老年急性轻型缺血性脑卒中患者的脑梗死模式与病因分析

目的分析老年急性轻型缺血性脑卒中患者的脑梗死模式与病因特点。方法选择急性轻型缺血性脑卒中患者175例,根据年龄分为老年组(年龄≥65岁)98例和中年组(年龄65岁)77例。观察脑梗死模式与病因分型情况,脑梗死模式分为穿支动脉梗死、皮质动脉梗死、大面积脑梗死和分水岭梗死,病因分型参照TOAST分型标准分为大动脉粥样硬化型、小动脉闭塞型、心源性栓塞型、其他明确原因型和不明原因型。回顾性分析比较2组病因分型及脑梗死模式差异。结果老年组年龄、心房颤动比例高于中年组;男性、吸烟比例低于中年组(P0.05,P0.01)。病因分型中,老年组和中年组均以小动脉闭塞型多见(44.90%和55.84%);2组大动脉粥样硬化型、小动脉闭塞型、其他明确原因型和不明原因型比例比较,无统计学差异(P0.05);老年组心源性栓塞型比例高于中年组(8.16%vs 0,P=0.010)。脑梗死模式中,老年组和中年组均以穿支动脉梗死多见(41.84%和49.35%);2组穿支动脉梗死、分水岭梗死和大面积脑梗死比例比较,无统计学差异(P0.05);老年组皮质动脉梗死比例高于中年组(32.65%vs 18.18%,P=0.031)。结论老年轻型缺血性脑卒中以小动脉闭塞型、穿支动脉供血区梗死多见;心源性栓塞型和皮质动脉供血区梗死模式较中年患者比例高。     

不同血管通路对老年透析患者微炎症状态及血管内膜的影响

目的观察采用半永久导管与自体动静脉内瘘的老年维持性血液透析患者体内微炎症状态及血管内膜的影响。方法选择维持性血液透析老年患者71例,其中使用自体动静脉内瘘维持性血液透析患者28例(内瘘组),使用颈静脉半永久导管维持性血液透析患者43例(导管组),并选取30例同期门诊体检的健康老年人作为对照组,内瘘组、导管组随访12个月,观察两组患者12个月透析期间血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)、阻力指数(RI)的变化,记录随访期间的心脑血管不良事件。结果与对照组血清CRP水平比较,内瘘组、导管组透析前、透析3个月、12个月的血清CRP均显著增高(P0.05)。内瘘组透析3个月、12个月血清CRP较透析前稍有升高,但无统计学差异(P0.05);导管组透析3个月、12个月血清CRP较透析前显著升高(P0.05)。随访期间导管组7例患者静脉插管局部感染,8例患者出现导管功能不良,4例血流不畅。内瘘组、导管组均未出现严重并发症或死亡病例,所有病例完成随访。根据随访前和12个月后的颈动脉血管彩超记录,内瘘组最大IMT、RI以及易损斑块比例较透析前稍有增加,但无统计学差异(P0.05);而导管组最大IMT,RI以及易损斑块比例较透析前显著提高(P0.05)。结论半永久导管较自体动静脉内瘘更易加重微炎症状态,且导管长期使用会引起血管功能降低,引起颈动脉中膜增厚,斑块阳性率增加。     

上肢高位动静脉内瘘建立在老年血液透析患者的应用

目的 评价各种上肢动静脉内瘘在老年血液透析患者中的应用效果和主要并发症.方法 对46例尿毒症血液透析患者行直接动静脉内瘘,分高位组(前臂上端及肘窝处)26例,腕部标准组20例,比较两组内瘘的血流量、成熟时间、开始应用时间、通畅率及并发症.结果 两组在成熟时间、开始应用时间无显著差异,但内瘘血流量差异显著(P＜0.05).高位组内瘘闭塞2例,标准组内瘘闭塞2例.血栓形成发生率分别为7.69%和6.67%(P＞0.05).结论 高位动静脉内瘘血流量好、通畅率高,为血管条件差的老年患者建立血液透析血管通路的最佳选择.     

老年与中青年腹膜透析患者透析前评估与预后分析

目的:对不同年龄腹膜透析(PD)患者进行透析前评估和预后分析,以期延长PD患者生存率。方法:选择上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院肾脏科2006年～2007年开始接受PD治疗的患者181例[老年组(≥65岁)96例,中青年组(18～64岁)85例]。记录基线各项临床指标,定期随访(每2～4周)、评估透析充分性(包括水分、溶质清除情况,营养评估,心血管评估等),及时记录各项并发症。比较两组患者的基线状况、透析充分性、腹膜炎发生率、生存率等,分析各项临床指标对预后影响,寻找潜在的危险因素。结果:老年组高血压(88.54%vs68.24%,P0.01),心脑血管疾病(69.79%vs30.59%,P0.01)及外周血管疾病(38.54%vs18.82%,P0.01)发生率较中青年组高。在透析充分性、腹膜炎发生率亦无差异的情况下(P0.05),截止2009年5月,老年组死亡51例,中青年组仅17例。老年组近、远期生存率均显著低于中青年组(12个月:66.69%vs82.31%、36个月:39.37%vs75.90%,P0.01)。COX回归提示透前合并心脑血管及外周血管疾病为死亡的独立危险因素(RR=4.076,95%CI:1.111～14.950,P0.05)。结论:老年PD患者生存率低于中青年患者,可能与透析前合并心脑血管疾病较高有关。     

高通量透析对老年维持性血液透析患者住院率及死亡率的影响

目的探讨高通量血液透析对老年维持性血液透析患者住院率及死亡率的影响。方法行高通量透析且透析龄超过3个月的维持性血液透析患者141例,按年龄分为两组:年龄≥65岁的老年组(79例)和年龄<65岁的非老年组(62例),血液透析频率为3次/w,4 h/次,回顾性分析研究对象在此期间的住院情况和死亡情况,并进行原因分析。结果老年组住院例数较非老年组明显增高(P<0.01),年住院率较非老年组亦明显升高(P<0.05)。心血管事件、脑血管事件、呼吸道感染及血管通路是老年血液透析患者住院的前4位原因,老年组年死亡率为164.55人次/1 000患者年。心血管事件是老年透析患者死亡的最主要原因。结论老年组高通量血液透析患者的住院例数、住院率及死亡率较非老年组患者明显增高,心血管事件是老年组血液透析患者住院及死亡的最主要原因。     

不同血管通路对长期维持血液透析患者透析充分性及营养状况的影响

目的探究不同血管通路选择对长期维持血液透析患者透析充分性及营养状况的影响。方法收集我科2014年2月至2016年2月57例血液透析患者为研究对象,以随机抽签法将其分成两组,对照组(n=28)使用颈内静脉带涤纶套隧道导管(CTC)通路,实验组(n=29)使用自体动静脉内瘘(AVF)通路。比较两组透析充分性及患者营养状况。结果透析1年后,实验组KT/V值为(1.61±0.17)、URR值为(66.38±5.43)%,而对照组分别为(1.29±0.22)、(50.84±6.26)%;两组患者ALB、PA值比较,无显著差异(P0.05);实验组相关并发症发生率3.45%,较对照组的21.43%明显降低(P0.05)。结论与CTC相比,AVF在血液透析治疗中的透析效果更好,安全性更高,可作为建立透析通路的理想选择。     

中国老年急性心肌梗死患者调脂药物应用现状

目的了解中国老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者住院期间及出院后2年调脂药物的应用现状及依从性。方法纳入中国急性心肌梗死注册研究中2013年1月1日～2014年9月30日108家医院入选的AMI患者共26 625例,年龄缺失30例,按年龄分为老年组(年龄65岁)11 574例和中青年组(年龄≤65岁)15 021例,患者出院后1、6、12、18和24个月时进行随访,比较2组住院期间、出院时及出院后2年内调脂药物的应用和依从性。结果与中青年组比较,老年组女性比例明显升高、体质量指数更低、高血压、糖尿病、既往心肌梗死、既往脑卒中史、外周血管疾病史、慢性肾功能不全比例更高(P=0.000)。老年组高脂血症比例明显低于中青年组、但一直治疗和应用他汀类药物比例高于中青年组(6.3%vs 9.4%,23.4%vs 15.1%,29.7%vs 21.6%,P0.01)。老年组急诊再灌注治疗比例明显低于中青年组(37.7%vs 51.1%,P0.01)。住院期间,老年组他汀类药物使用率(88.4%vs 90.5%)、他汀类负荷率(28.0%vs 30.8%)和非他汀类调脂药物使用率(1.5%vs 2.0%)均低于中青年组(P0.01)。出院后,老年组他汀带药率低于中青年组(87.5%vs 90.4%,P0.01)。1、6、12、18和24个月随访时,老年组规律服药比例均低于中青年组(P0.05,P0.01);2组均以患者自停为主(比例80%);2组非他汀类调脂药物使用率低(比例≤0.6%)。结论老年AMI患者应用他汀类调脂药物为主,但用药比例低于中青年患者,且用药依从性随病程时间延长逐渐降低,应加强老年AMI患者的一二级预防。     

维持性血液透析患者血管通路使用情况分析

目的:分析南京总医院国家肾脏疾病临床医学研究中心血液透析患者首次和目前血管通路使用情况及影响因素。方法:将2015年7月~2015年12月间在院行维持性血液透析治疗的患者纳入研究。结果:294例患者,男性189例(64.3%),女性105例(35.7%),年龄53.2±15.1岁(15~87岁),透析龄6.2年(0.3~32)年。首次透析血管通路为动静脉内瘘56例(19.0%),无涤纶套导管235例(79.9%)。维持性血液透析患者血管通路动静脉内瘘占91.8%,带隧道带涤纶套导管占6.1%。年龄65岁患者动静脉内瘘使用率开始减少,导管使用率增加。无涤纶套导管置管部位主要以颈内静脉为主,感染发生率为0.52/1 000导管日。自体动静脉内瘘部位主要以左桡动脉-头静脉为主(75.4%),早期并发症主要是术后血栓形成,晚期并发症包括内瘘堵塞、动脉瘤样扩张/动脉瘤形成及肢体水肿等。结论:首次血液透析时血管通路以无涤纶套导管为主,维持性血液透析阶段血管通路以动静脉内瘘为主。导管置管部位主要以颈内静脉为主,且感染发生率较低。动静脉内瘘部位以左侧桡动脉-头静脉为主,早期并发症主要是术后血栓形成,晚期并发症包括内瘘堵塞、动脉瘤样扩张/动脉瘤形成及肢体水肿等。     

中国河南信阳农村地区老年高血压女性患者临床特征分析

目的分析中国河南信阳农村地区老年女性高血压患者的临床特征。方法回顾性分析2004年10月~2005年3月收集的河南信阳农村地区的临床病历资料完整的女性高血压患者2847例。将年龄≥60岁的1166例作为老年组,年龄45~59岁的1681例作为中年组,比较2组患者临床特征、诊室血压及不同体位血压等差异。结果老年组基线收缩压水平显著高于中年组,舒张压低于中年组(P<0.01)。与中年组比较,老年组3级高血压、腹型肥胖、高TC血症及高尿酸血症比例更高,且更易伴发冠心病、脑卒中、肾功能不全等临床合并症(P<0.01),发生体位性低血压的比例更高(18.2%vs 15.2%,P=0.033)。老年组与中年组患者未接受降压治疗比例均为59.3%。多因素回归分析校正年龄等危险因素后显示,体位性低血压与老年女性高血压患者冠心病风险呈正相关(OR=1.632,95%CI:1.200~2.218,P=0.002),与脑卒中无关。结论老年高血压女性较中年高血压女性合并更多的危险因素和临床合并症,容易发生体位性低血压。     

胱抑素C、IL-6在老年急性心肌梗死预后判定中的意义

目的探讨65岁以上老年急性心肌梗死患者血清胱抑素(Cystatin)C、白介素(IL)-6水平变化及对远期预后的判定意义。方法将临床诊断为急性心肌梗死的240例患者按年龄分为>65岁组和<65岁组,比较组间临床资料、CystatinC和IL-6水平的差异。对>65岁患者进行亚组分析,分别按Cystatin C和IL-6分组,比较临床事件差异。结果 >65岁组中急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者比例(66.1%vs51.7%,P=0.012)和随访期平均Cystatin C水平(1.17±0.31 vs 1.03±0.33,P=0.034)均显著高于<65岁组。在>65岁患者,Cystatin C≥1.17 mg/L者,非致死性心肌梗(8.2%vs4.0%,P=0.027)和再血管化(22.4%vs18.7%,P=0.022)发生比例明显高于Cystatin C<1.17 mg/L组;IL-6≥2.92 mg/L者,死亡(4.4%vs 0.0%,P=0.008)、非致死性心肌梗(11.1%vs 0.25%,P=0.000)、再血管化(33.3%vs 12.7%,P=0.001)和再次心源性入院(44.4%vs 22.8%,P=0.001)发生比例明显高于IL-6<2.92 mg/L组。结论在老年急性心肌梗死患者中,CystatinC、IL-6水平可能有助于预测临床事件的发生。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

MUTATION FREQUENCY IN NURSES AND PHARMACISTS WORKING WITH CYTOTOXIC DRUGS

Individuals occupationally exposed to cytotoxic drugs may be at risk owing to the effects of these agents on DNA. As an index of DNA damage, in vivo mutations were measured in lymphocytes from 24 oncology nurses or pharmacists and 24 matched controls. Mutation frequency was significantly increased in exposed individuals and appeared to be related to duration of exposure. However, the overall magnitude of the increase was small and its biological significance remains to be determined.