为男性，年龄４５－５２岁．慢性肝炎病史 １０－１５年。１例于１０年前行脾切除术；３例患者均有呕血便血史，术前胃镜检查食道静脉曲张中到重度；活动性肝硬化２例，静止性肝硬化１例。Ｃｈｉｌｄ分级Ａ级１例，Ｂ级２例。３例患者均排除支气管肺部疾病，超声心动及心电图检查正常。３例符合ＨＰＳ的诊断标准［１］， 低氧血症经血气分析、动脉血氧分压（ＰａＯ２…     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术后早期肝性脑病的危险因素

目的 研究经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)术后早期肝性脑病(HE)的危险因素,并观察术后HE与患者长期生存情况的相关性.方法 收集2003年1月-2008年12月接受TIPS治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血或顽固性腹水的患者.对术后3个月内有HE(术后早期HE组)和术后3个月内无HE(无术后早期HE组)的两组患者的临床特征进行单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析,并对两组患者的生存情况进行分析比较.结果 共收集190例患者资料,中位随访时间为30.5个月(四分位间距为30个月).术前血清纤维蛋白酶原(OR=0.414,P=0.023)及Child-Pugh评分(OR=1.744,P=0.024)与术后早期HE相关.并且术后早期HE组患者与无术后早期HE组患者的3年累积生存率分别为44.9%(95%可信区间为53.5%～36.3%)和79.5%(95%可信区间为83.2%～75.7%).结论 TIPS术前高Child-Pugh评分及低血清纤维蛋白酶原的患者术后3个月内发生HE的可能性大.发生术后早期HE的患者比不发生术后早期HE患者长期累积生存率低.

Abstract：

Objective To identify the risk factors of early post-TIPS hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and the long-time survival of patients with or without early post-TIPS HE. Methods Consecutive cirrhotic patients who underwent TIPS for variceal rebleeding or refractory ascites in our center from January 2003 to December 2008 were included in this study. More than 60 clinical characteristics were enrolled in univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis to define the risk factors of HE in 3 months after TIPS procedure (early post-TIPS HE). The long-time survival of patients with or without early post-TIPS HE was compared by Cox regression with several covariates. Results According to our inclusion criteria, 190 patients were included. The median follow-up was 30.5 months. Lower serum concentration of fibrinogen and higher Child-Pugh score were the independent risk factors for suffering early post-TIPS HE. Patients without early post-TIPS HE after TIPS showed better prognosis than those with early post-TIPS HE after TIPS (P = 0.044). Conclusion Patients with lower serum fibrinogen and higher Child-Pugh score before TIPS might be more probably attacked by early post-TIPS HE which indicated worse long-term survival.     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术应用的回顾与展望

近年来,经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)在国内逐步推广并得到广泛认可,此项技术的技术标准、适应证和禁忌证也逐步建立。覆膜支架的诞生成功解决了裸支架分流道闭塞率高的问题,使TIPS迎来了另一个春天。遗憾的是,大多数临床研究发表于覆膜支架前,因此TIPS的临床疗效并不代表本领域的目前状态。随着此项技术的发展,TIPS正不断扩大其适应证,中国作为TIPS大国也急需更多高质量的多中心临床随机对照试验。TIPS在治疗门静脉高压症和肝血管疾病的各种并发症中,取得了越来越多的认可,并必将迎来一个美好的未来。     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术并发症的处理及预防措施

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)可有效地降低门静脉高压,预防反复性食管胃底曲张静脉破裂出血以及缓解难治性腹水。术中涉及血管穿刺、肝实质内扩张穿刺道、支架植入等,会导致诸多并发症。如何对TIPS相关并发症进行有效预防和处理,是TIPS相关研究的一个新方向。对近年来TIPS术中、术后较常见的并发症以及预防/处理策略进行了综述。     

Refractory hepatic hydrothorax treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

A 66-year-old cirrhotic woman was referred to our hospital for evaluation of refractory pleural effusion and dyspnea. Massive right sided-pleural effusion but no ascites was detected. She had been treated with diuretics and albumin, repeated thoracenteses, and pleural drainage with an intercostal catheter, all of which had failed to relieve her symptoms. The diagnosis of hepatic hydrothorax without ascites was made by injection of technetium-99m-sulfur colloid into the peritoneal cavity. A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt was placed and successfully reduced the pleural effusion, resulting in complete relief of her symptoms. The patient has been free of symptoms for 18 months after the procedure. (Received Jan. 19, 1998; accepted June 24, 1998)     

经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术治疗肝肾综合征临床研究

[目的]观察经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)治疗肝肾综合征(HRS)的临床疗效,探讨其可能的作用机制。[方法]10例确诊为HRS患者行TIPS,分别于术前及术后测门静脉压力、门静脉内径及血流速度、尿钠排泄、尿量、血肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)及血Cr清除率;术前及术后7 d测定肾素(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AT-Ⅱ)、醛固酮(ALD)水平。[结果]TIPS术后门静脉压力、门静脉内径及血流速度分别为(2.3±0.3)kPa、(1.26±0.04)cm、(44.2±14.5)cm/s,与术前比较均P<0.01。BUN、血Cr、尿钠排泄、血Cr清除率及尿量手术前后差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。术后PRA、AT-Ⅱ、ALD分别为(67.12±25.28)、(138.02±58.54)、(597.37±284.25)ng/L,与术前比较,P<0.01,<0.05,<0.05。[结论]TIPS治疗HRS近期疗效明显,其作用可能与血容量的增加和肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统改变有关。     

Treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

Patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome may require therapy with portal decompressive surgery. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt has recently emerged as a new treatment alternative to surgical shunting, but reported literature is scarce and its long-term outcome is to be evaluated. The aim of our study was to present two patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Two female patients with acute and subacute Budd-Chiari syndrome respectively, uncontrolled by medical therapy, were referred for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting. Both patients had refractory ascites, while one had hepatic insufficiency. Hepatic vein thrombosis was without definitive etiology in one patient and due to essential thrombocytosis in the other. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt was successfully created in both patients; in one a transcaval approach was performed. Bare stents were used in one, while in the other a polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stent-graft. Technical success was 100% with no complications. Ascites resolved in both patients and liver function improved. The first patient remains asymptomatic with good shunt patency 6 months after intervention. The second patient is symptom-free two years after the shunt creation, despite stent occlusion. She remains asymptomatic due to hepatic vein collateral development. In patients with acute or subacute Budd-Chiari syndrome uncontrolled by medical therapy, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is highly effective with no complications and an associated mid-term clinical success.     

Hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

Forty-seven consecutive patients were prospectively evaluated to study the incidence of hepatic encephalopathy as well as modifications in the PSE index after TIPS. Various clinical, laboratory, and angiographic parameters were also recorded to identify risk factors for the development of post-TIPS hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Mean follow-up was 17±7 months. During follow-up, six patients died and one underwent transplantation. All other patients were followed for at least a year. Fifteen patients (32%) experienced 20 acute episodes of precipitated HE (hospitalization was necessary in 10 instances), and five patients (11%) presented a continuous alteration in mental status with frequent spontaneous exacerbation during follow-up. Both precipitated and spontaneous HE occurred more frequently during the first three months of follow-up. Moreover the PSE index was significantly worse than basal values one month after TIPS, thereafter returning to near basal values. HE was successfully treated in all patients but one who required a reduction in the stent/shunt diameter. Increasing age (>65 years) and low portacaval gradient (<10 mm Hg) were predictors of HE after TIPS. A gradual dilation of the stent/shunt should be performed to obtain a portacaval gradient >10 mm Hg to avoid an unacceptable rate of HE after TIPS.     

Hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) has been used for more than 20 years to treat some of the complications of portal hypertension. When TIPS was initially proposed, it was claimed that the optimal calibration of the shunt could allow an adequate reduction of portal hypertension, avoiding, at the same time, the occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), a neurologic syndrome. However, several clinical observations have shown that HE occurred rather frequently after TIPS, and HE has become an important issue to be taken into consideration in TIPS candidates and a problem to be faced after the procedure.