胃舒胶囊治疗大鼠萎缩性胃炎癌前病变的作用机制

目的：探讨胃舒胶囊对大鼠萎缩性胃炎癌前病变的作用机制。方法：采用甲硝基亚硝基胍造成大鼠萎缩性胃炎癌病变模型。将造模大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、维甲酸组、胃舒胶囊组,观察血清过氧化脂质（LPO）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH－Px)、胃粘膜病理形态及组织超微结构变化。结果：模型组大鼠血清LPO含量升高,SOD及GSH－Px活性下降;病理检查显示胃粘膜固有腺体减少,纤维组织增生,膜肌增厚,腺体化生,异型增生,胃小凹延长,增殖细胞数、AgNOR颗粒数显著增多;超微结构亦有明显变化。与模型组比较,胃舒胶囊组显著改善（P＜0．01－0．05）。结论：胃舒胶囊可抑制大鼠胃粘膜上皮细胞的异常增殖;增强抗氧化能力,减轻自由基对胃粘膜上皮细胞的损伤和致癌致突变作用。     

乐胃煎对大鼠胃粘膜上皮异型增生细胞凋亡及调控基因的影响*

目的研究乐胃煎对大鼠胃粘膜上皮异型增生细胞凋亡及调控基因(Bcl-2、Fas、ICE)蛋白表达的影响,探讨乐胃煎治疗胃粘膜癌前病变的作用机制.方法用N-甲基-N-硝基-N-亚硝基胍(MNNG)建立大鼠胃粘膜异型增生模型,对大鼠胃粘膜用TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡,免疫组织化学法检测Bcl-2、Fas蛋白表达水平.结果治疗组癌前病变发生率与造模组和对照组比较,均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).Bc1-2蛋白表达率及过量表达率,治疗组与造模组比较,均有显著性差异(P＜0.05);治疗组与造模组比较,Fas蛋白表达率亦有显著性差异(P＜0.05),过表达率无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论乐胃煎治疗可抑制大鼠胃粘膜Bcl-2基因蛋白的表达,促进Fas基因蛋白的表达,从而使胃粘膜上皮细胞发生正常凋亡,逆转或阻止胃癌的发生.     

不同中药复方对大鼠胃癌前病变的疗效及抗氧化作用的研究

目的 :观察不同中药复方对实验性胃癌前病变 (GPL)的疗效及抗氧化作用的研究。方法 :建立大鼠 GPL模型。应用益气、活血、解毒中药复方及三者合方治疗 12周后 ,统计各组大鼠 GPL 的发生率 ,同时测定血清及胃粘膜超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、丙二醛 (MDA)水平。结果 :活血组、益气组、益气活血解毒组大鼠中、重度 GPL 及肿瘤发生率明显低于模型组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;益气组及益气活血解毒组血清及胃粘膜 SOD含量明显高于模型组 (P <0 .0 1) ,活血组、益气组和益气活血解毒组胃粘膜 MDA含量显著低于模型组 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :中药复方能有效改善实验性大鼠胃癌前病变 ,抗氧化损伤作用可能是中药复方治疗实验性 GPL 取效的因素之一。     

乐胃煎对大鼠胃粘膜上皮异型增生细胞凋亡及调控基因？…

目的：研究乐胃煎对大鼠胃粘膜上皮异增生细胞凋亡与调控基因蛋白表达的影响,探讨乐胃煎治疗胃粘膜癌前病变失艇机制。方法：用Ｎ－甲基－Ｎ－硝基－Ｎ－亚硝基胍（ＭＮＮＧ）建立大胃粘膜异型增生模型,对大鼠胃粘膜用ＴＵＮＥＬ法检测细胞凋亡,免疫组织化学法检测Ｂｃｌ－２、Ｆａｓ蛋白表达水平,结果 治疗组癌前病变发生率与造模组与对照组比较,均有显著性差异。Ｂｃｌ－２蛋白表达率及过量表达率,治疗组与表达率,无显著     

乐胃煎逆转胃癌前病变AgNOR及细胞图像分析

目的研究乐胃煎逆转胃癌前病变不完全结肠型肠化和／或中度异型增生的疗效．方法胃镜病理证实为不完全结肠型肠化和／或中度异型增生４６例．治疗组３０例用乐胃煎，对照组１６例用德诺（Ｄｅ＿Ｎｏｌ）．治疗前后胃镜活检胃窦固定部位粘膜标本作ＡｇＮＯＲ染色及细胞图像分析．结果乐胃煎对不完全结肠型肠化及中度异型增生总有效率均高于Ｄｅ＿Ｎｏｌ，分别为７２％比２５％（Ｐ＜００５）和８９５％比４４４％（Ｐ＜００５）．乐胃煎治疗前后，ＡｇＮＯＲ计数分别为７３０±１１６和４８１±１５０（Ｐ＜００１），Ｄｅ＿Ｎｏｌ组为７７３±０９２和７０５±１０２（Ｐ＜００１）．两组治疗前后ＡｇＮＯＲ计数差值均数相比，统计学上也有显著性差异，分别为２５２±１５４和０６９±０４８（Ｐ＜００１）．乐胃煎组中２０例作细胞图像分析，治疗后各参数（长轴、短轴、核浆比、结构异型指数等）均有不同程度的降低，有显著性差异．结论乐胃煎确有较好地逆转胃癌前病变的功效．     

槟榔对功能性消化不良模型大鼠胃运动的影响

目的：观察槟榔对功能性消化不良（FD）模型大鼠胃平滑肌运动的影响。方法：夹尾刺激复制FD模型，采用应变片传感器整体记录方法，测定FD模型大鼠胃运动并与正常对照鼠比较，以鉴定模型的合理性；测定高浓度槟榔煎液（100％）和低浓度槟榔煎液（25％）对FD模型大鼠胃运动振幅和频率的影响。结果：模型组大鼠空腹和灌注0．85％氯化钠溶液后与对照组比较，胃运动频率明显下降（P＜0．01），振幅减弱（P＜0．05），两种浓度槟榔煎液均可显著增强FD大鼠胃收缩振幅指数，而对FD大鼠胃运动频率无明显影响（P＞0．05）。结论：造模符合FD病理生理特点，槟榔有显著的促FD大鼠胃平滑肌收缩的作用，主要增强收缩振幅。     

萎胃散治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎及胃癌前病变的研究

目的：观察萎胃散对慢性萎缩性胃炎（CAG）及肠上皮化生、异型增生的临床疗效并进行实验研究。方法：选择经胃镜加病理检查确诊的CAG患者200例进行分组对照治疗，其中萎胃散治疗组135例，胃复春对照组65例。同时对大鼠CAG模型，分别进行萎胃散治疗与氯化钠溶液灌胃，观察比较胃粘膜固有腺体萎缩程度。结果：CAG萎胃散治疗组总有效率为77.04%，胃复春对照组总有效率为66.15%，两组比较差异有非常显著性意义（P＜0．01）；对肠上皮化生、异型增生也有改善作用，但与对照组比较差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05）。实验研究表明，胃萎散治疗组的CAG病变数量明显减少，病理检查可见腺体恢复正常。结论：胃萎散治疗CAG有明显的效果，对胃癌前病变也有改善作用。     

中药对大鼠血浆及胃粘膜热休克蛋白的影响

采用束缚水浸法造成大鼠急性胃粘膜损伤模型，观察溃疡指数，运用Westerndotblot法检测大鼠血浆及胃组织中热休克蛋白（HSPs）水平的变化。并对目组织的HSPs作免疫组织化学研究、结果表明：热处理组和健脾益气组的溃疡指数极其显著低于模型组（P＜0．01），但血浆及胃组织中的HSPs显著高于模型组（P＜0．05）．溃疡指数与HSPs表达水平呈明显负相关。提示热处理及健脾益气方处理能诱导大鼠提高HSPs的表达，防止胃粘膜损伤，表明HSPs。可能介导胃粘膜防御。     

维甲酸对大鼠实验性腺胃粘膜癌前病变的逆转治疗作用

本文旨在观察维甲酸对大鼠胃粘膜癌前病变的作用，结果示，维甲酸治疗组大鼠腺胃粘膜上皮化生、中重度异型增生和胃癌的发生率（７２．０％、２４．０％、０％）均显著地低于未加治疗的对照组（１００．０％、５２．０的、１６．０％）（Ｐ＜０．０１、Ｐ＜０．０５）；治疗组大鼠幽门腺和胃底腺平均肠化腺体数（１３０．２±９３．９、５１．５±３９．１）及硫酸粘液阳性肠化发生率（３６．０％）亦显著地低于未加治疗的对照组（４４２．４±２３０．０、２４７．４±１１２．０，８４．０％）（Ｐ＜０．０１），本实验中未观察到维甲酸明显的毒副作用，说明维甲酸对大鼠实验性腺胃粘膜癌前病变有良好的治疗作用；这为探讨人胃癌前病变的治疗提供了新途径。     

胃祺饮阻断胃癌前病变组织增殖作用的实验研究

目的：观察益气化瘀之胃祺饮阻断慢性萎缩性胃炎合并胃癌前病变（PLGC）的抗增殖作用。方法：甲基亚硝基胍溶液诱发Wistar大鼠癌前病变状态,用胃祺饮（中药组）与叶酸（对照组）预防和治疗,观察对胃粘膜萎缩和不典型增生的预防和治疗作用,以及对病变粘膜组织中增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）、P21 H－ras基因蛋白、细胞凋亡水平的影响。结果：中药组能明显阻断化学致癌物对粘膜的炎性损伤,改善癌前病变组织粘膜萎缩和不典型增生程度,结果优于对照组（P＜0．05）。同时中药组合治疗后PCNA指数、P21 H－ras基因蛋白阳性指数分别为12．78％、10．34％,并能增强癌前病变组织细胞凋亡指数,疗效明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论：益气化瘀为主的胃祺饮通过改善PLGC患者气虚血瘀的血瘀的病理基础,降低病变组织增殖水平,诱导细胞正常调邙,从而对胃癌前病变细胞的增殖和良好的阻断作用。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.